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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , I Scheme, SEMESTER –I, DIPLOMA PROGRAMME IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, , Work Book, of, , ENGLISH, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai, Autonomous) ISO 9001:2008 (ISO / IEC 27001 : 2013), , 0

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Index, Sr. No, , Particular, , Page No., , 1, , Applied Grammar, , 1, , 2, , Comprehension, , 25, , 3, , Paragraph and Dialogue Writing, , 50, , 4, , Vocabulary Building, , 60, , 5, , Speeches, , 74, , 1

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , UNIT ONE, APPLIED GRAMMAR, Course Outcome, Formulate grammatically correct sentences., Unit Outcomes, Writing Skills, 1a. Use relevant articles in constructing sentences., 1b. Apply prepositions to construct meaningful sentences., 1c. Identify conjunctions to connect phrases and clauses in the specified sentences., 1d. Use correct form of tenses in the given situation., 1e. Change the active and passive voice from the specified passage., 1f. Change the narration for the given situation., Speaking Skills, 1g. Formulate grammatically correct sentences for the specified situation., 1h. Use relevant Prepositions for the situation mentioned., 1i. Apply relevant conjunctions to use idiomatic language for the given situation., 1j. Apply the relevant voice in formal communication for the given passage., 1k. Use relevant narrations for the given situation., , 1.1 ARTICLES, ‘A’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’ are the articles in English language. They are used before nouns or noun, phrases to determine whether the noun is specific or non-specific., a), Indefinite Articles – a and an, ‘A’ and ‘an’ are called Indefinite articles because they are used before the indefinite or, general noun., Example: I will have a fruit., In this example, ‘fruit’ refers to ‘any fruit’ and not a particular fruit., Choice between A/An, The choice between ‘a’ and ‘an’ is decided by the beginning vowel or consonant sound of the, word that follows the article., 'a' is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound., Examples: a girl, a guitarist, a man, a cub, a university, a union, a European country, a, uniform, a useful thing, a one-rupee note, a one-eyed man., An: 'An' is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound., Examples: an enemy, an ink-pad, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an honest, an heir, an, M.A., an MLA etc., , 1

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English Workbook, , S.No., 1, , 2, , 3, 4, , Uses, ‘A’ or ‘an’ are used before a noun, that is being mentioned for the first, time or that is not known to the, receiver., To refer to a general type of a person, or thing and not a specific one., Before singular countable nouns., , To express numerical sense of one or, to mean each when stating prices,, speed or rates., 5 In the sense of any or to show any, single individual as the, representative., 6 To express vague sense of a certain, or before someone’s name when you, do not know who the person is., 7 To mention how much of something, there is., 8 Before ‘–ing’ form of verbs that is, used as a noun referring to an action,, event or sound., 9 To change a proper noun into a, common noun., 10 Before uncountable nouns qualified, by an adjective., , Course Code: 22101, , Examples, a) Suddenly we heard a loud noise., b) We have a problem., , a) Would you like to have a grilled, sandwich?, b) A child needs love and affection., a) We saw a car., b) Here is a dog., a) The pears cost Rs. 160/- a dozen., b) We can complete the task within a week., a) A student should obey the teachers., b) Cat is a cute animal., a) I heard of a Robert., b) One day I met a musician., a), b), a), b), , There are a lot of workers in the factory., He worked with us for a few months., He celebrated with a winning heart., We all witnessed a fearing accident., , a) You are a Chanakya., b) He is a Shakespeare of this era., a) A teacher should possess a good, knowledge of the subject., b) During rainy season, we come across a, beautiful scene everywhere., , b), Definite Article –The, ‘The’ is called definite article as it is used to indicate someone or something specific., S.No., 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , Uses, Example, ‘The’ is used before a singular a) The book is not available in the market., countable nouns, plural countable b) The water of this river is very clear and, sweet., nouns and uncountable nouns., c) I have read all the books you gifted me., To talk about a particular thing or a) I ate a cake and an ice cream. The cake was, tasty and delicious., person that has been already, b) I read a book. The book is interesting., mentioned., Before noun referring to actions a) The growth of the steel industry is fast., and changes when they are b) The policies of the government are, changing now., followed by ‘of’., a) The earth moves round the sun., Before nouns which are unique of, b) The sea and the sky meet each other at the, their kind in the world such as, horizon., earth, sky, sun, moon, ocean etc., , 2

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English Workbook, , S.No., 5, , 6, 7, , 8, 9, , 10, , 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, c), S.No., 1, , 2, , Uses, Before nouns which have, superlative adjectives before them., Before an Adverb when used for, comparatives, Before nouns which represent a, class of one kind., , Course Code: 22101, , Example, a) Akbar was the greatest Mughal emperor., b) ‘Vision for 2020’ is one of the best books., by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam., a) The higher you climb the colder it gets., , a) The poor always suffer., b) We should always help the weak and the, helpless., Before proper noun when it is used a) Kashmir is the Switzerland of India., for comparison with a similar noun. b) Vijay is the Ramanujan of recent era., a) The beauty of the Taj Mahal has not yet, Before abstract nouns or material, faded., nouns when they are used in a, b) The honesty shown by you is remarkable., particular sense., c) The wheat of Punjab is of the best quality., The Himalayan, the Alps, the Ganges, the, Before proper nouns such as, Nile, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Persian, mountain ranges, rivers, oceans,, Gulf, the Bay of Bengal, the Arabic Sea,, seas, gulfs, canals, deserts, few, the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., the U.K., names of countries., Used to say which type of musical, a) Fiona is learning the flute., instrument someone plays, b) He plays the violin., Before names of certain books, the Ramayana, the Quran., Before names of newspapers, the Hindustan Times, the Times of India., Before famous buildings, the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort., Before nationalities, the English, the French, the Indian., Omission of the Articles, Omission, Articles are not used with, uncountable, abstract and material, nouns when they are used in a, general sense., With plural countable nouns used, in a general sense., , 3, , With noun phrases that contain, other determiners., , 4, , Before languages., , 5, , Before proper nouns (except those, referred to earlier), , 6, , Before the names of relations, , Examples, a) Rice is grown in some regions of, Maharashtra., b) Honesty is the best policy., c) Platinum is costlier than gold., a) Children are innocent., b) Books are our best friends., c) People are habituated to smart phones., a) My house is located at Shivajinagar., b) I recently read America's history., c) I looked at this cat with curiosity., a) We speak English for effective global, communication., b) Marathi is spoken in some parts of, Karnataka also., a) We had a meeting in Nagpur., b) Raman likes to watch movies., c) Asia is the largest continent., a) Father has returned from journey., b) We went to hometown to see Grandmother., , 3

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , 1.1, Sample Exercises, Complete the following sentences by using the suitable articles ‘a,’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’:, 1., Ram goes to ____ temple every day., 2., I bought____ new mobile., 3., Goa is ____ paradise for all hippies., 4., ____ man is the highest form of creation., 5., Please open______ window., 6., Gramophone is _____ devise for recording and reproducing sound and music., 7., _____ inspector of the prison was hated by the prisoners., 8., Suresh is ___ good painter., 9., Most of ____ people in this village are honest., 10., What ____ beautiful person she is!, 11., Arjun returned after ____ hour., 12., Which is ____ longest river in India?, 13., An umbrella is ____ useful thing during rainy season., 14., Not everyone gets ____ opportunity to become famous., 15., Life is like ___ concert to me., 16., _____ Science of life is not as complicated as rocket science., 17., My friend is _____ M.A. in Sanskrit., 18., The time flies as fast as ___ eagle., 19., Sanskrit is ____ difficult language., 20., He is _____ efficient employee., , 1.2, , PREPOSITIONS, , Prepositions are used before nouns and pronouns to show place, time, position or method., They are used to make prepositional phrases which are bound together with their objects., , Context, , Place or, Position, , Commonly Used Prepositions, Prepositions Examples, above, The aeroplane flew above the building., across, The bridge is across the river., along, The horse was walking along the beach., among, Divide the fruit among the group., at, The lecture begins at 8.00 a.m., away from, Its not easy to stay away from home., behind, There is a river behind my house., below, Millions of people still live below the poverty line., beside, The language lab is beside the principal’s cabin., between, Shanu always reads in between the lines., in, Neetu always keeps her books in the cupboard., on, The snacks are kept on the table., against, During recess, the students lean against the wall., by, He was standing by the car, from, The water was dripping from the trees., into, The donkey fell into the well., Near, The temple is near the school., off, Our society is located off M.G. road., inside, Mother kept her jewelry inside the locker., , 4

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , outside, beyond, over, through, under, within, after, before, , Time, , Method and, Manner, , Reason and, Purpose, , Possession, , Direction and, Motion, , Agent/Doer, Means and, Instrument, , at, by, for, during, from, in, on, since, through, throughout, till, until, within, by, with, in, from, of, for, because of, with, of, with, on, opposite, out of, through, to, towards, up, across, by, by, with, , The children are playing outside., This creation is beyond my imagination., She leaned over the desk to answer the phone., Hit the nail through the wood., He kept the letter under the candle stick., We live within easy reach of the shops., Ananya told Saee to call her after 9.30 p.m., Nitya and Rugvedi met before submitting their final, project., The concert will start at 8.30 p.m., We will reach Mysore by 7.00 a.m., Mitali is working here for 10 years., Aditya was sleeping during the lecture., The meeting was scheduled from 10.a.m. to 12.00p.m., They could complete the assignment in time., The employees met for the project on Monday., Ronit has been crying since morning as he lost his, cat., The cold weather continued through the spring., The food outlet is open throughout the year., The medical shop is open till 12.00 midnight., The coupon is valid until September., Our guest should be here within an hour., He achieved success by fair means., The soldiers fought with courage., Soft skills should be taught in an effective manner., Sakshi is suffering from fever., He died of snake bite., Dandeli is a good place for river rafting., He skid from his bike because of spilt oil on the road., She is shivering with cold., Swami Vivekananda is a man of principles., Teena came for the party with her family., The unruly boys were throwing stones on the tree., The bank is situated opposite the bus stop., She helped him out of the way., We have to cross through five tunnels while going to, Mumbai from Pune., This road goes to museum., This road goes towards the golf club., The kite flies up in the sky., He ran across the jungle., Ravana was killed by Ram., We are going to Mahabaleshwar by car., Fruits can be cut with a fancy knife., , 5

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English Workbook, , Material/Ingredient, , Measurement/Rate, Beneficiary/, Recipient, Accompaniment, Contrast /, Concession, , Course Code: 22101, , of, with, by, at, for, to, with, after, for, with, , This table is made of teak wood., The embroidery on this dress is done with silk thread., Shashi is taller than you by four inches., The bank charges home loan at 9% interest., He bought a car for his sister on her birthday., I presented a book of Sudha Murthy to my son., I am going to picnic with my friends., After every effort, one may fail., For one vice, she has a hundred virtues., With all her faults, everyone admires her., , Certain prepositions must follow certain words, and the correct preposition must be used to, make relationships between words in the sentences clear. Such prepositions are: able to,, capable of, preoccupied with, concerned by, prohibited from, refer to, talk to, listen to., 1.2, , Sample Exercises, , 1.2.1 Exercise: The underlined prepositions are not correct. Rewrite the following, sentences using correct prepositions:, 1., Education is a means for an end., , 2., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Reenu has a great admiration of Wax Museum., , 3., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., It is not good to be ashamed for one’s work., , 4., , …………………………………………………………………………………………., Rajat spoke to me at the mobile., , 5., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..…., This machine has not been in use from 2000., …………………………………………………………………………………………..., , 6., , The factories in Pune remain closed for Thursdays., , 7., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., I shall send you this CD latest on 10 February., , 8., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., What are you looking for so fixedly?, , 9., , ………………………………………………………………………………………….., The farmers are tired from work., , 10., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Kunal is guilty for rudeness., , 6

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., 11., , Kaveri is afraid with a dog., , 12., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., People cannot abide to the new rules., , 13., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., We have to listen for what our parents say., , 14., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., There is no exception of this rule., , 15., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Tarun has an ambition to higher position., , 16., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Our College is situated of Shivaji Road., , 17., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., I am younger from my brother., , 18., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., The cashier was not on the counter., , 19., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Prince fell in the well., , 20., , …………………………………………………………………………………………..., Water flows on the bridge., …………………………………………………………………………………………..., , 1.2.2 Exercise: Select correct prepositions to be filled in the given passage from the list, given here:(from, to, in, at, around, near, since), Small river flows …… the heart of Kashi. From one end to the other of the city, there are four, bridges…… it. Near the bridge, there is a swimming pool, where children get training ……, May and June. The new trainees are generally seen practicing …… the river bank. They are, not allowed to go …… a certain point. Beside the bridge, there are small boats anchored and, one can enjoy boating …… a very nominal payment., 1.2.3 Exercise: Select correct prepositions to be filled in the given passage from the list, given here:(since, to, from, through, on, for), Mr. Srivastava received a letter …… his daughter who had been living in Chennai ……many, years. Now she was coming home ……air from Chennai. Everybody except Mrs. Srivastava, was standing outside ……receive their daughter. The girl had brought many presents ……her, brother, mother and father. The family kept …… chatting till midnight and went to bed very, late., , 7

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , 1.3 CONJUNCTIONS, Conjunctions are the words that join two words, two phrases or two clauses. There are two, types of conjunctions., 1.3.1 Coordinating Conjunctions, They are used to join two or more words phrases and two main or independent clauses of, equal rank. The common coordinating conjunctions are: and, or, but, nor, so, therefore, yet., Example: He is poor but he is an honest person., In this sentence, 'but' joins two principal clauses- He is poor ' and ‘he is an honest person '., Other Examples, a) My friend enjoys poetry and fiction as well., b) We must work hard or face the failure., c) My father invited them but they didn’t come., d) I know you must be tired so I will let you rest., e) I felt lonely therefore I went to play cricket with my friends., f) Christmas was only a few days away yet it didn’t seem like Christmas., 1.3.1 Select correct coordinating conjunctions to be filled in the given passage from the list, given here: (and, or, but, so, nor, yet, still, therefore)., a) It was raining heavily…………. we cancelled our trip to Goa., b) Teachers ………………. parents shape the lives of children., c) Walking is a very good exercise …………. many people don’t go for it., d) You can eat your cake with a spoon ……. a fork., e) His two favourite sports are Football……. Tennis., f) I wanted to go to the beach ………. Mary refused., g) She is a vegetarian, ………. she doesn’t eat any meat., h) Jennifer doesn’t like to swim……. she enjoys cycling., i) The students didn’t submit the assignments ……. did they consult the teacher., j) It is a small car ……. it is surprisingly spacious., 1.3.2 Subordinating Conjunctions, They are used to join one main clause and one or more subordinate clause/s. They introduce a, dependent clause and describe the relationship between dependent (subordinating) clause and, the independent (main/principal) clause in the sentence. The common subordinating, conjunctions are: unless, after, till, since, if, before, than, that, though, although, where, when,, while, because, as, as soon as, until., Example: If you pay the bill, I will be very happy., Here `if" is subordinate conjunction which introduces subordinate clause 'you pay the bill'., Other Examples - subordinating conjunctions., a) I won’t pay unless you provide the goods immediately., b) He will not see me till it comes very near., c) He had been in a grumpy mood since he got up., d) If you come late, I will punish you., e) Let’s go to the chores last time before we leave., f) We should not spend more than we earn., g) I think that I know who sang this song., h) She spoke quietly because she didn’t want Ramesh to hear., , 8

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English Workbook, , i), j), k), l), m), n), o), p), , Course Code: 22101, , As soon as I hear any news I’ll call you., I definitely meet him whenever I go to Paris., Companies are training their employees so that they can use their talents efficiently., Harry is the best friend of mine though we don’t see each other very often., Even though he is a millionaire, he lives in a very small flat., No one left the room until the talk ended., Although he is very famous still he is humble., When you are in London, write an email to me., , 1.3.2 Select correct subordinating conjunctions to be filled in the given passage from the, list given here: (Unless, if, when, because, as if, although, after, before, as soon as), a) The train had already departed ……. I reached the station., b) Sachin scored more ………getting tips from his coach., c) I shall contact him ………………. he comes back., d) You will not get success …………you work hard., e) Seema didn’t come to college …………she was out of station., f) Ashok will get the job ………. he deserves it., g) He was behaving in such a way ………. he was a king., h) ……………he got enough time, he could not complete his assignment within time., i) You should finish your homework ………. I get back to home., 1.3.3 Co-relative Conjunctions, They are used in pairs to connect two words, phrases or clauses that carry equal importance, within a sentence. The common co-relative conjunctions are: either…. or, neither……nor,, not only……but also, as…….as, rather …. than, both…….and, if……. Then, whether, ……or., Examples - Co-relative conjunctions., a) You should go either by bus or by train., b) Neither the police officers nor the military personnel were present there., c) The car is not only economical but also easy to drive., d) I like you as much as he does., e) If you promise, then I will come., f) She is free to decide whether to play or not., 1.3.3 Sample Exercise for the usage of Co-ordinating conjunctions. (Either……or,, neither……. nor, not only…. but also, as……as, if…….then, whether…..or), a), ………my parents allow ……. I’ll decide to come with you., b) Dr. Kalam was………. a scientist………….an author of many famous books., c) The management will decide………. to install this machine ……. not., d) Ritu is ……. tall …… intelligent than Deepa., e) …………. you finish your work………leave your job., f) Your company offers …………. a good salary……….an opportunity to grow., 1.4, TYPES OF SENTENCES, A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete thought. It is a separate and complete, grammatical unit. Sentences are used in four different ways: to make statements, to ask, questions, to command or request and to make exclamations. The same meaning can be, conveyed by changing the structure of sentence as per situation., There are four types of sentences:, , 9

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , 1.4.1 Assertive/ Declarative Sentences:, A sentence that states a fact is called as an assertive sentence. Such sentences are simple, statements. They state, assert or declare something., Example:He is an honest employee., 1.4.1 Sample Exercises: Convert the following sentences into Assertive sentence., a), How kind of him to help the poor man!, ……………………………………………………….., b), Give me a cup of tea., ……………………………………………………….., c), Are they wise enough to submit the proposal?, ……………………………………………………….., d), What a pleasant surprise!, ……………………………………………………….., e), Does the manager discuss all the issues with you?, ……………………………………………………….., 1.4.2 Imperative sentences, Imperative sentences are requests, suggestions, advice or commands. They often appear to, be missing subjects and use a base form of verb to begin the sentence. In fact, the subject is, the person listening or the audience., Example: Bring me a glass of water., 1.4.2 Sample Exercises: Convert the following imperative sentences to assertive., a), , Please be quiet in the library., , ……………………………………………………….., b), Close the door., ……………………………………………………….., c), Don’t be so rude to him., ……………………………………………………….., d), Go to office and start the work., ……………………………………………………….., Sample Exercises: Convert the following assertive sentences into imperative., a) You have to attend the seminar., ……………………………………………………….., b) You must keep quiet., ……………………………………………………….., c) You don’t go there., , 10

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , ……………………………………………………….., d) You should come on time., ……………………………………………………….., e) You must complete the assigned work in time., ……………………………………………………….., 1.4.3 Interrogative Sentence, An interrogative sentence is a type of sentence that asks a question. They are typically, marked by inversion of the subject and predicate: that is, the first verb in a verb phrase, appears before the subject. The sentence always ends with a question mark (?) ., Example: Why don’t many people follow traffic rules?, 1.4.3 Sample Exercises: Transform the following interrogative sentences to assertive., a), Did you pay the bill?, ………………………………………………., b), Are you ready to leave?, ……………………………………………………, c), Are they not sure ?to lose the matter?, ……………………………………………………, d), Who doesn’t know him?, …………………………………………………, Sample Exercises: Convert the following assertive sentences to interrogative., e), He will never learn manner., ……………………………………………………….., f), , The workers are not going on strike., , ……………………………………………………….., g), , The production unit was equipped with latest machineries., , ……………………………………………………….., h), , The guest arrived late for the function., , ……………………………………………………….., i), , Ananya doesn’t refuse to talk with her friends., , ……………………………………………………….., , 11

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , 1.4.4 Exclamatory Sentences, An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, is a more forceful version of a, declarative sentence. In other words, an exclamatory sentence makes a statement but it also, conveys excitement or emotion. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark (!)., Example: What a pleasant surprise it is!, 1.4.4, , Sample Exercise: Transform the following exclamatory sentences to assertive., , a), , How big that mango tree is!, , ……………………………………………, b), What a beautiful picture it is!, ……………………………………………, c), Hurrah! We have won the match., ……………………………………………, d), If only I were a king!, …………………………………………...., Sample Exercise: Convert the following assertive sentences into exclamatory., a) It is very fine weather today., ……………………………………………………….., b) It is a joyful that a won a lottery., ……………………………………………………….., c) It is sad that I could not qualify the competition., ……………………………………………………….., d) He is a very noble man., ……………………………………………………….., e) You seem to be much upset., ……………………………………………………….., 1.5, , TENSES, In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the, moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs,, particularly in their conjugation patterns. It is very essential to have knowledge of tenses for, correct use of a language to establish effective communication., There are three types of Tenses-Present, Past and Future., Example:, 12

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , a) We watch movies every week end.- Present tense, b) He wrote an application for that job yesterday. - Past tense, c) You will compete the project by next month. – Future tense, Present Tense – The verb in present tense refers to the present time., Past Tense- The verb in past tense refers to the past time., Future Tense- The verb in future tense refers to the future time., The tense of a verb shows not only time of action but also the state of action referred to. Each, of these Tenses has four sub tenses-Simple, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect continuous tense., 1.5.1 Simple or Indefinite Tense: Here the verb specifies the simple action, without, anything being said about the completeness or incompleteness of the action., Sub Tense, Present, , Past, , future, , Person, First person, Second person, Third person, First person, Second person, Third person, First person, Second person, Third person, , Singular, I speak, You speak, He / She / It speaks, I spoke, You spoke, He / She / It spoke, I shall/will speak, You will speak, He / She / It will speak, , Plural, We speak, You speak, They speak, We spoke, You spoke, They spoke, We shall/will speak, You will speak, They will speak, , 1.5.2 Continuous/Progressive tense: Here the verb indicates incomplete or continuous, action., Sub Tense, , Person, , Singular, , Plural, , Present, , First person, Second person, Third person, First person, Second person, Third person, , I am speaking, You are speaking, He / She / It is speaking, I was speaking, You were speaking, He / She / It was speaking, , We are speaking, You are speaking, They are speaking, We were speaking, You were speaking, They were speaking, , Past, , 1.5.3, , Perfect Tense: Here the verb shows that the action is completed or perfect., , Sub Tense, Present, , Past, , 1.6, , Person, First person, Second person, Third person, First person, Second person, Third person, , Singular, I have spoken, You have spoken, He / She / It has spoken, I had spoken, You had spoken, He / She / It had spoken, , Plural, We have spoken, You have spoken, They have spoken, We had spoken, You had spoken, They had spoken, , USES OF TENSES, , 13

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English Workbook, , 1.6.1, , Course Code: 22101, , Present Tense, , f) Simple Present Tense- It is used:, a1. To express a habitual action or an action happens regularly., Examples: i. The manager gets up at five and starts work at seven., ii. Umesh practices the piano every day., a2. For universal or general truth., Examples: i. The earth turns 360º every day., ii. Antarctica is covered with ice., a3. In narrative such as sports events or demonstrations (substitute for the simple past)., Examples: i. Virat catches the ball and he throws it to the wicket., ii. First I put some butter in the pan and turn on the cooker., a4. To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable., Examples: i. The train leaves at 03.00 pm sharp., ii. The flight is at 07.00 tomorrow morning., a5. To state the facts and things in general that are always true., Examples: i. India is a rich source of herbs ., ii. Gold isn’t liquid at room temperature., a6. In exclamatory sentences beginning with ‘here’ and ‘there’., Examples: i. There goes your trainer!, ii. Here comes the train you are waiting for!, a7. To introduce quotations., Example: Swami Vivekananda says, “Arise, awake and do not stop until the goal is, reached”., a8. Instead of the simple Future Tense in clauses of time and condition, Examples: i.I shall wait till you finish your lunch., ii. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils., , g) Present Continuous Tense - It is used:, b1. To indicate an action that is happening at the moment of speaking., Examples:, i. I am just leaving office. I’ll be home in an hour., ii. Please be quiet. The children are sleeping., b2. To indicate an action which may not happening at the time of speaking., Examples:, i. Aren't you teaching at the university now?, ii. At two in the afternoon, we are eating lunch., b3. For definite future arrangements., Examples:, i. We are going to the beach at the weekend., ii. I am not going to the party tonight., , 14

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , b4. For habits that are not regular, but that happen very often. (an adverb like 'always',, 'continuously' or 'constantly' are used), Example: i. You are continuously losing your keys., ii. She is constantly missing the train., iii. Adhiraj is always smiling., , b5. Verbs which refers to state rather than actions or progress, are not normally used in the, continuous form in the present tense ., i. Perceptions: feel, smell, hear, taste, see, ii. Emotions: want, wish, envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love regret, hope, refuse., iii.Thinking : think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know,, understand, imagine, iv. Appearing: appear, look, seem., h) Present Perfect Tense- It is used:, c1. To indicate an action completed in the recent or immediate past (with just)., Examples: i. I have just finished my work., ii. He has just taken the medicine., c2. To indicate an past action happened at an unspecified time., Examples: i. I have been to France three times., ii. Madhuri has never traveled by train., iii. Manisha has studied two foreign languages., c3. To show that something started in the past and has continued up until now., Examples: i. Rashmi has been in England for six months., ii. Priya has loved chocolate since she was a little girl., c4. The adverb and adverbial phrases with unfinished time expressions can be used in Present, Perfect such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, this month,, this year, this week, today, already, yet, etc but not with specific past /finished time, expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived, in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc., 1.6.2 Past Tense, a) Simple Past Tense- It is used:, a1. To express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past., Examples: i. I didn't see a play yesterday., ii. Did you have dinner last night?, a2. Sometime the specific time may not be mentioned. It can be implied by context., Example: i. I didn’t sleep well (last night)., a3. To describe a past habit, Examples: i. They never went to school, they always skipped class., ii. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?, b) Past Continuous Tense- It is used:, , 15

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , b1. For an action going on at some time in the past., Examples: i. Kavya was enjoying the games at funfair, ii. Stuti was preparing for IIT entrance exam., b2. The past continuous and simple past are used together when a new action happened in the, middle of longer action. Simple past used for later action., Examples: i. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off., ii. What were you doing when I called you?, b3. It is also with ‘Always’, ‘continuously’ ‘continually’ or ‘constantly’ for persistent habit in, the past., Examples: i. She was always coming to class late, ii. I didn't like them because they were continuously complaining., c) Past perfect Tense- It is used:, c1. To indicate a completed action before a certain point of time in the past., Examples: i. When we arrived, the film had started., ii. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Miami., c2. To express the idea that something occurred before another action in the past., Examples: i. When I reached home, my mother had left for the office., ii. I had written the letter before he arrived?, 1.6.3, , Future Tense, , a) Simple Future Tense- It is used:, a1., To talk about facts in the future time which we cannot control., Examples:, i. My uncle will turn forty this Sunday, ii. It will be Holi in week., a2., , To indicate an action that we think, expect, hope or believe will happen in the future., Examples: i. I think Brazil will win the World Cup., ii. I’m sure you will enjoy the games., iii. Probably, it will rain today., , a3., , To indicate an action that we decide to do at the time of speaking, Examples:, i. The task is not completed, I will complete it by evening., ii. It is raining. I will take an umbrella., , 1.6, Sample Exercises, Rewrite the following sentences using correct form of verbs given in bracket., 1., When you arrive tonight, we……….. (go) out for dinner., 2., Whenever we meet, we ……….. (plan) a trip., 3., The sun ……….. (shine) brightly., 4., Vijay ……….. (wait) for me when I arrived., 5., I promise I ……….. (not/tell) him about the surprise party., 6., Shikhar Dhawan ……….. (score) a century in the last match., 7., I ……….. (get) hungry. Let's go and have something to eat., 8., …….. (have) you ever ……….. (visit) the U.S. before your trip in 2006?, , 16

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English Workbook, , 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., , Course Code: 22101, , Who ……….. (invent) the bicycle?, Yesterday evening the phone ……….. (ring) three times while we ……….. (have), dinner., When I met you last time, you ……….. (think) of moving to a new flat., She only understood the movie because she ……….. (read) the book., Can you ……….. (help) me move this heavy table?, Hello Nitya, I ……….. (not/see) you for ages. How are you?, We can go out now. It ……….. (not/rain) any more., He ……….. (go) to that place every year., There I……….. (notice) how important it……….. (be) to speak English nowadays., And I……….. (already begin /) to read the novel., If I ……….. (pass) my exams successfully, I……….. (start) an apprenticeship in, September., while I ……….. (do) the language course, I ……….. (meet) lots of young people from all, over the world., , 1.7, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE, Voice is the form of verb which indicates whether subject does something or something has, done to it. There are two types of Voice:, 1.7.1 Active Voice, When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice., Example: The boy makes a kite., In this example, the verb ‘makes’ shows that the subject ‘the boy’ does something. Here, the, doer of the action is important. The subject acts so it is called the active voice., 1.7.2 Passive Voice, When the subject is the target or receiver of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive, voice., Example: A kite is made by the boy., In this example, the verb phrase ‘is made’ shows that something is done to the subject ‘a kite’., Here, the person or thing acted upon is to be made prominent. The subject is not active but, receives some action so it is called the passive voice., 1.7.3 Conversion of Active Voice to Passive Voice, A. Assertive sentences:, When the active voice is changed to the passive voice:, i., ii., iii., , The sentence must have objects. The place of subject and object is interchanged. The, object of the verb becomes the subject of the verb., The past participle form of verb is always used in the sentences of passive voice for all, the tenses., The word ‘by’ is used before object in the sentences in passive voice., Change of Pronoun, Active Voice, I, We, You, , Passive Voice, Me, Us, You, 17

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English Workbook, , He, She, It, They, , Course Code: 22101, , Him, Her, It, Them, , Active and Passive Verb Forms, Tense, Active, Passive, He writes a letter., A letter is written by him., Simple Present, S+V+O, S+ am/is/are+V2+O, The project is being completed by her., Present continuous She is completing the project., S+ am/is/are + V ing + O, S+ am/is/are+ being+ V2+O, They, have, done, the, work., The, work has been done by them., Present Perfect, S+ have/has+V2+O, S+ have/has+been+V2+O, He wrote a letter., A letter was written by him., Simple Past, S+V1+O, S+ am/is/are+V2+O, She was completing the project. The project was being completed by her, Past Continuous, S+ was/were +V ing + O, S+ was/were+ being+ V2+O, They had done the work., The work had been done by them., Past Perfect, S+ had +V2+O, S+ had + been+V2+O, He will finish the work., The work will be finished by me., Simple Future, S+ shall / will+V+O, S+shall/will+ be +V2+O, Note: S- Subject , O- Object, V-Base form of verb, V1-Past form of verb, V2- Past participle, form of verb, Passive Sentences with two objects, Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two, objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a, subject depends on what you want to put the focus on., Example:, Active Voice: A manager will give you a ticket., Passive Voice: 1) A ticket will be given to you by the manager., 2) You will be given a ticket by the manager., B. Interrogative Sentences:, When the active voice is changed to the passive voice:, i. The primary auxiliary verbs do, does or did do not appear in the passive form., ii. The verbs has, have, had, will, shall, can or may do not change their position at the, beginning of the sentence., iii. The question words when, why, where, how or what do not change their position at the, beginning of the sentence. Note that who changes to by whom and whom into who., Active Voice, Did she recognize you?, Have you invited them?, What did he say?, , Passive Voice, Were you recognized by her?, Have they been invited by you?, What was said by him?, , Whom did you invite?, , Who was invited by you?, , C. Imperative Sentences-, , 18

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , If we want to put emphasis on the action, the passive voice has Let + object + be + past, participle form. We can begin passive sentence with ‘you’ if we want to put emphasis on the, person addresses to., Example, Active Voice, Open the door., Do not beat the dog., Help me., Learn the poem., Don’t touch it., , Passive Voice, Let the door be opened., You are ordered /requested to open the door., Let the dog not be beaten., You instructed not to beat the dog., Let me be helped., You are requested to help me., Let the poem be learned., You are asked to learn the poem., Let it not be touched., You are warned not to touch it., , Note that ‘do’ is not used in the passive form, only ‘to be’ forms are used., 1.7.4 Sample Exercise: Change the voice., 1), I sent the report yesterday., , 2), , …………………………………………………... ., The restaurant was renovated by me in 2004., , 3), , ……………………………………………………., The girls were singing songs when I went into the hall., , 4), , ……………………………………………….…..., By whom was she taught French?, , 5), , ………………………………………………..…..., I will clean the house every Saturday., , 6), , ………………………………………………..…..., Let the door be shut., , 7), , ……………………………………………..……..., Grammar is taught to us by Prof. Gokhale., , 8), , ………………………………………………..., The publisher had printed the book., , 9), , ………………………………………………..., He will be forgiven by the teacher., , 10), , ………………………………………………..., The fire destroyed the whole forest., ………………………………………………..., 19

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English Workbook, , 11), , The two ministers are signing the treaty., , 12), , ………………………………………………..., Marry generously donated money to the homeless shelter., , 13), , ………………………………………………..., Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the sale., , 14), , ………………………………………………..., Who ate the last cookie?, , 15), , ………………………………………………..., Will your brother pay your fees today?, , 16), , ………………………………………………..., The director will give you instructions., , 17), , ………………………………………………..., Who did this?, , 18), , ………………………………………………..., Let this post be advertised., , 19), , ………………………………………………………, The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch., , Course Code: 22101, , …………………………………………………., 20), The robber has been caught by the police., ………………………………………………..., 1.8, DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH, In conversation, the words of a speaker are reported in two ways: Direct and Indirect Speech., In Direct Speech, the actual words of speaker are quoted., Example: Ashwini said, “This is the place where I live.”, In Indirect Speech, When the words of speaker are reported without quoting exact words., Example: Ashwini said that it was the place where she lived., It can be noticed that in direct speech, inverted commas are used to mark the actual words of, the speaker whereas in indirect speech, inverted commas are removed. Depend upon the tense, of reporting verb and reported speech, certain changes in the sentence structure are made. It, can be studies as follows:, 1.8.1. Guidelines for converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, A. When the reporting verb is in the simple present tense or simple future tense, the, tenses of the direct speech does not change in the indirect speech., Examples, i., Direct Speech: Arun says, “I love my country.”, Indirect Speech: Arun says that he loves his country., 20

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English Workbook, , ii., , Course Code: 22101, , Direct Speech: Mother will say to Krishna, “Your class begins at 8:00.”, Indirect Speech: Mother will say to Krishna that his class begins at 8:00., , B. When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the changes in the tense of direct speech, take place as follows:, S.No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , C., , Rule, Simple Present changes to, Simple Past, Present Continuous changes, to Past Continuous, Present Perfect changes to, Past Perfect, Simple Past changes to Past, Perfect, Past Continuous changes to, Past Perfect Continuous, Simple Future changes to, ‘would + base form of verb’, , Example, Direct: Harish said, “I eat an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he ate an apple., Direct: Harish said, “I am eating an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he was eating an apple., Direct: Harish said, “I have eaten an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he had eaten an apple., Direct: Harish said, “I ate an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he had eaten an apple., Direct: Harish said, “I was eating an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he had been eating an apple., Direct: Harish said, “I will eat an apple.”, Indirect: Harish said that he would eat an apple., , When the reported speech contains a universal truth, then simple present in the, reported speech is not changed into the corresponding simple past but remains, unchanged., Example. Direct Speech: Tiya said, “The sun rises in the east.”, Indirect Speech: Tiya said that the sun rises in the east., , D., , The pronouns in the direct speech are changed according to the speaker and the, listener:, S. No., Direct Speech, Indirect Speech, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , E., , He said to me, “I will invite you, for the party.”, She said to him, “I will invite you, for the party.”, I said to them, “I will invite you, for the party.”, She said to us, “I will invite you, for the party.”, Geeta said to me, “They will invite, you for the party.”, , He told me that he would invite me for the, party., She told him that she would invite him for the, party., I told them that I would invite them for the, party., She told us that she would invite us for the, party., Geeta told me that they would invite me for, the party.”, , Certain Adverbs showing nearness in direct speech are changed to words, showing distance in indirect speech., Direct Speech, Now, Here, Ago, Thus, , Indirect Speech, Then, There, Before, So, 21

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , This, These, Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Tonight, Last night, , That, Those, That, The next day, The day before, /the previous day, That night, The night before/ the previous night, , F., Direct to Indirect Speech of Imperative Sentences, While changing the sentence from direct to indirect speech, the reporting verb is changed to, ‘order’, ‘request’, ‘suggest’, ‘warn’ or ‘advise’. The verb in the reported speech is put in the, infinitive ('to' + base form of verb). When ‘let’ in the direct speech expresses a proposal or, suggestion, the reporting verb is changed into ‘propose’ or ‘suggest’ and the auxiliary, ‘should’ along with the verb is used instead of the infinitive. The imperative form is changed, to assertive., Direct Speech, Tanmay said to Trisha, “Please give me your, book.”, The doctor said to the patient, “Take the, medicines as prescribed.”, The principal said to the students, “Follow, the rules strictly.”, He said, “Let the child go home now”., , Indirect Speech, Tanmay requested Trisha to give him her, book., The doctor advised the patient to take the, medicines as prescribed., The principal ordered the students to follow, the rules strictly., He suggested / proposed that the child should, go home then., , G. Direct to Indirect Speech of Interrogative Sentences, While changing interrogative sentences from direct to indirect speech, reporting verb is, changed to ‘ask’ ‘question’ ‘enquire’ or ‘demand’. When the direct question has Yes/No for, an answer, ‘if/whether’ is used to connect the reporting verb and reported speech. The same, word is used to introduce the reported speech if the question begins with an interrogative, pronoun or adverb such as who, which, whom, when, what, where, how and why. The sign, of interrogative (?) is also omitted. The interrogative form is changed to the assertive., Direct Speech, He said to me, “Do you like fruits?”, Manu said to Om, “How are you going for, the seminar?”, She said to him, “What is your plan?”, David said to John. “How often do you go to, the theatre?”, , Indirect Speech, He asked me whether/if I liked fruits., Manu questioned Om how he was going for, the seminar., She asked him what his plan was., David asked John how often he went to the, theatre., , H., Direct to Indirect Speech of Exclamatory Sentences, While changing interrogative sentences from direct into indirect speech, the reporting verb is, changed to wish, exclaim, joy, sorrow, pray, cry, bless, or some other similar verbs. The, conjunction ‘that’ is used to connect reporting verb and reported speech. The words showing, exclamation such as alas, hurrah etc are omitted. The sign of exclamation (!) is also omitted., The exclamatory form is changed into the assertive., , 22

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English Workbook, , Direct Speech, He said, “What a wonderful team it is!”, She said, “Alas! We lost the match.”, The old man said, “Ah! I am ruined”, The boy said, “Good Heavens! We, have reached the station”., , Course Code: 22101, , Indirect Speech, He exclaimed with joy that it was a very wonderful, team., She exclaimed with sorrow that they had lost the, match., The old man exclaimed with sorrow that he was, ruined., The boy exclaimed with delight that they had, reached the station., , 1.8.1 Sample Exercise: Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech., 1), , Geeta said, “I do yoga daily.”, , ……………………………………………………………………………, 2), She said to me, “What do you want now?”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 3), I said to him, “Are you going for the party?”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 4), The monitor said, “Sir, some students were making noise yesterday.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 5), The servant says, “The master is not at home.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 6), Anju said, “I wrote a letter.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 7), The Prime Minister said, “India became independent in 1947.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 8), He said to the policemen, “Please save me.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 9), The old man said to her, “Obey your elders.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 10), The girl said, “Hurrah! I have won a gold medal.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 11) Raju said, “Gautam must go tomorrow”., ……………………………………………………………………………, 12) He said, “I have passed the physical test.”, ……………………………………………………………………………, 13) "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said., 23

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , ……………………………………………………………………………, 14) "You should revise your lessons," he said to me., ……………………………………………………………………………, 15) "I shall appreciate it," he said., ……………………………………………………………………………, 16) Emma said "People in Africa are starving.", ……………………………………………………………………………, 17), "I brought you this book," she said to him, ……………………………………………………………………………, 18) Param said to me, "He moved a year ago.", ……………………………………………………………………………, 19) He said to me "I have not done it today.", ……………………………………………………………………………, 20), She said to him, “I don’t believe you”., ************, , 24

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , UNIT TWO, COMPREHENSION, Course Outcome, Summarize the Comprehension Passages., Unit Outcomes, , 2a., 2b., 2c., 2d., 2e., 2f., 2g., , Writing Skills, Answer the given questions of the specified passage., Formulate sentences using the given new words, Use correct syntax to construct meaningful sentences for the given situation., Answer the questions on the given unseen passage., Speaking Skills, Pronounce the words correctly in the given passage., Give oral instructions with correct pronunciation and intonation for the given situation., Answer the questions orally on the given unseen passage with correct pronunciation., , IMPORTANCE OF COMPREHENSION, Comprehension is an ability to understand something. In context with language, studies, comprehension is an exercise where content is understood, incorporated and, reproduced in own words., An engineering professional has to understand technical as well non-technical, concepts, ideas or messages at workplace. Thus there is a need of understanding the, unfamiliar content by paying careful attention to context and reproducing same if required., Before joining an industry, an engineering student has to face recruitment process where, comprehension is used as a tool to find out how well a candidate understands content and, language., , SEEN PASSAGES, 2.1., , SHIVA’S BLESSING by Aditya Sharma, Pre-reading Activity, , 1., 2., , Discuss about any person who faced financial difficulties in completing the education?, How did he/she cope up with the circumstances?, Have you ever helped any needy person? What kind of help did you extend?, , Fourteen years old, N. Shiva Kumar was delivering newspapers early one morning., The eighth-standard student was deeply troubled. It was the start of the academic year and his, father, an out-of-work lorry driver, did not have Rs.15,000 to pay his annual fees. So Shiva, was afraid he'd not be able to continue his schooling. There was nobody he could ask for so, much money., As Shiva was about to toss a newspaper into a bungalow, he spotted its new resident,, a kind-looking man named Krishna Vedavyasa, washing his car. In his desperation,, something prompted Shiva to get off his bicycle and talk to Mr. Krishna, then a 40-year-old, father to a five-year-old son and manager at a brand-consulting firm. "Sir, I also wash cars in, 25

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , the mornings," Shiva told Krishna, "May I wash your car?" Years earlier, Shiva's mother had, sold much of her jewellery to get him into Maruthi Vidyalaya, an English-medium ICSE, school not far from their home. A good education for Shiva, his parents reckoned, was their, only hope. Quite unlike his well-to-do classmates, Shiva had started delivering newspapers by, age ten. He now had a route that catered to a hundred homes, which brought in Rs.150 a, month. His father Nagendra, who drove a company lorry, now bought flowers that his wife, strung into garlands. Shiva and his elder sister Yogeshwari, who went to a local government, school, sold the garlands at traffic signals and other places after school. Despite all the hard, work, money was always tight. "You are too young to wash cars and deliver papers," said, Krishna. "Why do you do this work?", Shiva ended up telling Krishna about his family's situation. Another day, soon, afterwards, he also spoke of the school fees he badly needed. "If I don't deposit `15,000, I'll be, struck off the rolls." Then, the desperate boy added, "Could you please pay it?" "But I don't, even know you!" Krishna replied, taken aback by the unexpected request. "Why don't you, check me out at my school?" said Shiva, his eyes fixed on Krishna's with hope. "You needn't, give the money to me. You can give it to my school so that I may continue with my studies.", The next day Krishna went over to Shiva's school, where he met the principal and some of his, teachers. He was pleasantly surprised to discover that the boy had always been a topper., Krishna paid the fees. That evening Shiva went over to thank Krishna. "You don't have to do, these small jobs from now. Just focus on your studies, I'll keep paying your fees," Krishna, told him. Shiva left smiling, knowing that the fees weren't everything. His family needed cash, for rent and food, among other things. So he continued working-and studying-just as hard., "My day started at four," Shiva recalls. "But I made sure I focused on lessons in school and, revised them at home. During free periods, I taught students who were weak in some, subjects." That wasn't for money, but it helped him comprehend textbook chapters even, before they were taught in class. Shiva topped his school in the ICSE board exams. As for, Krishna, he was as good as his word, paying the fees at the start of every academic year., Krishna, who Shiva called "Uncle," had insisted they converse only in English-which Shiva, did not speak at home-for more fluency. On Krishna's advice, Shiva also opted for science in, college., Meanwhile, Shiva's father hire-purchased a Canter mini truck to be a self-employed, goods-transport driver. He also gave up their flower work, which spared the children the task, of peddling garlands. Now, after classes, Shiva began working late into the night as a, salesman in an electronics shop. With not a minute to spare, Shiva had to forego games,, picnics or films that other teenagers enjoyed. Once, when his class planned a trip to Coorg,, which he couldn't afford, a teacher offered to pay Shiva's excursion fee. But when Shiva, happily informed his mother, she refused to accept the favour. "You mustn't indulge in, anything with other people's money," she told Shiva firmly. "Enjoy yourself when you can, afford it.", All along, Krishna remained his guide and mentor. "Take up either Mechanical, Engineering or Computer Science. There are plenty of job opportunities there," Krishna had, suggested. After Shiva got into an engineering college and chose Computer Science, Krishna, signed Shiva's admission form as his guardian and continued paying the fees., At one point, Shiva left his job at the electronics store and started a computer repairs service, with a friend. With all this, Shiva sometimes reported late for college. Tired, he would doze, off in class. Classmates giggled and teachers rebuked him. "Only I knew what was going on, in my life," says Shiva, "My father's truck hardly made any money and I had to keep, earning.", Meanwhile, from newspaper delivery boy in the mornings, Shiva graduated to sub, agent with about 50 customers. His premises: just the footpath outside a couple of shops,, , 26

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , where he stacked his newspapers before the shops opened. His earnings increased, substantially, but the workload had shot up too. He was still delivering papers, but also had to, visit homes and offices to collect payments and acquire more customers., At one point, the computer firm Wipro selected him as a software engineer after a, campus interview. "Don't get tempted by the offer," Krishna told him. "You'll have a much, better career if you got into IIM, the Indian Institute of Management." That sounded like a, dream! "You can make it," Krishna kept telling him. "No doubt about that." Shiva wasn't, going to let the good man down. He began preparing for IIM's common admissions test, (CAT). On Krishna's suggestion, he also enrolled in a CAT coaching class. Krishna paid the, Rs.25,000 fees. "After attending a few lectures, I realized I didn't have the time. So I kept, taking their notes and old CAT question papers to study at home," says Shiva. After Shiva, cleared the CAT's written tests, Krishna called him home to conduct mock interviews and to, try out "group discussions." Together, they spent hours preparing. Shiva also kept track,, regularly watching the news and reading up on current affairs. He finally made it, getting, offers from six IIMs. Taking a student loan, Shiva joined IIM Calcutta in 2013. By the time, he left for Kolkata, handing the newspaper business to his father to run, his clientele had, increased ten-fold to about 500., MARCH 2015: In their sparsely furnished two-room house in Banasawadi,, Bengaluru, Shiva Kumar, having just graduated from IIM Calcutta and back after the, convocation, is telling his parents and sister about the job offer he's just got-in an e-commerce, company dealing in property. "I'm joining as deputy country manager in Sri Lanka," he tells, his parents and sister. "After three months of training, I will head its Lanka operations." "Are, they providing accommodation too?" asks his father. "What's the salary?" asks his mother., The six-figure pay is something they find hard to digest. "When are you leaving?" When a, dream comes true, the questions don't end., Shiva feels this is only the beginning, although at 24, when most others are just, starting out, he already has 12 years of work experience. He plans to remain an employee in, the corporate world only for a few years to pay off his education loan and support the family., That's because his entrepreneurial spirit has another plan cut out for him: "I'll set up my own, company and make it a global name." Whatever the business, he will also "counsel and aid, students facing financial hardship." And where did the thought come from? "Had it not been, for Uncle Krishna Vedavyasa," says Shiva, "I wouldn't have reached here. I want to multiply, the blessings I have received., Exercise 2.1 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., Desperation……………………………………………………………………, ii., Prompted………………………………………………………………………, iii., Reckoned………………………………………………………………………, iv., Sparsely…………………………………………………………………………, v., Clientele………………………………………………………………………., vi., Mock ………………………………………………………………………….., vii., Excursion ………………………………………………………………………, viii., Comprehend …………………………………………………………………..., ix., Convocation ……………………………………………………………………, x., Substantially ……………………………………………………………………, Exercise 2.2: Answer the following Sample questions., i., , Write the meaning of the word: desperation, , 27

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , ii., , Write the full form of the acronyms: IIM, , iii., , Change the sentence into indirect speech:, Shiva’s mother told Shiva firmly, "Enjoy yourself only when you can afford it.", Change the sentence into indirect speech:, Shiva’s father asked, "What's the salary of your new job Shiva?", , iv., , Answer the following in 3 to 4 sentences, v., vi., , vii., viii., , Express your views/ideas on: Helping the needy people., Express your views/ideas on: Gratitude for help received from someone., Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, State any four qualities of Shiva that has inspired you., Describe how Shiva prepared for CAT examination., , ix., x., , Summarize the struggle of Shiva., Describe the help given by Krishna Vedavyasa., , xi., , Explain the statement in six sentences: ‘I want to multiply the blessings I have, received.’, State your short term and long term goals in six sentences., , xii., , -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 28

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English Workbook, , 2.2., , Course Code: 22101, , GRIND by Sundareswaran C., , Pre-reading Activity, 1. What is your goal in life?, 2. What efforts are you taking to achieve your goal?, 3. How do you tackle the problems you face?, “DREAM ... because dreams do come true" is repeatedly said by every legend who, has etched his or her name in the history of time. We all have dreams; dreams of making it, big in the area we are "interested in, being the best in whatever we do, living a life, surrounded b y luxury, everything on this planet within our reach and the list goes on., Actually it does not end there; having a dream is only half a battle won. The next half is the, most important and crucial one; that is 'radical action'. As Mahatria says, "It takes what it, takes to become what you want to become". The only way is to work your way up one step, at a time; there is no other way., Everyone has big dreams and high hopes but when the time comes to act towards, realising the dream, fear creeps in and all types of self-limiting questions flood our mind., 'What if I end up penniless', 'What if I fail so badly that I regret for it my entire life' and, the most dominant and common one being 'What if I become a laughing stock and end up, embarrassing my family' etc. - such questions pop up in the weak mind. Due to these, self-limiting beliefs, we don't even start or take the first step towards our dream., Yes, you might not have a great start but in order to become great you need to, start! You need to get going even if you don't feel like it. The world record holder for, sprinting, Usain Bolt, (100 Mtrs in 9.58 Sec), shared in an interview ·what goes through his, mind sometimes, when he is in practice session completely exhausted. "At that moment,, you just want to stop; you just want to give up right there. To hell with this, I just want to, go home. Sometimes when you get up from the bed you know what type of training is, planned for you today ... It's like 'Oh God, I don't want to go today ....' But you have to go ...", - that makes him what he is today! Even the people you look up to and admire go through, this negative thinking process but they take the step and move forward in spite of this, negative mindset. That makes them a 'Legend'. Body says 'Stop I am tired'; mind says 'I, can't anymore'; but the heart says 'You still have a goal to achieve' and you go back to, work that is GRIND. Easier said than done ... But in order to be great you must start. You, need to practice this 'Grind Mindset' day-in and day-out. Yes, it is going to be forced and it, does not seem natural at the initial stages. You need to dig in deep and keep grinding even, after you get tired. Boxing -· legend Mohammed Ali was asked "How many sit ups do you do, everyday?” Mohammed Ali replied, "I don't count my sit ups. I only start counting when it, starts to pain. That is what really counts". There is no such thing called 'Easy success' and, the famous 'Overnight success' does not exist., Barcelona and Argentina Star Forward Lionel Messi (4 times World Player of the, Year) once said, "It took me 19 years to become an overnight success". You need to, practice; you need to push forward even if you don't feel like it. It is sacrifice day-in and, day-out. Sacrifice is must, if you want to succeed.Everyone in this world is talented. That, is why everyone is unique but your talent can take you only to a certain level. In order to, grow past your talent you need to put in the extra effort; that is you must 'Grind'. That is, why it is called skill. The Hollywood actor Will Smith said, "Talent is what you got, naturally. Skill is got by hours and hours and hours on beating on your craft". There is a, term called 'Prodigy'. Even they need to practice to hone their skill., 29

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Walter Edward Dandy an American neurosurgeon was the first person to perform, surgery for ‘Posterior Fossa Partial Trigeminal Rhizotomy’ in the brain. No one at that time, thought this surgery would be possible but Walter Dandy had a dream, dream of giving people, a second chance to live and he was willing to start, so he went ahead with the surgery. D o, y o u know, his first 13 patients died... Can you imagine how devastating it would have been?, All the blames, criticisms and his own self-doubt tormented him. But Walter was a strong, minded person; in spite of the failures and ridicule, he went ahead with his attempt to find a, cure and now he is proudly known as ‘one of the three founding fathers of Neurosurgery'. S o, y ou need to keep moving forward despite the odds. Even the most accomplished person faces, adversity but the legend is the one who refuses to give up to adversity and rises above it., '', Our honourable former President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was born to a fisherman, family in a small village near Rameswaram. He studied in a small government school and, used to distribute n ew spap er in his younger age, went on to become a world renowned, nuclear scientist, making India a nuclear power house and famously known for receiving a, standing ovation for his speech at the EU (European Union)Parliament. Do you think it must, have been a walk in the park for him, from an ordinary boy from Rameswaram to becoming a, world renowned scientist and 11th President of India?, The Real Madrid star and Portugal football team's captain, the legendary, C r i s t i a n o R o n a l d o was born in a very p o o r family. His mother was a cook, a n d h i s father w a s a kit man i n a local football club. In an interview h i s mother, said “ Ronnie used to practice daily from m o r n i n g t o night". Ronaldo had t o, relocate himself away f r o m h i s family a s he got an offer for better training. He was, depressed and home s i c k , he used t o call home and cry daily. He had d i f f i c u l t y in, making friends. He wanted to quit but his determination was longer than his selfdoubt and focused all his energy in improving his game and improving as a person,, finally he got selected for Portugal's most famous club "Sporting Lisbon" and even got, selected for the top 11 in the Euro 2004 squad for Portugal. He was just 19 years old, then. September 6 th , 2005, Portugal was facing Russia for a decisive spot in the 2006, World Cup, Germany. Ronaldo was on the starting 1 1 and was one of the important, players in the squad. But few hours before the match he received an information f r o m, his home to about his father’s death. His coach gave him an option to go home but, Ronaldo refused and he wanted to dedicate the mate to his father. Even though the match, ended in a draw, due to his brilliant passing, attempts on goal and ball position, he was, named man of the match. His father used to tell him that he has to become the best, footballer. Now Cristiano Ronaldo is the most decorated superstar and legend to ever, play the sport. A young boy asked Ronaldo, "How do I become like you?" Ronaldo, replied, “Believe in your capacities, Work Hard, Give Your 100% every time and dream ..., because dreams do come true"., Legends are the one who gambled with life. They took chances and risked everything, they had to get what they wanted. Road to success is a lonely road, learn to walk alone., Yes, it is very hard, but in the end it is worth it. And that knowledge comes with an, expense. But you have to start somewhere. Even if you don't feel like it "Get up, Dress, Up And Show Up". "Wrong action leads me somewhere; but inaction will lead me, nowhere" says Mahatria. So get out of your comfort zone and embrace the uncertainty., Remember, legends embrace all kinds of uncertainty and difficulties at any given point, of time; they don’t choose according to their comfort zone. They always look for ways to, expand their comfort zone by constantly s t e p p i n g out of them. So, get up, g r i n d , never, give up, succeed and repeat., , 30

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Exercise 2.3, i., ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., ix., x., , Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary, Grind …………………………………………………………………………………., Adversity ……………………………………………………………………………..., Dominant………………………………………………………………………………, Gambled………………………………………………………………………………, Renowned………………………………………………………………………., Penniless …………………………………………………………………………..., Accomplished ………………………………………………………………………, Legendary …………………………………………………………………...., Legends ……………………………………………………………………, Uncertainty ……………………………………………………………………, , Exercise 2.4 Answer the following sample questions, i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: Grind, Write the meaning of the word: Prodigy, Answer the following in 3 to 4 sentences, , iii., iv., , Explain the term: Comfort Zone., Explain the term: Grind Mindset., Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, , v., vi., vii., viii., ix., x., , Express your views on: Christiano Ronaldo., Express your views /ideas on: Easy Success., State any four qualities of Lionell Messi that has inspired you., Describe the preparation stage of Ronaldo, the football legend., Explain the given statement in your own words:, ‘Having a dream is only half a battle won’., Describe the initial struggle of Walter Edward Dandy, an American neurosurgeon., , xi., Summarize the success story of legend who inspired you., xii., Write about your career dreams., -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 31

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English Workbook, , 2.3., , Course Code: 22101, , JRD TATA, , Pre-reading Activity, 1., 2., , Name a few successful industrialists you know. Discuss about their qualities., What common qualities do you find in these successful people?, , The year 2004 was significant for the Tata Group, as it marked the 100th birth, anniversary of JRD Tata and Naval Tata and the death centenary of Jamshedji Tata. For two, generations and more JRD epitomised a way of life and a culture of business that cared for the, country and its people., "The wealth gathered by Jamshedji Tata and his sons in half a century of industrial, pioneering formed but a minute fraction of the amount by which they enriched the nation. The, whole of that wealth is held in trust for the people and used exclusively for their benefit. The, cycle is thus complete; what came from the people has gone back to the people many times, over." -- J R D Tata., Born in Paris on July 29, 1904, Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata was the second, child of Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata and his French wife Sooni. Established in 1859, the Tata, Group was already India's biggest business conglomerate when Tata became its fourth, chairman in 1938. He was then just 34 years old. Under his leadership, the Tata assets, climbed from Rs. 62 crore (Rs. 620 million) in 1939 to over Rs. 10,000 crore (Rs 100 billion), in 1990., During the last half of the twentieth century Tata entered several new businesses,, many of them unconventional, and produced a vast range of products -- from airlines to, hotels, trucks to locomotives, soda ash and other heavy chemicals to pharmaceuticals and, financial services, tea and air conditioning to lipsticks and cologne., The group seemed to make everything and do everything. One of Tata's earliest achievements, was to cajole ten rival cement companies to merge and form the Associated Cement, Companies, run by the Tatas. JRD strengthened existing businesses such as steel, power and, hotels. As an industrialist, JRD Tata is credited with placing the Tata Group on the, international map. As an aviator and pioneer flier, he brought commercial aviation to India., As a patron of the arts, he was revered by India's artists, sculptors and performing artists;, under JRD's tutelage, the Tatas became the biggest buyers, promoters and supporters of the art, world in India and as a philanthropist, he was respected for keeping alive and building up the, tremendously active Tata charitable trusts., The leader and the motivator, Leadership, according to JRD meant motivating others. 'As chairman, my main, responsibility is to inspire respect. 'Sometimes referred to as the 'chairmen's chairman,' JRD, adopted a management by consensus style: “When a number of persons are involved I am, definitely a consensus man,” he once said, adding: “but that does not mean that I do not, disagree or that I do not express my views. Basically it is a question of having to deal with, individual men heading different enterprises. You have to adapt yourself to their ways and, deal accordingly and draw out the best in each man. If I have any merit it is getting on with, individuals according to their ways and characteristics. In fifty years I have dealt with a, hundred top directors and I have got on with all of them. At times it involves suppressing, yourself. It is painful but necessary. To be a leader you have got to lead human beings with, affection”. Be that as it may, Tata spotted talent easily. And once he was confident that a, 32

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , manager would perform, he gave him a long hope. If they wanted to be on their own, like, Sumant Moolgaokar, he left them to it. If they occasionally wanted a shoulder to cry on, like, Darbari Seth, JRD was there. The supportive climate he built developed entrepreneurs such as, Sir Homi Mody, Sir Ardeshir Dalal, Sir Jehangir Ghandy, Russi Mody, Sumant Moolgaokar, and Darbari Seth, and others who created billions in wealth for the group and the country. It, was an environment where scientists of international repute such as Homi Bhabha, leading, lawyers such as J D Choksi and Nani Palkhivala, and economists such as John Matthai, A D, Shroff, D R Pendse and Freddie Mehta could flourish. Tata's personal interest in technology,, combined with India's isolation in the 1950s and 1960s, spurred several group companies,, particularly Tata Steel and Tata Chemicals, to innovate in their fields., A benign boss, According to Tata, the crux of any successful labour policy lay in making workers, feel wanted. One of the inherent drawbacks of modern industry with its large and, concentrated labour forces was that each man felt 'that instead of being a valued member of a, friendly and human organisation, he was a mere cog in a soulless machine. ''Because of this, a, worker's attitude towards management becomes one of indifference, mistrust and coldness, often tinged with hostility. He is easily led to feeling himself the victim of callous and unfair, treatment and little is needed to make him look upon his employers as his enemies and break, out into open conflict.', Tata Steel became one of the earliest companies in India to have a dedicated human, resources department. Expressing surprise that the company had functioned for so long, without one, Tata commented: “If our operations required the employment of, say, 30,000, machine tools, we would undoubtedly have a special staff or department to look after them, to, keep them in repair, replace them when necessary, maintain their efficiency, protect them, from damage, etc.”, “But when employing 30,000 human beings each with a mind and soul of his own,, we seem to have assumed that they would look after themselves and that there was no need, for a separate organisation to deal with the human problems involved”. Jehangir Ratanji, Dadabhoy Tata died in Geneva on November 29, 1993, and made his money in India. Few, addressed him with the full pomposity of the name with which he was born; he was simply, 'JRD' to the world, and to his friends. JRD was India's most well-known industrialist, widely, respected for his enormous contribution to the development of Indian industry and aviation in, particular. Tata headed India's largest industrial conglomerate with uncommon success. But, this was only one aspect of his life. He was also a man of great sensitivity and was pained by, the poverty he saw around him and sought vigorously to alleviate it. He also was a, philanthropist who wanted India to be a happy country and did all he could to make it so; a, patron of the sciences and the arts; and a man with a passion for literature, fast cars, skiing,, and flying., Exercise 2.5, i., ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., , Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., Philanthropist………………………………………………………………………., Patron……………………………………………………………………………….., Conglomerate…………………………………………………………………………., Pomposity…………………………………………………………………………….., Flourish…………………………………………………………………………….., Entrepreneurs………………………………………………………………………, Suppressing……………………………………………………………………………, Strait-acketed…………………………………………………………………………., , 33

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English Workbook, , ix., x., , Course Code: 22101, , Vigorously…………………………………………………………………………, Subsidiaries……………………………………………………………………………, , Exercise 2.6, , Answer the following sample questions., , i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: hostility, State the date and place of birth of JRD Tata., , iii., , Insert suitable prepositions in the blanks:, As an industrialist, JRD Tata is credited ----- placing the Tata Group ---- the, international map., Insert suitable articles in the blanks:, Tata Steel became one of ----- earliest companies in India to have------ dedicated, human resources department., , iv., , Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, v., vi., , Express the views of JRD TATA about a leader., Express your views/ideas on: JRD Tata., , vii., , State any four diversified areas in which the Tata group entered in the last half of the, 20th century., Name the scientists, lawyers and economists who flourished under the leadership of, JRD Tata., , viii., , ix., x., , Summarize the contribution of JRD Tata as a philanthropist., Describe the role of JRD Tata as a leader and motivator., , xi., Elaborate the statement: ‘The Tata group is India’s biggest business empire.’, xii., State and explain any six qualities of a successful entrepreneur., -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 34

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English Workbook, , 2.4., , Course Code: 22101, , A MESSIAH FOR THE ABANDONED SICK by Soutik Biswas, Pre reading Activity, , 1., 2., , Name a few social workers you know., Have you ever taken part in any social activities?, , Are you in pain? This is the question Gurmeet Singh usually asks when he enters a, government hospital ward in Patna. It is a damp and grubby facility with lime-green walls and, stained tiled floors. Half a dozen gurneys for sick patients are scattered all over the ill-lit, place. A fetid smell of urine and stale food fills the air. When night falls, rats slink out of a, defunct fireplace and scurry for food. The food-dinner comprises rice, lentil soup and some, vegetable gruel-is insipid. A doctor and a nurse come on their rounds a couple of times a day., At other times, the patients appear to be left to their fate. The place has the appalling moniker, of the ward for lawaris or the abandoned. Put simply, it treats patients who have no family or, have been rejected by them. When they recover, they are usually sent away to rehab homes or, returned to the streets., For its inmates, the ward can be their home for months on end, for the streets, where, they usually live and forage for food and shelter, can be a harsher place. Tonight, it appears,, nobody is hurting. On a bed, lies a young woman who has had her limbs amputated after she, was hit by a train. She's also pregnant. The nurses call her Manju. Questions about her family,, home and the father of the baby draw a blank. Some nights ago, they found her weeping on, the cold floor after she was bitten by rats. But when Singh enters the ward, her face lights up,, and she smiles wanly., In the bed opposite her, a bed-ragged woman with wild hair and wearing a dirty, green jacket over a torn cotton gown trembles all the time. Tonight, she's holding a loaf of, bread that the hospital gave in the morning. One night, other inmates say, she fell off the bed, and lay on the floor for a while. Across the room, Tapan Bhattacharya, 40, lies in a bed with, his leg in traction. He says he landed up here with a broken femur after the auto-rickshaw he, was travelling in overturned. "Can you find me a job?" he asks. "I have nobody and nowhere, to go. "In another room, across the ward, two patients, Sudhir Rai and Farhan, appear to be, lost in their own world, hoarding bread and fruit from breakfast and waiting for their next, meal. Farhan became an amputee a fortnight ago after he was hit by a train near Patna. Sudhir, does not tell me what is wrong with him. There are no doctors or bed charts to check with., There's a stream of pale blood and urine flowing on the floor under his bed. But, as, soon as Singh waddles into the ward, there's a frisson of excitement among its inmates. Their, weary faces light up; some even manage to break into a smile. By day, Singh, a genial 60year-old, works at the family-owned clothes shop in a bustling city market. By night, he is a, veritable messiah to the residents of this foul kingdom of disease and disability, tucked away, in a corner of a vast 90-year-old 1,760-bed state-run Patna Medical College and Hospital, one, of the largest in Bihar. For more than 20 years now, Singh has been visiting the abandoned, patients' ward every night with food and medicines. He hasn't been on a vacation or stepped, out of Patna for the past 13 years because, he says, he cannot abandon the abandoned. The, unfailing devotion to his patients is matched by Singh's unchanging routine. Around nine, every evening, he leaves his modest apartment-all his five brothers live on a floor in one of, the city's oldest high-rises-and heads to the hospital. He picks up some money to pay for, medicines - the five brothers put away 10 per cent of their monthly earnings in a donation box, at home to pay for 'Singh's patients'-that are not provided by the hospital, where treatment is, free. On the way, he stops at one of the many cheap hole-in-the-wall eateries that dot Patna to, , 35

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English Workbook, , pick, , up, , rotis,, , Course Code: 22101, , vegetables,, , salad,, , eggs, , and, , curd, , to, , feed, , to, , his, , patients., , Once Singh reaches the ward, he enquires about the patients' condition, playing, at, once, nurse, doctor, provider and kin. He goes through their prescriptions and pays for the, more expensive medicines, tests, scans and chemotherapy for cancer patients. He also donates, ‘a lot of’ blood. Then he takes out the shining steel plates, and caringly serves the food., Tonight the menu is piping hot rotis, vegetables, curd and a sweet. The gruel that the hospital, provides for dinner is usually left uneaten. In a bit, the patients are wolfing down their first, proper meal of the day. "All they need is some dignity and some care. The government is not, even able to provide that. In the past 22 years that I have been coming here, nothing has, improved in this ward. Nothing," says Singh. Singh's involvement began two decades ago, when a woman selling plastic bags turned up at his shop carrying a badly scalded boy in her, arms. "It was a hot day. I saw tears in her eyes. Then I saw her boy who had got burnt. I took, them to this hospital, and found that there was nobody to treat him. The doctors were on, strike. The poor and the abandoned were the worst affected. I was very angry. I decided to do, something about it.", Authorities want to fete him for his work and have sent him letters of admiration,, but the Good Samaritan prefers to shun the spotlight. Tonight, he is busy feeding the, disheveled woman, who is having her first proper meal of the day. Then he'll tuck her under a, blanket for the night. "He is like God," comes a voice from the ward, as the diminutive Sikh, man puts out the light and shuts the door to keep the cold out. He will be back again,, tomorrow night., Note:, Since then, Gurmeet Singh's work has been interrupted somewhat-he is unable to, offer food to the patients currently after appearing this article online. The superintendent of, Patna Medical College and Hospital says, "Patients should be offered food approved by, doctors. The hospital has sanctioned Rs25,000 for the lawaris ward so that patients are taken, care of. They are offered good food and fruits." Singh, however, continues to serve patients in, the ward with medicines and care. He is hopeful that he will find a way to serve food to them, once again., Exercise 2.7 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., Damp………………………………………………………………………….., ii., Grubby…………………………………………………………………………, iii., Gurneys………………………………………………………………………, iv., Fetid…………………………………………………………………………., v., Amputate……………………………………………………………………, vi., Appalling……………………………………………………………………..., vii., Wolfing………………………………………………………………………., viii., Scalded………………………………………………………………………, ix., Samaritan……………………………………………………………………., Exercise 2.8 Answer the following sample questions., i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: Underprivileged., Write out the meaning of the word: Abandoned., , iii., , Change the voice: He picks up some money to pay for medicines., , 36

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English Workbook, , iv., , Course Code: 22101, , Change into indirect speech: "Can you find me a job?" he asks., , Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, v., Express your views/ideas on: Service to humanity is service to Almighty., vi., State any three words/adjectives to describe the patients in the Abandoned ward in, Patna., vii., viii., ix., x., , State any four personality traits of Gurmeet Singh that has impressed you., Describe in four sentences the condition of hospital wards in Patna., Summarize the contribution of Gurmeet Singh as a philanthropist., Describe the role of Gurmeet Singh as a nurse, doctor, provider and kin., , xi., Explain the meaning of the statement: ‘He [Gurmeet Singh] is like God.’, xii., State and explain any six qualities of a Good Samaritan., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 37

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , 2.5., ELECTRONIC WASTE, Source : www.moneycrashers.com, Pre-reading Activity, 1., 2., , What do you know about E waste?, Think and discuss about the innovative ways of disposing E-waste., , How often do you buy a new cell phone, laptop, or TV? In these gadget-driven days,, you probably upgrade your electronics fairly often. Most people don’t think twice about, buying the ‘latest and greatest’ technology. After all, companies and their marketing teams, spend a great deal of money to make sure that we’re hungry for the next iPad or LED TV., While our hunger for electronics and technology keeps growing, what happens to, our old stuff? The statistics and trends are startling:, According to Wirefly.org, the average cell phone user gets a new cell phone every 18 months.,  In the U.S., we toss more than 100 million cell phones in the trash every year.,  20 million TVs are trashed in the U.S. every year.,  Only 13% of electronic waste is disposed and recycled properly., Where Does Our E-Waste Go?, Electronic waste from equipment of all sizes includes dangerous chemicals like lead,, cadmium, beryllium, mercury, and brominated flame retardants. When we dispose off gadgets, and devices improperly, these hazardous materials have a high risk of polluting the air,, contaminating soil, and leaching into water sources. When e-waste sits in a typical landfill, for, example, water flows through the landfill and picks up trace elements from these dangerous, minerals. Eventually the contaminated landfill water, called “leachate,” gets through layers of, natural and manufactured landfill liner and other protection. When it reaches natural, groundwater, it introduces lethal toxicity. Health risks range from kidney disease and brain, damage to genetic mutations. Scientists have discovered that Guiyu, China, has the highest, levels of cancer-causing dioxins in the world. Seven out of ten children in the villages of, Guiyu have too much lead in their bodies; 82% tested positive for lead poisoning. Because the, drinking water is so contaminated, villagers have to truck in water from other towns. Even, with the best intentions in mind, recycling e-waste often leads to illegal overseas shipping and, dumping. Devices get left in a huge pit or burned. Worse, a 2008 study from the U.S., Government Accountability Office found that some recyclers ship e-waste to third world, countries under the guise of philanthropy, claiming that these “donations” bring technology to, developing nations. While plenty of recyclers run reputable operations, the shadowy, companies just ship obsolete e-waste to digital dumping grounds in countries like Ghana., Frontline profiled an e-waste dump in Ghana that explored the health risks of these practices., Young children there make a living by scavenging waste to reclaim gold, silver, iron, and, copper. The amount of time they spend at dumping grounds is dangerous enough; factor in, these poisons and chemicals and these habits can become be fatal. Further, the U.S. State, Department lists Ghana as one of the top sources of cyber crime in the world. Criminals can, purchase salvaged hard drives in an open market, and minutes later they have access to the, personal and financial information you left behind in discarded devices. ABC News did an, incredible investigation of one e-waste recycler based in Denver. This company, which, claimed to safely recycle e-waste, wasn’t recycling it at all. Instead, they were loading all, those computer monitors, laptops, TVs, and cell phones into shipping containers and sending, them off to the Far East, mainly rural China and Hong Kong. People in developing countries, 38

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , are paying with their lives just so we can have the next iPad. Now that you have a sense of, how serious a problem e-waste poses, consider how you can make a difference with your, daily decisions. It’s sobering and depressing to think about tragedy abroad, but we can change, things. We can make sure our e-waste is recycled effectively, and NOT shipped off to third, world countries irresponsibly., How to Recycle Your E-Waste Safely, The good news is that you have plenty of options for properly recycling or donating, your used electronics. It’s important to understand this: Even if you take your e-waste down, to your local recycling center, there’s a high probability that it won’t get recycled properly. As, ABC News discovered, e-waste recyclers are often more concerned with making a buck than, they are with making sure these hazardous materials are disposed of properly. So what can, you do?, Use a Certified E-Waste Recycler, Find an e-waste recycler certified through the Basel Action Network (BAN). BAN is, a non-profit organization devoted to certifying e-Stewards, recyclers who are committed to, safely and responsibly recycling electronics. Members take and demonstrate the Pledge of, Responsible Recycling, so working with a certified e-Steward means you don’t have to worry, that your gadget will become another nation’s pollution or a criminal’s newest, project. BAN’s recycler locator will help you find the certified safety and comfort of eStewards in your area., Visit Civic Institutions, Check with your local government, schools, and universities for additional, responsible recycling options. With e-waste becoming such a large problem, government, offices and schools are assigning days when citizens can bring unwanted electronics to a, designated drop-off location., Many communities post a calendar that will include recycling days, so check your, local paper or visit their website. When you recycle your items locally, you can make the, occasion a day trip and a community event. Encourage your neighbors to join you and spread, the word about educated e-waste disposal., Explore Retail Options, Best Buy, for example, isn’t certified through BAN’s e-Steward program, but they, do have an effective recycling program in all of their stores. They claim to only use recyclers, who adhere to the highest standards of e-waste processing. Specifically, their website, discloses that e-waste that you bring to their stores will not end up in a foreign country or in, any landfill:, Best Buy makes sure that the recyclers we work with adhere to the highest, guidelines and standards so that the products customers bring into our stores for recycling, don’t end up in landfills or in foreign countries, and that all hazardous materials are disposed, of properly. We partner directly with a short list of qualified, respected recycling companies, who ensure all products collected for recycling through Best Buy are handled responsibly., These recycling companies meet our standards, and we encourage them to examine and, consider additional third-party standards for responsible practices (such as the EPA R2 and eStewards)., You can drop off all kinds of e-waste for recycling at Best Buy including: Cell, phones, TVs, Power cords, GPS devices, Speakers, DVD players, Paper shredders, Memory, cards, Desktops, Laptops, Netbooks. Additionally, Gettington teams up with an e-Stewards, , 39

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , partner, exchange, to provide you with an opportunity to recycle your e-waste via pre-paid, postage containers. You can recycle old items and get the benefit of cash reward for some, products. You can even transfer the rewards to charitable organizations., f), , Donate Your Electronics, Reusing is always better than recycling. If your electronics still have life left, you, can reduce e-waste pollution and share technology with people who wouldn’t otherwise have, access to it., Organizations like Cell Phones for Soldiers and Verizon’s HopeLine program will, make sure your old cell phone makes its way to a worthy cause. Other organizations, like the, Salvation Army and Goodwill, can sell your used electronics and use the profits to educate, and empower others who need help. Goodwill has been particularly active with its Reconnect, program, which has a strict no-export policy., g), , Final Word, Every time you replace one of your electronic devices, it’s your responsibility to be, sure your old one gets recycled properly., Ideally, your first step will be to consume less. Don’t get pulled into the hype of new, technology if you can help it. If you do want something, try to find a gently-used version first., Then, when you have an expired product, take the time to find a responsible e-waste recycler., Be a part of the solution. Help properly recycle as much e-waste as possible. You’ll make the, Earth a better place, help halt digital data dumps, feel proud of your accomplishment, meet, new friends, and maybe even make your wallet a little greener!, How do you normally dispose of your electronics? Do you have any additional tips, for properly recycling e-waste?, Exercise 2.9 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., ix., , hazardous………………………………………………………………………., contaminating…………………………………………………………………..., toxic……………………………………………………………………, obsolete…………………………………………………………………………..., scavenging………………………………………………………………………..., designated ………………………………………………………………………..., accomplishment……………………………………………………………………, disposed……………………………………………………………………………..., landfills………………………………………………………………………………., , Exercise 2.10 Answer the following sample questions., , i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: Electronic Waste, Write the full form of the abbreviation: BAN, , iii., iv., , Change the voice: Many companies post a calendar on their website., Change the voice: Criminals can purchase salvaged hard drives in an open market., , 40

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, v., State any three health hazards of improper disposal of e-waste., vi., State the additional tips for proper recycling of e-waste., vii., viii., ix., x., , Develop four meaningful sentences on the given topic: Save Environment., Explain the terms: Recycle and Reuse., Explain the given statement in five sentences:, ‘When you dispose off e-waste properly, you’ll make the Earth a better place.’, Describe the role and responsibilities of the society in controlling e-waste hazards., , xi., xii., , Explain the positive steps that students can take to stop e-waste pollution., Assume that you are educating your friend about e-waste and its disposal. List six, statements/instructions that you will give him/her., -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 41

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English Workbook, , 2.6., , Course Code: 22101, , BE REMARKABLE by Naren Goidani, Pre reading Activity, , 1., 2., , Can a person be successful in life by only scoring good marks?, How can you be different from others?, , Why do we study? Is it to make our life secure? Is it to create a career? Will studies, truly make our life secure or provide us with a career? Hmmm, interesting point? Or is it, disappointing? Or it is scary? Or does it sound like an unnecessary question?, We have lived our entire lives thinking when we complete our studies the world will, be waiting with open arms to give us great opportunities and reward us handsomely. Nothing, can be far more from truth than this thinking. Many students have faced terrific, disappointments after they passed out of college for they discovered what they have is not, enough for the world. What is needed? What is the gap? Where should we students focus? Let, me share some pointers, suggestions and guidelines with all of you. A few years ago,, organizations started taking IQ (intelligence quotient) tests that revealed the 'intelligence' of, the interviewees. The HR department of organizations realized, even when candidates came to, them with 'good marks', most of them were not qualified for 'work'. The surprising revelation, was that some candidates who scored good marks did so because of good 'memory' rather, than intelligence. These good candidates knew how to memorize the subjects better than, others. In some cases, it was just luck. What they studied was asked in the exams. These are, the people who study in the last moments and ‘manage’ to score. Sadly they mislead many, others to do the same and scrape through. This is dangerous for your future. In a few cases it, was indeed good studies and intelligent understanding. The percent of the last category, needed to be improved., The HR people realized, mistakes were happening when people were recruited based, only on marks. Hence, the IQ tests were introduced. It tested the ability of people to 'solve', rather than 'remember'. Since this new IQ tests were giving them good results, they got, encouraged to research how to make things even better. Besides the IQ test, another new test, called the EQ (Emotional Quotient) test was introduced. This tested the ability of candidates, to be emotionally stable. After all, who wants a person who panics, who has fear, who, becomes jealous, who becomes angry fast? This person can never work as a Team Player. Nor, can they give their 100% to their own work. Neither will they progress, nor will the, organization progress., For the best results, great teamwork is mandatory. After all, no one can ever do, everything by himself or herself. While the combination of IQ and EQ gave better results in, recruitment, studies and research in this field of ‘ideal candidates’ for an organization, continued. The latest development in this field is called SQ. This SQ stands for situational, intelligence quotient. When you have time, IQ comes in the picture. When there are emotional, turmoil EQ comes into picture. There are times, when decisions must be taken on the spot., Even if you are not the decision maker, you must take decisions. Even if you do not have, enough data, you need to make your choices. These choices can make or break so much., These are crux situations. What is required in these situations? When faced with difficult, situations, you must carry 'Self-Belief'. When faced with angry people, you must know how to, calm people down. When faced with a tragedy, you must be able to establish positivity. When, faced with huge losses, you must be able to rule with composure. When faced with problems,, you must be able to intensely search, identify and present solutions. When faced with critical, situations, you must be able to make important well thought of choices., , 42

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , While your qualifications provide the necessary platform, your IQ, EQ and SQ will, help you to take-off. While studies help you to gain an interview call, your IQ, EQ and SQ, will help you getting employment and creating a career. In case you want to be a, businessman, it is your IQ, EQ and SQ that will be the solid support in making the best of the, opportunities. With IQ, EQ and SQ, no hurdle is high, no problems is big. When faced with, difficult situations, your BEST will come out. Even if you make mistakes, as all of us do, you, will bounce back big. Manufacturers expose their products to vigorous tests. The products, that stand the toughest of tests are the most premium products. Similarly, the challenges of, life will be your vigorous tests from which you must emerge victorious and be a premium, product. As you study, study well. Give your 100% to master the subjects. Along with that, do, develop your IQ, EQ and SQ too. While your marks certainly help you, you will need more, than marks to be 'remarkable'., Remember, 'remarkable' is more than 'mark'. It has R (Really) and E (Exceptional) in, the beginning. It includes 'able' (IQ, EQ and SQ) to complete it. Have Really Exceptional, Marks (for a great pedestal) and be very Able (for take off - IQ EQ and SQ) too. Be ''R E, MARK ABLE''. Live a R E Mark Able life. Read great books that make you believe you can, be ‘remarkable’. Nurture the company of people whose presence, whose comments, whose, life style makes you believe you can be ‘remarkable’. Meditate, exercise, and eat nourishing, food that provides you vital energy to live a remarkable life. Whatever happens, ‘believe in, yourself’. The creator always creates remarkable things. In ‘his’ factory, there is no ordinary, product. The fact that you have been created means you ‘can’ live a remarkable life. What, humans can do, god will not do. What God can do, humans cannot do. He has played his part, by creating us. Now it is up to us to play our part and create ourselves as ‘remarkable’ person., With lots of love, prayers and best wishes,, Naren., As I Live...I learn., Exercise 2.11 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., ii., iii., iv., v., vi., vii., viii., ix., x., , Scary………………………………………………………………………………..., Terrific………………………………………………………………………………., Revealed……………………………………………………………………………..., Interviewees…………………………………………………………………………, Recruited……………………………………………………………………………, Turmoil………………………………………………………………………………., Composure……………………………………………………………………………, Vigorous………………………………………………………………………………, Victorious ………………………………………………………………………………, Hurdle…………………………………………………………………………………..., , Exercise 2.12 Answer the following sample questions., i. Write the meaning of the word: recruitment, ii. Write the full form of the abbreviations: IQ,EQ, SQ., iii. Change into indirect speech:, Naren says, “Nurture the company of people whose presence, whose comments,, whose life style makes you believe you can be remarkable.”, 43

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , iv. Change the voice: When faced with difficult situations, you must carry 'Self-Belief'., Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, v. State the importance of situational intelligence., vi. Express the views of author about the scoring marks for the career., vii. State the realization of HR Department after selecting candidates with good marks, , viii. State the meaning of the word, ‘Remarkable’, according to the author., ix. Summarize the suggestions given by the author to make one’s life remarkable., x. List the qualities of emotionally stable people/describe the reaction of emotionally, stable people to stress and change., xi. State the reasons of introducing IQ, EQ and SQ test by HR department., -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 44

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English Workbook, , 2.7., , Course Code: 22101, , ARUNIMA SINHA: A BIOGRAPHY From www.makingpeacewithlife.com, Pre-reading Activity, , 1. List a few people who have climbed Mount Everest, despite their physical difficulties., 2. How can you be an extraordinary person?, Arunima Sinha is the first Indian amputee to climb the Mount Everest. Among, women amputee, she is just the second one to achieve this milestone. Before Arunima,, Rhonda Graham, a female amputee from USA climbed Mount Everest in October, 2011. In, 2015, she was awarded the Padma Shri, the 4th highest civilian award in India., Arunima was a sports enthusiast from the childhood- a national level volleyball, player. She decided to get a job in the paramilitary forces so that she can carry on with her, passion for sports along with a regular source of income as well. But, the fate had other plans., On the night of 11th April, 2011, while on her way to Delhi from Lucknow from Padmavati, Express train, she was attacked by a group of local robbers. They tried to snatch her gold, chain which was gifted by her mother. She tried to resist them. Thanks to her athletic, physique and fitness, she gave them a tough time. But, being a lonely girl, she could not resist, them for longer and eventually, she was overpowered by them. Those inhuman guys threw, her out of the running train. Another train coming on the parallel track run over her legs. By, the time, she reached hospital, the doctors were left with no option but to amputate her left leg, below the knee. Otherwise, the infection could have spread in the whole body. Her right leg, also didn’t remain completely immune from that accident. A rod was inserted in the right legfrom knee to ankle., She spent 4 months at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. One, day, while lying on the bed in the hospital, she read an article about the Mount Everest- the, ultimate destination of every mountaineer. Then only, she decided to climb it. She took, inspiration from Yuvraj Singh and other famous personalities who won over cancer and other, life threatening conditions to bounce back and prove their mettle. People used to come to meet, me in the hospital and sympathize by saying words like- “you would not be able to play, volleyball anymore” or “what a tragedy with this young girl.”, Why she took this extremely difficult decision of climbing Mount Everest when she, was already offered a job by the Indian Railways? Why she didn’t spend her life like any, other handicap person doing a regular 9 to 5 job and making a livelihood? When I was in the, hospital post this robbery incident, I came across several absurd conspiracy theories like- I, was traveling without ticket, hence, I jumped out of the train to avoid punishment OR I, jumped out of the train by my own in the suicide attempt. These rubbish rumors hurt me, badly. Then only, I decided that I would answer to all these fake theories by doing something, big, achieving something extraordinary., Usually, people used to take more than a few months to get comfortable with, artificial legs. But, she started walking in just 2 days. Her whole focus was on climbing the, world’s highest mountain…nothing else. The day she got discharged from the hospital,, she went to meet Bachendri Pal, the first Indian woman to reach the summit (highest point) of, Mount Everest. Apart from her family, Bachendri was the only person who took her ambition, (of climbing the Mount Everest with artificial leg) seriously. The moment I decided to, conquer the Mount Everest, my inner sense of handicap or disability faded away. Now, it was, a matter of time to show the outer world what I was made up of. After meeting Bachendri Pal,, she didn’t go home. Rather, she joined the Nehru Institute of Mountaineering for training., After completing a basic course, she has undergone rigorous training for 18 months to prepare, , 45

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , herself for the big day. She climbed various smaller peaks, including Island Peak to prepare, herself before conquering the Mount Everest. Tata Steel Adventure Foundation offered her, scholarship to meet all her financial requirements so that she can fully focus on her, mountaineering task., My Sherpa (the local guide for the expedition) refused to accompany me because he, termed it a suicidal mission. But, I was determined to do it. I convinced him anyhow., She started her expedition on 1st April, 2013 and reached the summit of Mount Everest on, 21st May 2013- exactly after 52 days. When I entered the death zone- 3500 feet from the top, of Mount Everest- the most difficult terrain started. I saw dead bodies of mountaineers, scattered all around. A Bangladeshi mountaineer took his last breath in front of my eyes, whom I met not so long before. I was frightened, but, I kept on moving anyhow. You see- our, bodies behave according to our thought process. I told myself that neither I can go back from, here nor I can die before reaching the summit. Seeing me struggling immensely with, the artificial leg, my Sherpa kept on advising me to return. But, I overturned his advice. I told, him that I just can’t die before conquering this mountain. Thereafter, he started motivating, me for the rest of the expedition., Once she reached the top, everything changed. It was something as if she got a new, lease of life despite of the fact that she literally ran out of all the oxygen supply. She raised, the Indian tricolor and placed some pictures of her idol (Swami Vivekananda) next to it. Then,, she took some pictures and videos of herself to produce the visual proofs of her achievement, in case she didn’t return alive., Just after a few steps on the way back, my oxygen supply finished. But, you know,, fortune favors the brave. When I fell down suffocating for oxygen, I came across an extra, cylinder of oxygen from no where. My Sherpa immediately latched it on me and finally, we, returned to the base., Arunima has two dreams: To conquer the highest mountain from each of the seven continents, of the world. Till now, she has conquered six of them:, 1., Mount Everest in Asia (May 2013), 2., Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa (May 2014), 3., Mount Elbrus in Europe (July 2014), 4., Mount Kosciuszko in Australia (April 2015), 5., Mount Aconcagua in South America (Dec 2015), 6., Mount Carstensz (July 2016), I was re-born at the summit of Mount Everest. In all, after climbing all these, mountains, I have learnt the true meaning of resilience, confidence and leadership and above, all, humility., Apart from climbing the remaining peaks on her list, she aspires to run a full-fledged, academy for underprivileged handicapped children. She has already established it- Shahid, Chandrashekhar Azad Viklang Khel Academy (Freedom Fighter Chandrashekahr Azad Sports, Academy for disabled children). The motto of this institute is to provide the very best sports, facility to handicap children, especially the poor ones. She is spending all the prize money, that she earns to nurture this academy., Exercise 2.13 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., Amputee……………………………………………………………………........., ii., Paramilitary…………………………………………………………………........, iii., Resist…………………………………………………………………………......., iv., Overpowered………………………………………………………………………, , 46

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English Workbook, , v., vi., vii., viii., ix., x., , Course Code: 22101, , Immensely…………………………………………………………………………, Conquering…………………………………………………………………………, Rigorous……………………………………………………………………………, Full-fledged…………………………………………………………………………, Suffocate…………………………………………………………………………, Conquer…………………………………………………………………………….., , Exercise 2.14 Answer the following sample questions., i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: Expedition, Write the meaning of the word: Robber, , iii., iv., , Name the academy started by Arunima and state its motto., Name the awards won by Arunima Sinha., , v., vi., , Express your views/ideas on: Positive thinking., Express your views/ideas on: Reaction to criticism., , vii., viii., ix., x., , Name the peaks climbed by Arunima Sinha., Describe the preparations of Arunima Sinha for the Everest Expedition., Describe the accident of Arunima Sinha., Narrate the experience of Arunima during Mount Everest Expedition., , xi., Explain the statement: ‘I was re-born at the summit of Mount Everest.’, xii., Summarize the success story of Arunima Sinha., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 47

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English Workbook, , 2.8., , Course Code: 22101, , SAVE YOURSELF by Sridhar R, Pre-reading Activity, , 1. Do you follow traffic rules?, 2. Do you use helmet while riding a bike? If no, Why?, 3. Can you motivate people to use helmet for their safety?, It was October 25, 2010 - my wedding anniversary. Every year this day, as a family, we plan for some outing, and that day too, we went out for dinner and celebrated our years ' of, togetherness. The next day, as usual, I came back home around 9 p.m. from work. My, daughter, Vishnu, had reached home early from her work, but my son, Anish, was yet to reach, home. "He is on his way home," said Sarala, my wife. At about 9.30 p.m. my mobile rang,, and it was a call from Anish's number. I thought he was going to say that he would come, home late. But when I picked up the call, I heard a different voice at the other end. The, Troubled and panicky voice said that Anish had met with an accident in a nearby area., On hearing this, Sarala and Vishnu broke into tears and started screaming. I tried to, console them but in vain. I quickly sped to the accident spot in my car, and the sight that I saw, is still vivid in my memories. My, six-footer son was lying unconscious on the road and the, bike was on the other side of the road. With the help of the onlookers, we shifted Anish to the, back seat of the car, and I could feel warm blood on my hands as I was holding his head. We, took him to a nearby, reasonably good hospital as quickly as we could., It had been just a year since Anish returned from Scotland after completing his, studies. I used to always insist him to wear a helmet when he was on a two-wheeler. But he, used to argue that he was travelling only a short distance. Accidents can occur even when we, travel a short distance, and in the event of an incident, there is a maximum chance of head, injury., There was urgency in the voice of the nurse sent by the doctor to call me. I felt a, surge of anxiety as I entered the doctor's cabin. The doctor revealed that Anish's brain had, been severely injured, and that in a couple of hours, he would collapse... However, I was not, in a frame of mind to accept that. I wanted my son back to life., We shifted Anish immediately to a leading hospital. The neurosurgeon there, examined him and decided to go for a surgery. He was going to take a chance and get the, surgery done because Anish was just 25. He being young was the only hope for his survival., Alone I was waiting outside the operation theatre at 2. 30 am., weeping continuously. Anish, was our dream. He was a role model to Vishnu. He was a wonderful person to our family and, friends. Everyone wanted Anish back. "But in what state is he going to be after the surgery? Is, he going to be alive? Is he going to be normal? Will he ever speak again? Is he going to walk,, or will he have to use the wheelchair?” My thoughts ran wild. The-memory of that dreadful, night still shudders my whole being... even as I write this now; words fail to express my, grief..., After the surgery, the doctor said that in a scale of 1-15, where a normal person, would be rated 15, Anish could be rated only three. He was then shifted to a special room, with 24-hour special nurses to take care of him. Tubes were inserted into his body to aid, breathing, feeding and urination. The right side of his skull was cut open and kept in his, abdomen for future use. The only movements in his body were that of his head, which moved, right and left, and his eye balls. Why has this plight befallen my son? If only my child had, listened to me and worn his helmet..., , 48

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Anish was back home after months of hospitalisation. Status of Anish - status quo., Unconscious, hands and legs were in the stage of contracture, tube in the neck for breathing, a, catheter, a flexible feeding tube placed through the abdominal wall and into the stomach for, feeding... A semi-hospital was created in the house - a cot with adjustable backrest, oxygen, cylinder, BP apparatus, air bed, nebulizer machine, suction machine to suck the phlegm, through his tracheostomy tube, two nurses (one for the day and one for the night), twice-a-day, physiotherapy exercises. We could only look helplessly at our suffering child and wish that, nobody should ever go through our terrible situation. We all think that something like this will, not happen to us. But it happens when you least expect it to happen. Anish used to say that, when he wears the helmet, his head sweats because of which his hair gets spoiled. But, because he didn't wear a helmet, now his head itself got spoiled. His life got spoiled. At 25, he, had so many dreams. He had told me once, "All our dreams will be fulfilled once I come back, from Glasgow, Appa.”." He would have been still dreaming, but he was able to neither, communicate nor act on his dreams. The whole family was crying every day. Vishnu cried, with Sarala, Sarala cried in front of the gods in our pooja room and in every temple she knew, and I cried within me., Life went on. Four years in bed and Anish's condition remained unchanged. Every, day we talked to him loudly, holding his hand tight. Sometimes he moved his mouth as if to, say 'love you' in response to my 'love you'. We played his favourite music for him. There, would be no expression on his face, but we could understand that he could smell the aroma of, food when Sarala cooks. Every month we took him for review in an ambulance. We tried all, kinds of treatment techniques, but nothing actually bettered his condition., Four and a half years passed by. One day Anish had a problem with his uro-catheter, and we, rushed him to the hospital. There he developed a breathing difficulty and collapsed. His, painful life had come to an end. For us, it was a huge loss. We could only stand by helplessly, as our dear son departed us forever., Life is a precious, irreplaceable gift. And when everything in life goes smoothly, if, only we would adhere to the available safety and intelligent measures, most of the time we, can save our life and spare the grief of our dear ones., Exercise 2.15 Give the contextual meanings of the following sample words using the, dictionary., i., Panicky………………………………………………………………………………., ii., Screaming……………………………………………………………………………, iii., Console……………………………………………………………………………, iv., Revealed………………………………………………………………………………, v., Collapse………………………………………………………………………………, vi., Neurosurgeon………………………………………………………………………, vii., Tracheostomy tube……………………………………………………………………, viii., Irreplaceable…………………………………………………………………………, ix., Aroma…………………………………………………………………………………, x., Irreplaceable…………………………………………………………………………, Exercise 2.16 Answer the following sample questions., i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: collapse, Write the meaning of the word :panicky, , iii., iv., , Change the voice: We played his favourite music for him., Change the voice: We shifted Anish to a leading hospital., , 49

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English Workbook, , v., vi., , Course Code: 22101, , Express your views/ideas on: Road Safety., Express your views/ideas on: Save Yourself from Mobile Addiction., , vii., viii., , State the importance and need of wearing helmets., State the reasons of youngsters’ reluctance to wearing helmets., , ix., x., , Summarize the views of Anish’s father on wearing of helmets., Describe the tragedy of Anish after the accident., , xi., Explain the statement in six sentences: ‘Life is a precious, irreplaceable gift.’, xii., Describe any road accident you have seen., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , 50

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English Workbook, , 2.9., , Course Code: 22101, , DOER TO MENTOR by Guru Prasad Makkam, Pre-reading Activity, , 1., 2., , What are the qualities of a good leader?, In the present scenario, whom do you admire as a good leader?, , Lal was the Chairman of a global corporation. Being a jet-setter made him, experience different time zones month after month. He had to counter challenges in different, geographies, cultures, economies and laws. Amidst all this, he would handle the routine, humdrum of top management ego, union problems, his time to the family, meeting political, leaders and the daily drill of routines too. We had the honour of meeting him and learn growth, lessons from him directly. Lal had agreed to spend a few hours with all of us. We were, decked up with our formal attire, attaches, and we carried gifts of gratitude. As the hands met, in the clock, he entered with a backpack. We expected he would arrive with an entourage of, secretaries, advisors and helpers. Instead he came alone, and set up his laptop, saw his, calendar and came towards us with a smile of a child. The initial steps gave us a sigh of relief, as he made us very comfortable while we expected to feel intimidated. 'What is the secret of, his success?' we sought. After the initial pleasantries, the question popped out of one of our, voices. He smiled and assured that he would reply in the course of the interaction. He rose, instantly and we got up in a reflex., He had seen a lot more decades than any of us, yet he was the quickest to move. We, all followed him and a few hefty ones amongst us were gasping for breath to keep pace even, at the physical realm. As we were walking, he walked past the work area to reach the next, building, where we were supposed to sit. As he moved to the work area, he could see three, people amongst the thousands having a perplexed look at the screen as if it were a horror, show. They seemed to have faced a major technical glitch and the Chairman occupied his, chair for a few seconds. He could understand the entire issue in a minute and gave simple and, short instructions, which brought an instant smile in the geeks. We wondered, 'Lal is a global, leader, he could solve even the problem of a desk like a geek'. Lal uttered, "I had worked on, these machines burning midnight oil for a long time. When I started the organization, I was, the 'doer'. I used to 'do' everything. Be it a coding, system architecture, accounting,, administration, back office or business development, I was solely responsible. That was the, stage I was a 'doer'., We moved towards the conference hall where we were supposed to be seated. He, had a conference call with the SBU heads spanning across six countries. Lal spoke about the, global launch, IP strategy and the higher echelons of business. He could move from the doing, domain to the strategy domain quickly. We saw the video call with awe, where group, dynamics, marketing thoughts and many other agenda bullets were discussed amidst, translators, technology, timing difference and different views. We could see the swift, transition from the technical issue to the global perspective in a matter of a few minutes. Lal, described his two decades in a short sequel of sentences, which appeared to be the foundation, of his success story., Lal narrated: I was a 'doer' when I started. I used to do everything. That phase helped, me to sustain, as I had to curtail costs. It also helped me to know all the nuances of the, business. Without that stage, I would've never understood higher management thoughts. He, continued, a Finance Director should have been an accountant at sometime of his career to, perform effectively. I used to do the most talking as a 'doer'., , 51

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Then I became the 'Manager'. Managing people also meant teaching them work,, coupled with balancing their egos. I had to undergo transition from a doer to a delegator in, this phase. I used to delegate work and monitor the work progress. Most work issues escalated, to me, and I had to be a good listener at this stage. Without being a good leader earlier, never I, would have been an effective manager. As a doer I talked a lot, while as a manager, it had to, be the listening part. The organizations grew, and any managers reported to me. Time to, migrate as a leader had come. I had to lead the managers, inspire them to reach the goal of the, organization. Here I had to undergo transition to be a motivator and guide them., Without being a good doer and a popular manager, I would have never been an, effective leader. As a leader, I was just like an orchestra conductor; I had to just sync all the, activities towards a common goal. Now, I have been a mentor of this organization. My doer, days taught me to act. My manager days guided me to manage. My leader days made me to, create managers and now my mentor days are to create leaders. These leaders will lead the, organization., We realized that Lal underwent a transition at every stage. He was a doer and grew, up to be a manager. This graduated to the role of a leader and finally the mantle of a mentor, followed this up. He had to change as a person in each of these roles. He had to change his, thought process, his attitude and communication. All the roles are important. Each of us needs, to figure out in our business as to where we are positioned. Many small enterprises get, married to the 'doer' syndrome and the company would remain small. Many others would get, plastered to the 'manager' role. A few of them move to the 'leader' role, which is a whole lot of, communication, group strategy and skills of leading and motivating. It requires a tremendous, brain to be a leader. A mentor would be moulded out of compassion, selflessness and, visionary. Every characteristic is important. A doer is like a baby learning tiny steps, the, manager is running together, a leader is directing a large number of people in a run while a, mentor is creating a vision to all the runners and taking them there. The size of the, organization grows depending on how fast, smooth and clear the transition of the entrepreneur, is. A doer can be a mentor; this growth phase has to be embraced in every organization., Exercise 2.17 Give the contextual meanings of the following Sample words using the, dictionary, i., Counter………………………………………………………………………………, ii., Humdrum…………………………………………………………………………, iii., Attire………………………………………………………………………, iv., Entourage……………………………………………………………………………, v., Gratitude……………………………………………………………………………, vi., Realm…………………………………………………………………………………, vii., Delegate………………………………………………………………………………, viii., Transition …………………………………………………………………………., ix., Tremendous……………………………………………………………………………, x., Compassion……………………………………………………………………………, Exercise 2.18 Answer the following sample questions, , i., ii., , Write the meaning of the word: entrepreneur, Write the meaning of the word: visionary, , 52

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Answer the following in 4 to 6 sentences, iii., iv., , Explain the terms: Doer and Mentor, Explain the terms : Delegator and Leader, , v., vi., , Express your views /ideas on: Planning for success., Express your views /ideas on: Entrepreneurship., , vii., viii., , State any four qualities of Mr. Lal that have inspired you., Describe the various roles of Mr. Lal as a Manager., , ix., x., , Describe the role of Mr. Lal as a Doer of the organization., Summarize the success story of Mr. Lal., , xi., xii., , Describe the characteristics of a successful entrepreneur., State the names of any six young successful entrepreneurs of your region., *************, , 53

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , UNIT THREE, , PARAGRAPH AND DIALOGUE WRITING, Course Outcome, Compose dialogues and paragraphs for different situations., Unit Outcomes, Writing Skills, 3a. Differentiate the given types of paragraphs with justification., 3b. Formulate a paragraph in words with synchronized sentence structure on the given, situation/topic., 3c. Explain the theme on given paragraph precisely., Speaking Skills, 3d. Summarize the given paragraph with correct pronunciation and intonation., 3e. Take part in debates with correct pronunciation, intonation and using verbal and nonverbal gestures on the given themes., , 3.1, PARAGRAPH WRITING, A paragraph is a group of sentences organized around a central topic. Paragraphs are, comprised of sentences, but not random sentences. The cardinal rule of paragraph writing is to, focus on one idea. A solidly written paragraph takes its readers on a clear path, without, distraction of ideas. A basic paragraph structure usually consists of the topic sentence,, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence., 3.1.1 Four Essential Elements of a Good Paragraph, A good paragraph has four essential elements, which when used correctly, can change an, average paragraph into a good paragraph., a), Unity, Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one single,, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the first sentence of, the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with the supporting sentences, providing details and discussion. In order to write a good topic sentence, think about your, theme and all the points you want to state. Decide which point drives the rest, and then write, it as your topic sentence., b), Order, Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you choose, chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of detail, a solid, paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered paragraph, the reader follows, along easily, aided by the pattern you have established. Order helps the reader to grasp your, meaning and avoids confusion., , 54

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , c), Coherence, Coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within a, paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the best ways, to achieve coherence is to use transition words. These words create bridges from one sentence, to the next. You can use transition words that show order (first, second, third); spatial, relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact). Also, in writing a, paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and point of view are important ingredients for, coherency., d), Completeness, If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is, complete. If there are not enough sentences or enough information to prove your idea, then, the paragraph is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic, sentence and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete. The concluding, sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main idea by reinforcing, your topic sentence., 3.1.2 Types of Paragraph, There are four types of paragraphs: Technical, Descriptive, Narrative and Compare and, Contrast., When considering the type of paragraph, you are about to write, you need to consider a few, different questions. What is the purpose of the paragraph?, What are you trying to, communicate to your reader? The answers to these questions will guide you as you consider, both the content of your paragraph and the effect you are trying to achieve. There are many, different types of paragraphs. Each type has a different purpose, and writers make use of, different means in achieving each purpose., a), Technical Paragraph, This kind of paragraph is written to convey the technical information. When writing such, paragraph, one has to be very particular about choice of words, grammatical structures and, style of presentation. A technical paragraph should be clear and correct in context and must, avoid any kind of ambiguity and vagueness., Examples, i) Smartphone, A smartphone is a mobile phone that can do more than other phones. They work as a, computer but are mobile devices small enough to fit in a user's hand. Uses include sending, and receiving emails, text, photographs and multimedia messages, registering contacts,, calculator, currency, alarm, browsing the internet using a mobile browser, playing games and, much more. The smartphones usually come with a large touchable display and an inbuilt, QWERTY keyboard. Because smartphones are small computers, they run an operating system, that is often common between devices to ensure compatibility. The majority of smartphones, run on Apple iOS or Google Android but others use Windows Phone or BlackBerry OS. Most, can do multitasking, running more than one program which helps the user do things quicker, and easier., ii) Dishwasher, A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishware and cutlery. Unlike manual, dishwashing, which relies largely on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical, dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 °C (110 and 170 °F), at, , 55

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , the dishes, with lower temperatures used for delicate items. A mix of water and dishwasher, detergent is pumped to one or more rotating spray arms, which blast the dishes with the, cleaning mixture. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained, more hot water is pumped, in and a rinse cycle begins. After the rinse cycle finishes and the water is drained, the dishes, are dried using one of several drying methods. Sanitation is achieved by either the use of a, booster heater that will provide a 82 °C (180 °F) "final rinse" temperature or through the use, of a chemical sanitizer., b), Descriptive Paragraph, This type of paragraph describes some event or incident and shows the reader what a thing or, a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five senses of touch,, smell, sight, sound, and taste. The purpose of a descriptive paragraph is to allow the reader to, experience the item, phenomenon or event being described as vividly as possible without, physically sensing it. That is, the reader cannot see it, but knows what it looks like; cannot, taste it, but knows whether it is salty or sweet; cannot touch it, but knows its texture., Descriptive paragraphs typically include modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases), and figurative language (metaphors, personification, similes) to help enrich the "experience", for the reader., Examples, i) A Friendly Minion, In one corner of my dresser sits a smiling Minion on a tiny tricycle--a gift I received on my, birthday from a close friend. The Minion is a cute, small, yellow melodious henchman with a, goggle. It has one eye. The eye is outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from the, brows. Its broad grin disappears into the wide, white ruffle around its neck. The Minion, wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of the outfit is light blue, and the right, side is yellow. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs down the center of the small, outfit. The white spokes on the wheels of the tricycle gather in the center and expand to the, black tyre so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit. The Minion, and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good friend this, colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I enter my room., ii) A Sunset, It was amazing to watch the sunset from the sea-shore of Karde Beach. The sight of sunset, was mesmerizing. The incredible crown seemed to be made of silver and gold, the colour of, sunset. The enchanting shiny Jewels, spectrum of rainbow, that decorated its smooth, shiny, surface held everyone’s breath, present over there. We could see the orange and yellow., reflection of the setting sun in the water. Slowly the sun set behind the mountains and the, whole seashore started shining once again with the reflection of moon., c), Narrative Paragraph:, This type of paragraph tells a story. There is a sequence of action or there is a clear beginning,, middle and end to the paragraph. Narrative paragraphs tell stories. True narrative paragraphs,, however, are similar to short stories in that they feature characters, follow a plot line, include, a conflict which is resolved and are told from an identifiable point of view. They may also, establish a setting or include a moral., Examples, i) My Favorite Family Experience, , 56

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , One of my favorite family experiences was when I went to see Anne Frank’s (a Jewish victim, of the Nazi persecution during World War II) hideout in Amsterdam, Holland. I had read, Anne’s published diary when I was young. So I was extremely thrilled to actually have the, chance to see where she and her family hid from the Germans for so many months. I walked, up the stairs of an apartment building and into a room with only a bookshelf in it. From what I, remembered from reading the diary, there was a doorknob behind the books. I found the, doorknob and turned it and there was the secret annex. When I stepped into the room behind, the bookshelf, I felt as if I had stepped back into history. I found Anne’s room still with, pictures of her favorite celebrities on her walls. The Frank family’s furniture was still placed, where they had left them in the rooms, everything just as described in the diary. I toured each, room in awe of actually seeing how they had lived, yet with sadness to know how it all ended., Anne’s diary was no longer just a book to me, but true heart-felt, emotional life story written, by a girl I felt I almost knew., ii) An Accident, I can never forget the night when I got into a car accident and it was very frightening. I was, on my way to home and suddenly, out of nowhere, there was a loud bang. I felt the jerk in the, car. When I looked back, I saw another car pushing my car. I pushed the brake and I could, smell the burnt rubber. By God’s grace nothing happened to me. Later, I came to know that, the driver of the other car was drunk and was arrested by the police. But for me, I thank God,, and it was really a narrow escape., d) Compare and Contrast, In this type of paragraph, opening sentence names the two subjects and states that they are, very similar, different or have many important (or interesting) similarities and differences., Continue discussing similarities only using compare/contrast cue words such as like, similar, to, and also for each comparison. Then describe all the differences, using compare/contrast, cue words such as differs, unlike, and on the other hand for each difference., Examples, i) Life Now and Five Years Ago, My life now and my life five years ago are similar but there are also some major differences., Five years ago, I was living in Hyderabad and going to high school. I didn’t have to work, because my parents supported me. I had the responsibility of taking care of my younger sister, as my parents were working. I didn’t really have any major goals five years ago. I wasn’t, really thinking about my future quite yet. On the other hand, now I live in New Delhi and I, have to work now in order to support myself. I have a more responsibility now than I did five, years ago. I have some major goals now. For instance, I want to graduate and get my degree. I, have a lot of things that I want to accomplish now. Five years ago, I really wasn’t going, anywhere with my life, but now I’m starting to get my life in order and deciding what I want, to do now. My life now has changed a lot in only five years., ii) Town Life versus Country Life, As every coin has two sides, in the same way every aspect has two sides. Town life is a life, where people can enjoy the glamorous night-life, ethnic food and here there is a lot of scope, for entertainment and education. But on the other hand life in Town is not so easy because of, crime, rude and unfriendly people etc. In country people are usually quiet and friendly,, neighbors are not isolated against each other. Country is not crowded so one can breathe fresh, air. Children also have good values and ethics. But contrary to all this, people in country are, , 57

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , close minded, orthodox, uneducated etc. Therefore it all depends on individuals’ whims and, fancies, to select either a Town life or a Country life., , Exercise 3.1 Develop a paragraph on the given topics in about 75 words., i., Waiting Room at the Railway Station, ii., Microwave, iii., My Treasured Belonging, iv., Laptop, v., My Favorite Restaurant, vi., An Online Class compared to a Traditional Face-to-face Class, vii., Two Neighborhoods, viii., A Real Vacation and a Dream Vacation, ix., LED TV, x., WiFi Technology, xi., Celebration of Cultural Event, xii., My First Day in the Institute, xiii., An Accident, , 3.2, DIALOGUE WRITING, A dialogue is a conversation between two or more people in a variety of situations. Dialogue, writing helps the students to express their ideas and thoughts easily and constructively. Proper, dialogue writing needs skill and command over the language., 3.2.1 Steps in Writing a Dialogue, Dialogue writing contains the following major steps:, a), Greetings, Beginning of the dialogue has to be with greetings. Greet the other person according to the, time of the day. The language of the dialogue will differ depending on whether the situation is, formal or informal; with a known or unknown person. In formal situations, use terms like, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening. In informal situations, words like Hi, Hello, etc.are used., b), Development of Dialogue, The dialogue should read like a spontaneous real conversation. Include questions with proper, question marks, exclamations with proper exclamation marks, etc so that the dialogue sounds, real. Use correct expressions like excuse me, sorry, thank you, please, May I know…etc to, show polite enquiries and responses., c), Closing Sentence, Dialogue should end with proper sentences depending on whether the situation is formal or, informal. In formal situations use the expressions like:, Good day to you., Have a nice day., Thank you very much for your help., It was a pleasure talking to you., In informal situations use expressions as:, Take care; See you soon, Bye, etc., , 58

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Examples, There are many occasions and situations when dialogue takes place between two persons. The, following examples will provide guidelines to write the appropriate dialogues between two, persons., a), , A dialogue between two students of the same school who are meeting in their new, Institute, , Amit: Excuse me, have I seen you somewhere?, Rajiv: Oh yes, I think we are from the same school, Rosary school, right?, Amit: Yes, I now remember that you were my junior by two years. Have you taken, admission here in this institute?, Rajiv: Yes, in first year Computer. What about you? Are you also here?, Amit: Yes, I am a final year student of Computer Engineering in this institute. Glad to, have you here., Rajiv: It is good to know that you are here. I was feeling very nervous and tense., Amit: Do not worry at all. I will help you. Please let me know if you have any problem., Rajiv: Sure, I will, Bye., Amit: Bye, take care., b), , A dialogue between two students of the same institute enquiring about each, other., , Sita: Hello, Geeta: Hello, Sita: May I know your name please?, Geeta: Sure, I am Geeta Pande from Jalgaon., Sita: Are you a student of this Institute?, Geeta: Yes, I am a first year student of diploma in Civil Engineering. How about you?, Sita: I am Sita Kapur from Satara. I am a final year student of diploma in Civil Engineering in, this institute., Geeta: Nice meeting you. Bye., Sita: Bye, see you., c), , A dialogue between a visitor and a student where the visitor enquires about the, office., , Visitor: Excuse me, May I know where the institute office is?, Rahul: Certainly, it is on the ground floor of this building. Take a left turn from the porch and, the first room to your left, is the administrative office., Visitor: I want to meet the Cashier. When does the office open? What are the office timings?, Rahul: The office timings are from 10:30 am to 5:30 pm. You can meet the Cashier, Mr., Pandit by 10:30 am., Visitor: Thank you for the information., Rahul: It is my pleasure., d), , A dialogue between a parent and a student where the parent enquires about the, timing of the institute., , 59

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Parent: Excuse me, may I know the timings of your institute?, Student: Oh yes! It is from 10:30 am to 6:00 pm but sometimes we have to come early at, 8:30 am or 9:30 am for our extra lectures., Parent: Is Saturday a working day for you?, Student: We have only two working Saturdays. We have holiday on the 2nd and 4th Saturday., Sometimes we work on the 1st, 3rd and 5th Saturday also., Parent: Do you have a half day college on working Saturdays?, Student: No, we have the usual 10:30 am to 6:00 pm schedule., Parent: Thank you so much for the information., Student: It is my pleasure., e), , A dialogue between two friends regarding the schedule of final exam., , Rohit: Hi Riya!, Riya: Hi Rahul!, Rohit: Do you know when our final exam is?, Riya: The exact date is not declared but I think the final exam will be in the first week of, December., Rohit: When does our term end?, Riya: The first term ends on the 30th of November. The term schedule is displayed on the, notice board., Rohit: Yes, I know I want to plan my vacation. Do you think we will be free by the 15th of, December?, Riya: I don’t think so. But I feel it is better to ask the Exam In charge and find out., Rohit: Certainly. I will find out. Bye., Riya: Bye., f), , A dialogue between two friends where one friend enquires about the other’s, reason of absence in college., , Sneha: Hi Gauri! Why were you absent yesterday?, Gauri: Hi Sneha! I did not come as I was not well. I had fever., Sneha: Did you consult the doctor then? What did he say?, Gauri: Yes I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave some medicines and advised me to rest, for a day., Sneha: What is the reason behind your illness then?, Gauri: Nothing serious; it is actually the changing weather conditions that cause the illness., Sneha: Oh! Yes. The weather these days is really bad. Even I feel a little feverish today., Anyway take care and get well soon., Gauri: Thanks and you too take care., g), , A dialogue between Class Representative and Principal about asking for, permission to go for a visit to IT Park., , CR: Good morning Sir, I am Sonali Raut, CR [Class Representative] of first year E&TC, class., Principal: Good morning. What is your problem?, CR: Sir, we want to arrange a class visit to Hinjewadi, Pune. We want to see the IT Park, there. We plan to go on the coming Saturday so that our regular classes are not disturbed. Sir, we need your permission for this visit. It is a one day visit., , 60

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Principal: How many students are going and who are the teachers accompanying you?, CR: Sir, we are total 40 students, 25 boys and 15 girls. Two teachers will come with us, Mr.Gupta and Mr.Raut from E&TC department., Principal: All right. Write an application stating all the details., CR: Sure Sir, Thank you very much., h), , A dialogue between the General Secretary of a college and the Principal, regarding permission to celebrate Teacher’s Day., , General Secretary: Good morning Sir., Principal: Good morning., General Secretary: Sir I am the G.S. of our institute. Sir the students want to celebrate, Teacher’s Day on 5th September that is in next week. Sir will you please allow us to conduct, the programme?, Principal: What is the nature of the programme? Tell me the details., General Secretary: Sir, we propose to have the programme at 4:00 pm in the Impact Hall., We will take care that regular teaching and classes are not affected. But we want all the, teachers to be present for the programme. Sir, we also plan to keep some games and activities, for the teachers. May we have your permission for these activities?, Principal: Go ahead., General Secretary: By tomorrow I will show you the details of the programme. Thank you, very much Sir. Good day to you., Principal: Good day., i), , A dialogue between a subject teacher and a student asking for permission to leave, early due to illness., , Amey: Good morning Madam., Prof. Shinde: Good morning, Amey: Madam, I am not feeling well today. May I go home early today?, Prof. Shinde: What is wrong with you?, Amey: I have a stomach ache. May I go home?, Prof. Shinde What lecture or practical do you have next?, Amey: Madam, I have your English practical from 4 pm to 6 pm. Will you please excuse my, absence?, Prof. Shinde: Sure. Rest for some time and get well soon., Amey: Thank you very much Madam., Prof. Shinde: It is all right., j), , A dialogue between subject teacher and student about extension of time limit for, the Technical Presentation Assignment., , Kiran: Madam we are not ready with our Technical Presentation assignment .We are not, prepared. May we do it next time?, Prof. Raut: But I have already given you one week’s extension of time limit., Kiran: Madam last week was our second test. So we studied for the test. This week we will, prepare this assignment and then do the presentation next week., Prof. Raut: What if you are again not prepared by next week?, Kiran: That will not happen Madam, please trust us., Prof. Raut: All right, I will give you one more chance., , 61

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Kiran: Thank you very much Madam., Exercise 3.2: Complete the following dialogues, a), A dialogue between a teacher and student about the student’s excuse for not, being able to participate in debate competition., Student: Good afternoon madam!, Teacher: Good afternoon!, Student: Sir, I am sorry to inform you that I will not be able to participate in next week’s, intercollegiate debate competition., Teacher: Why what is your problem?, Student: ......................................................., Teacher: I am very sorry to hear that., Student: I will have to leave for my native place next week so........................................., Teacher: But we have already sent the final list of names to the concerned authorities. I don’t, think they will accept any last minute changes., Student: I can understand that Sir but I can’t help it., Teacher: All right do not worry. I will try to convince the concerned staff members., Student: I am extremely sorry for the inconvenience caused to you. Please bear with me., Teacher: It is all right., Student: Thank you very much Madam., , b), A dialogue between a teacher and student who is apologizing for using mobile, phone in class., Teacher: I confiscated your mobile as you were caught speaking on the mobile in the class., Student: Madam, I am very sorry. Please..............................................., Teacher: No, now I will hand it over to the Principal. Your parents will also be called., Student: Madam, please don’t take any extreme step....................................................., Teacher: Don’t you know that the use of cell phone in the classroom is strictly prohibited. It, is a punishable offence., Student: I know that madam. Please give me one chance to prove myself. It was a very urgent, call from my mother so I attended the call. I understand that I should have asked for your, permission or ignored the call. Please excuse me., Teacher:.................................................................................................................................., c), , A dialogue between two friends about how they commute to college., , Saniya: Hi Vaishnavi!, Vaishnavi: Hi!, Saniya: May I know where do you stay?, Vaishnavi: ...................................................., Saniya: How far is it from our institute?, Vaishnavi: ......................................................, Saniya: How do you commute?, Vaishnavi: ............................................................... How about you?, Saniya: I stay nearby in ........................................... I walk to the institute every day. It hardly, takes any time., Vaishnavi: Oh! Good. I must leave now else I will get stuck up in the traffic. Bye., , 62

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Saniya: Bye., d), , A dialogue between a clerk and a student about scholarship., , Student: Good afternoon sir, I am Aradhana from first year Mechanical Engineering. May I, have a scholarship form?, Office Clerk: Here, take it., Student: What is the last date of filling this form?, Office Clerk: ................................................, Student: Do I have to join / attach any mark sheets of documents along with the scholarship, form?, Office Clerk: .............................................................., Student: All right Madam, Thank you for the information. Good day to you., Office Clerk: Welcome. Good day., e), , A dialogue between Registrar and student about the attestation of documents., , Student: Good morning madam., Registrar:..........................................................., Student: Madam I am a student of first year Computer Technology Department. Will you, please attest my certificates?, Registrar: Why do you need the attestation now?, Student: Madam, I want to submit these copies in the office., Registrar: All right. Show me the original documents first., Student: ..............................................................., Registrar: Take the stamp from that counter., Student: Thank you very much Madam. You have been very cooperative., Registrar: Welcome., Exercise 3.3: Develop dialogues for the following situations, a) Office clerk and student about collecting scholarship cheque., b) Office clerk and student enquiring about EBC scholarship., c) Registrar and student regarding cancellation of admission., d) Librarian and student about losing the borrowed book., e) Student enquiring about the availability of the book ‘Wings of Fire’ by Dr. A.P.J., Abdul Kalam in the library., f) Arjun and Amit discussing about the ways to improve their spoken English., g) Class Representative and the Cultural Coordinator about annual social gathering., h) Final year students about campus interviews., i) Friends about choosing engineering discipline for their career., ****************, , 63

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , UNIT FOUR, VOCABULARY BUILDING, Course Outcome, Use relevant words according to the context., Unit Outcomes, Writing Skills, 4a. Remove the spelling errors in the given sentences/paragraph., 4b. Use relevant words to correctly express the given themes/situation., 4c. Use the collocations correctly., 4d. Construct sentences using given idioms., Speaking Skills, 4e. Speak in specified formal situations with correct pronunciation., 4f. Speak in specified informal situations with correct pronunciation., 4g. Speak sentences using relevant collocations., , INTRODUCTION, Words convey our ideas, thoughts, opinions, emotions exactly and correctly if used, correctly. Learning and using new words builds our vocabulary of a particular language. We, must carefully study different features of words. A person's vocabulary is not only the, measure of his/ her educational attainment but also a key to success in career. In order to, overcome difficulties in developing vocabulary, we need to learn the topics such as Rules of, Spelling, Words Often Confused, Collocations and Idioms. Certainly there are differences in, terms of spelling and pronunciation, in the way English language is used. Understanding these, differences and having extensive reading in variety of topics are effective ways to build, English vocabulary., 4.1, RULES OF SPELLING, Misspelling is the most frequently made error in writing. To avoid the spelling mistakes one, needs to use a dictionary and a spell checker. One can improve the spellings with little effort., Almost 90% of the English words can be spelt correctly if a student knows basic patterns,, principles and rules of spelling. Knowing spelling rules and exception to these will surely, help us to understand why spelling is the way it is. Following are some of the rules of, spelling:, Rule 1: Consonant ‘c’ says /k/ but it always softens to /s/, when it is followed by ‘e’, ‘i’ or, ‘y’., Examples: practice, intimacy, cylinder, city, civil., whereas in words like cake, cream, attack, and logic, it is pronounced as /k/., Rule 2: Consonant ‘g’ may sometimes be pronounced as sound of consonant ‘j’ when it is, followed by ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’., Examples: gauge, lodge, ginger, gymnastic, geographic, biology, gesture, logic., , 64

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Rule 3: English words do not end in ‘i’, ‘u’, ‘v’ or ‘j’., Rule 4: Final ‘e’ rules., 4a. Words ending in silent ‘e’ drop the ‘e’ before a suffix beginning with a vowel., Examples:, move – moving, change – changing, 4b. Final ‘e’ remains before a suffix beginning with a consonant., Examples:, engage – engagement, care – careful, Exceptions:, true – truly, due – duly, argue – argument, whole – wholly, nine – ninth, awe – awful, 4c. The final ‘e’ remains if the word ends in ‘ce’ or ‘ge’ to keep a soft sound, with, able/ous., Examples:, courage – courageous, outrage – outrageous, notice – noticeable, manage – manageable, Rule 5: One syllable words ending in single vowel and single consonant, double the, consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel., Examples:, beg – begged, hot – hottest, run – running, sad – saddest, Exceptions:, wish – wished, fear – fearing, Rule 6: In case of disyllabic or tri-syllabic words ending with single vowel and single, consonant, the final consonant is doubled if the last syllable is stressed., Example:, begin – beginning, beginner, refer – referring, referred, occur – occurrence, occurred, occurring, The consonant is not doubled if the last syllable is not stressed., Examples:, buffer – buffering, suffer –suffering, offer – offering, Exceptions:, worship – worshipped, kidnap – kidnapper, handicap – handicapped, , 65

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Rule 7: If consonant ‘l’ falls at the end of a word, it is doubled even though the last syllable is, not stressed., Examples:, quarrel – quarreled, quarrelling, distil – distilled, distiller, Rule 8: If a word ends in ‘ll’ the second ‘l’ is dropped when suffix ‘ful’ is added., Examples:, skill – skilful, will – wilful, Rule 9: Words ending in ‘ee’ do not drop an ‘e’ before a suffix., Examples:, see – seeing, agree – agreement, Rule 10: Words ending with ‘ie’ change the ‘ie’ to ‘y’ when ‘ing’ is added., Examples:, die – dying, tie – tying, lie – lying, Rule 11: Final ‘y’, 11a. If a word ends in a consonant ‘y’, the ‘y’ changes to ‘i’ unless the suffix begins with, ‘i’., Examples:, beauty – beautiful, beautify, beautician, happy – happiness, happily, happier, happiest, angry – angrily, angriest, angrier, pretty – prettier, prettiest, ready – readily, readiness, dry – dried but drying, defy – defies, defied but defying, apply – applies, applied but applying, company – companies, difficulty – difficulties, 11b. ‘y’ following a vowel does not change., Examples:, pray – prayed, play – player, played, playing, key – keys, trolley – trolleys, Exceptions:, pay – paying but paid, say – saying but said, lay – laying but laid, day – daily, gay – gaily, , 66

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Rule 12: When ‘ie’ or ‘ei’ is pronounced like ‘ee’ as in ‘ jeep, ‘i’ comes before ‘e’ except, after ‘c’., Examples: achieve, field, believe, relieve, grieve, yield, receive, receipt, deceive, and, conceive, conceit., Exceptions: seize, protein, counterfeit, weird, surfeit, leisure, neighbor, ancient, proficient., Rule 13: While making plural form of words ending in ‘s’, ‘ss’, ‘z’, ‘ch’, ‘sh’ and ‘x’, ‘es’ is, added to the word., Examples:, bus – buses, business – businesses, watch – watches, box – boxes, quiz – quizzes, Rule 14, 14a. While making plural form of words ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’, the final ‘f’ or ‘fe’ changes, to ‘ves’., Examples:, calf – calves, knife – knives, loaf – loaves, wife – wives, thief – thieves, half – halves, leaf –leaves, life – lives, shelf – shelves, yourself – yourselves, Exceptions:, chief – chiefs, roof – roofs, spoof – spoofs, oaf – oafs, 14b. Some words can have both endings ‘ves’ or ‘s’, Examples:, scarf – scarves/scarfs, dwarf – dwarves/dwarfs, wharf – wharves/wharfs, handkerchief – handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves, 14c. Words ending in ‘ff’ take only ‘s’ to make the plural., Examples:, cliff – cliffs, toff – toffs, scuff – scuffs, sniff – sniffs, Rule 15: Adding suffix ‘ly’, ‘ly’ is added to the words ending in ‘ful’ then we have double letters., Examples:, careful – carefully, faithful – faithfully, grateful – gratefully, beautiful – beautifully, ‘ly’ is directly added to the words ending in ‘e’, Examples:, love – lovely, like – likely, live – lively, complete – completely, , 67

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , spellings and meanings. They are called Homonyms. Words that are likely to be confused are, given below:, a), Ancient: very old, Antique: belongings to the past, b), Accept: to receive, not to decline, Except: leaving out, c), Allude: to refer to, Elude: to escape, d), Allusion: reference, Illusion: false, e), Compliment: regards, appreciation, Complement: anything that completes, f), Coarse: rough, Course: path, contents of study, g), Desert: barren land, to leave or abandon, Dessert: a dish of fruits and sweets, served at the end of a meal., h), Eligible: qualified, Illegible: handwriting which cannot be read, i), Facilitate: make easy, Felicitate: congratulate, j), Flagrant: glaring, wicked, Fragrant: full of perfume and sweet smell, k), Flare: burn in flames, to get angry soon, Flair: talent, quality, l), Graceful: lovely, full of grace, Gracious: kind, merciful, m), Gentle: noble, good in behavior, Genteel: elegant, well dressed, n), Goal: destination, Gaol: jail, o), Humility: politeness, meekness, modesty, Humiliation: disgrace, insult, p), Jest: joke, fun, Zest: enthusiasm, q), Metal: an element, Mettle: courage, r), Ordinance: an authoritative declaration, Ordnance: gun or cannon, s), Personal: belonging to one’s own self, Personnel: employees working in an organization, t), Prescribe: to put in courses, to suggest as a medicine, issue commands, Proscribe: monitor, u), Perfect: complete in all respects, Prefect: monitor, v), Query: enquiry, doubt, Quarry: a mine, a storehouse of stone, w), Stationary: not moving, Stationery: writing material, x), Weak: feeble, Week: seven days, , 69

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English Workbook, , y), z), aa), bb), cc), , Course Code: 22101, , Rout: to defeat, Route: the way to a journey, Reveal: to show, Revel: enjoy , delight, Specious: apparently correct but false, Spacious: having large space, Reverend: deserving respect, Reverent: feeling respected or honored, Momentary: temporary, Momentous: very significant, , Exercise 4.2: The underlined words in the following sentences are used incorrectly., Replace them with the correct words and rewrite the sentences:, , a), , The principle of the college was present for the meeting., ……………………………………………………………………, , b), , The rein of Akbar was spectacular in history., , c), , ……………………………………………………………………, A hoard of dacoits looted the village., , d), , ……………………………………………………………………, They had morning in their house at the death of their mother., , e), , ……………………………………………………………………, We salute our army personal., , f), , ……………………………………………………………………, No deserts were served after the dinner., , g), , ……………………………………………………………………, I do not know weather my dad will come or not., , h), , ……………………………………………………………………, The goods train is stationery., , i), , ……………………………………………………………………, Ram is very week., , j), , ……………………………………………………………………, My new home is very specious., , k), , ……………………………………………………………………, The soldiers show a lot of metal during wars., ……………………………………………………………………, , 70

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English Workbook, , l), , The boss complemented his employees on their success., , m), , ……………………………………………………………………, The jasmine flowers are flagrant., , Course Code: 22101, , ……………………………………………………………………, , 4.3, COLLOCATIONS, A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together. The simplest way, of describing collocations is to say that they ‘just sound right’ to native English speakers. It is, important to learn collocations because they naturalise one’s speech. Besides, they broaden, one’s scope for expression., Collocations starting with the verb ‘Do’, a) Do me a favour: The boss asked Varun to do him a favour., b) Do the cooking: As the guests came home unannounced, mother asked her daughter to, do the cooking., c) Do the housework: The maid was directed to do the housework., d) Do the shopping: On the last day of our exams, we decided to do the shopping., e) Do your best: Father told his children to do the best in Athletics., Collocations with the verb ‘Have’, a) Have a bath: During summer, one should have a bath twice in a day., b) Have a haircut: Students should regularly have a haircut for a disciplined look., c) Have a holiday: Do you have a holiday on Monday?, d) Have a problem: Some people have a problem in every situation., e) Have lunch: Why don’t you have a lunch at this restaurant?, f) Have sympathy: People should have sympathy for the underprivileged., Collocations with the verb ‘Break’, a) Break the law: Few people feel proud when they break the law., b) Break the leg: The police threatened the thief to break his leg if he doesn’t tell the, truth., c) Break a promise: Gentlemen never break a promise., d) Break a record: Students these days break a record in scoring above 90 percent, marks., e) Break the news to someone: It’s difficult to break the news of somebody’s death., f) Break the rules: The principal warned the students not to break the rules of the, college., Collocations with the verb ‘Take’, a) Take an exam: To judge the IQ level, it is important to take an exam., b) Take a break: Arvind’s mother told him to take a break from his studies., c) Take a look: Take a look at the breathtaking sight., d) Take a rest: The traveller decided to take a rest., e) Take a seat: The interviewer told the candidate to take a seat., f) Take a taxi: It’s better to take a taxi in rainy season., g) Take notes: The teacher told the students to take notes during her lecture., , 71

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Collocations with the verb ‘Make’, a) Make a difference: Ajay asked his friend how he could make a difference in, someone’s life?, b) Make a mess: The boys in the hostel make a mess of their room., c) Make a mistake: One should not make a mistake repeatedly., d) Make a noise: The Head of the Department requested the students not to make a noise, during college gathering., e) Make an effort: To excel in life you have to make an effort., f) Make money: Father told his son not to make money by doing wrong things., g) Make progress: Entrepreneurs make progress by doing hard work., Collocations with the verb ‘Pay’, a) Pay respect: It is an honor to pay respect to the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for, our country., b) Pay a fine: In USA one has to pay a fine for breaking the rules., c) Pay attention: The teacher told Kumar to pay attention during the lecture., d) Pay by credit card: These days it is easy to pay by credit card., e) Pay someone a visit: Avoid paying someone a visit on Sundays., Collocations with the verb ‘Keep’, a) Keep a secret: It is not easy to keep a secret., b) Keep calm: Keep calm even if someone upsets you., c) Keep in touch: Tarun asked Tanay to keep in touch through e-mails., d) Keep quite: Students were asked to keep quite during the seminar., Collocations with the verb ‘Save’, a) Save yourself the trouble: By regular exercises, you save yourself the trouble of, getting obese., b) Save electricity: It is our moral responsibility to save electricity., c) Save money: Intelligent people save money for future., d) Save someone’s life: Have you ever saved someone’s life?, Collocations with the verb ‘Go’, a) Go bald: It’s a fashion to go bald these days., b) Go abroad: Many students go abroad for higher studies., c) Go bankrupt: Spendthrifts usually go bankrupt., d) Go sailing: It’s fun to go sailing on the seas., e) Go to war: Soldiers are always ready to go to war., Collocations with the verb ‘Come’, a) Come into view: In jungle safaris, tourists have to wait for the wild animals to come, into view., b) Come on time: Anu requested her friends to come on time for her birthday party., c) Come prepared: The candidates were asked to come prepared for the Aptitude Test., d) Come to an agreement: To maintain peace and order, the two countries should come, to an agreement., e) Come to an end: Finally, the session has come to an end., Collocations with the verb ‘Get’, a) Get a job: To get a job, candidate should be confident and fluent., , 72

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , b) Get angry: People should not get angry on petty issues., c) Get frightened: Children get frightened during night., d) Get permission: The students approached the Principal to get permission for an, industrial visit., e) Get ready: Mother told her daughter to get ready for the party., Collocations related to ‘Time’, a) Free time: I like to listen to music in my free time., b) From dawn till dusk: Farmers work from dawn till dusk to earn a living., c) Make time for: We should make time for our hobbies., d) Right on time: Bina reached the examination hall right on time., e) Waste time: Do not waste time, because time once gone never comes back., Collocations related to ‘Business English’, a) Annual turnover: The annual turnover of the companies depends on the effective, team work, marketing and other strategies., b) Break off negotiations: It’s important to break off the negotiations during business, meetings., c) Come to the point: The teacher told Arjun to directly come to the point., d) Dismiss an offer: Vinay had to dismiss an offer of job as he met with an accident., e) Draw a conclusion: In every experiment, students draw a conclusion at the end., f) Launch a new product: Marketing plays an important role in launching a new, product., Exercise 4.3: Write sentences using the following collocations:, a) Break the ice:……………………………………………………………………………, b) Catch a cold/catch cold:..………………………………………………………………, c) Catch sight of:…………………………………………………………………………., d) Catch fire:………………………………………………………………………………, e) Catch someone’s attention:……………………………………………………………., f) Come to the point:…………………………………………………………………….., g) Run out of time:……………………………………………………………………….., h) Have a good time:………………………………………………………………………, i) Keep a diary:……………………………………………………………………………, j) Get the message:………………………………………………………………………., k) Get nowhere:……………………………………………………………………………, l) Keep cool:………………………………………………………………………………., m) Keep an appointment:………………………………………………………………….., n) Draw your attention to:…………………………………………………………………, o) Save time:……………………………………………………………………………….., 4.4, IDIOMS, Dictionary defines an idiom ‘as a form of expression peculiar to a language.’ Every language, has its own collection of wise sayings. They offer advice about how to live and also transfer, some underlying ideas, principles and values of a given culture/society. These sayings are, called ‘idioms’. These combinations of words have (rarely complete sentences) a ‘figurative, meaning’. In short, idioms are a source of sparkle and polish. This list of commonly used, idioms and sayings can help to speak fine English., a), Action speaks louder than words: People's intentions can be judged better by what, they do than what they say., , 73

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Example: Without any arguments, we completed our project successfully; after all,, action speaks louder than words!, b), , A hot potato: Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about, and which is usually disputed., Example: I-Phone is a hot potato., , c), , Add insult to injury: To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an, unfavorable situation., Example: Pessimistic people have a habit of adding insult to injury., , d), , At the drop of a hat: without any hesitation; instantly., Example: On my call, she was ready to help me at the drop of a hat., , e), , Back to the drawing board: When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over., Example: Twice Veena had to go back to the drawing board for her new project, again., , f), , Ball is in your court: It is up to you to make the next decision or step., Example: The manager told the employees that now the ball was in their court., , g), , Barking up the wrong tree: Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person., Example: Nisha was barking up the wrong tree for her demotion., , h), , Beat around the bush: Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the, issue., Example: People with less knowledge and low confidence always beat around the, bush., , i), , Best of both worlds: All the advantages., Example: My decision of joining this institute is best of both worlds., , j), , Bite off more than you can chew: To take on a task that is way too big., Example: Some people always bite off more than they can chew just to build their, impression., , k), , Blessing in disguise: Something good that isn't recognized at first., Example: My colleagues are blessing in disguise for me., , l), , Burn the midnight oil: To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric, lighting., Example: During exams, students burn the midnight oil., , m), , Can't judge a book by its cover: Cannot judge something primarily on appearance., Example: Interviewers were surprised to realize the knowledge of a student coming, from rural background; you really can’t judge a book by its cover!, , n), , Caught between two stools: When someone finds it difficult to choose between two, alternatives., , 74

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Example: I was caught between two stools when I got the offer letters of two, renowned companies at a time., o), , Cross the bridge when you come across it: Deal with a problem if and when it, becomes necessary, not before., Example: To avoid hassles, cross the bridge when you come across it., , p), , Cry over spilt milk: When you complain about a loss from the past., Example: Mr. Sharma from our team always cries over the spilt milk., , q), , Curiosity kills the cat: Being inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation., Example: Viren gets into trouble as he becomes too curious about the things; he fails, to understand the fact that curiosity kills the cat., , r), , The show has come to an end: It’s all over., Example: The show has come to an end due to disputes among family members., , s), , Every dark cloud has a silver lining: Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to, better days., Example : Mr. Tripathi had a loss in business, but he did not lose hope as he believed, that every dark cloud has a silver lining., , t), , Hear it on the grapevine: to hear rumors about something or someone., Example :The Team Manager couldn’t believe what he heard on the grapevine about, his team members., , u), , Hit the nail on the head: Do or say something exactly right., Example :Today we hit the nail on the head by putting the matter rationally in front of, the Manager., , v), , Keep something at bay:Keep something away., Example :A good leader always keeps prejudice at bay., , w), , Kill two birds with one stone: to accomplish two different things at the same time., Example :My trip to Germany will kill two birds with one stone. I will do my work as, well as have a great time with my family., , x), , Last straw: The final problem in a series of problems., Example :We are now stress free as this is the last straw., , y), , A man of letters: A well-read man, Example :Dr. Mehta is a man of letters and his views are scholarly., , z), , Let the cat out of the bag:To share information that was previously concealed; Make, a long story short., Example :The ministry has now let the cat out of the bag., , aa), , Crocodile tears: Pretended sorrow, Example :Cheaters shed crocodile tears., , 75

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , bb), , Up to the mark: Satisfactory, Example :Mr. Kulkarni got selected as his performance in the interview was up to the, mark., , cc), , Once in a blue moon: Happens very rarely., Example :Decisions regarding the development of our country happen once in a blue, moon., Picture paints a thousand words: A visual presentation is far more descriptive than, words., Example :In the kindergarten, pictorial experiences help to learn the things faster as a, picture paints thousand words., , dd), , ee), , Piece of cake: A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple., Example :Daily exercise is a piece of cake for my brother., , ff), , With one voice: unanimously, Example :Shreyas was selected as the class representative with one voice., , gg), , Sit on the fence: This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a, decision., Example :A few employees often sit on the fence in a critical situation., , hh), , Steal someone's thunder: To take the credit for something someone else did., Example :Mrs. Neha steals someone’s thunder and boasts of herself., , ii), , To hear something straight from the horse's mouth:To hear something from the, authoritative source., Example :The workers agreed to the new policy only when they listened to it from the, horse’s mouth., , jj), , An iron will:An inflexible determination, Example :Sardar Patel was a man of iron will., , kk), , Castles in the air: Imaginary schemes, Example :My friend builds castles in the air and actually does nothing to accomplish, it., By hook or by crook: By fair or foul means, Example :He was so desperate for the post that he decided to achieve it by hook or by, crook., , ll), , mm) Once for all: Finally, Example : Once for all, my daughter finished with all her school projects., nn), , At a stretch: Continuously, Example :We have been working on the task at a stretch., , Exercise 4.4: Write sentences using the idioms in the dotted line:, a) In a nutshell:…………………………………………………………………………….., b) At the outset:……………………………………………………………………………., c) A bosom friend:…………………………………………………………………………, , 76

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English Workbook, , d), e), f), g), h), i), j), k), l), m), n), o), , Course Code: 22101, , In full swing:……………………………………………………………………………., Hit the hay:………………………………………………………………………………, In the dark:………………………………………………………………………………, True to the salt:…………………………………………………………………………., For the sake of:………………………………………………………………………….., In a state of:……………………………………………………………………………..., Look forward to:………………………………………………………………………..., Look out for:……………………………………………………………………………., Turn down:………………………………………………………………………………, Lay down:………………………………………………………………………………., Get your walking papers:……………………………………………………………….., By all means:………………………………………………………………....................., , 77

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , UNIT FIVE, , SPEECHES, Course Outcome, Deliver prepared speeches to express ideas, thoughts and emotions., Unit Outcomes, Writing Skills, 5a. Develop a welcome speech on the given theme/situation., 5b. Develop a farewell speech for the given theme/situation., 5c. Formulate a speech for introducing a guest in the given situation., 5d. Develop a vote of thanks for the given situation., Speaking Skills, 5e. Introduce oneself with correct pronunciation, intonation, using verbal and non-verbal, gestures., 5f. Give extempore talks with correct pronunciation, intonation, using verbal and nonverbal gestures for the given theme/situation., , ., 5.1, , IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING, In a professional scenario, everyone needs to make speeches on different occasions., Various professional occasions create the need of learning how to compose and deliver a good, speech. Public speaking is so important that it could be the deciding factor in many things, such as your career development and your business growth. Speeches play an important role, in persuading and promoting. Public speaking is a skill worth learning. Speeches are also, delivered to welcome, to bid farewell, to introduce somebody and to propose vote of thanks. It, is important to learn speech writing in order to become a proficient and concise speaker, Every speaking opportunity is an opportunity to grow in leadership and influence., Having the opportunity to influence people’s thoughts puts you in a position to create positive, change in people’s lives. In order for anything important to happen, an idea needs to be, transferred from one person to many. Public speaking is one of the great ways to get your idea, across and make a difference. Public speaking helps to increase self confidence,, communication skills, leadership skills, confidence and ability to understand people., , 5.2, , CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SPEECH, a) Proper Format, Speeches vary in content, purpose and type. This creates the necessity to decide the, correct format of a speech., b) Focus on Topic Concerned, When delivering a speech, focus on the given topic and finish in the allotted time given, to you, in order to keep the audience attentive to you., c) Conciseness, In order to maintain conciseness, the speech should be short and crisp. A concise, speech expresses much in a few words. It is brief in form but comprehensive in scope., 78

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , d) Positive Attitude, A positive attitude is the key feature of a good speech that helps to keep the audience’s, attention. Speech becomes successful by unleashing the higher positive energy amongst, the audience with the speaker’s positive attitude., e) Speech Etiquette, Speak clearly, confidently, respectfully and politely to take control of the crowd’s, attention. While delivering the speech, the speaker should use positive non verbal cues., 5.3, , TYPES OF SPEECHES, , a), Welcome Speech, A welcome speech marks the start of any special event or occasion requiring a formal, opening. It could be a seminar, guest lecture, workshop, induction, orientation and much, more. It is etiquette to welcome an individual or group to an organization with a welcome, speech. It is a formality that makes people feel welcomed, supported and motivated., Welcome Tips,  Your welcome speech should be about five minutes long. Include the following, information in your speech:,  A greeting to the members of an organization, any honorary person present, and the, new addition or additions to your group or organization.,  Sometimes the people joining you, that you are addressing in the welcome speech, will, be a few individuals you can point out by name.,  When we welcome a specific group, we may refer to it such as ‘The Class of 2016’,, ‘The Creative Team’ or ‘The Famous Rock Band Indian Ocean’.,  Some background information about why you have come together on this day and, what will take place after the greetings are over., Sample Expressions used for Welcome Speech,  Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates or Ladies and Gentlemen,  It gives me great pleasure to extend a very warm welcome on behalf of (Name of the, Institute),  It is my pleasure and privilege to welcome all the distinguished participants to this, event.,  It is such a lovely evening. As we are to grace this occasion allow me to welcome you, all to (mention the event).,  It is my honor,more than a pleasure, to welcome you all to this …,  I consider it a great honor to welcome Dr./Mr./Prof/Sri/Smt…. on to the dais. May I, invite the Chief Guest on to the dais.,  A warm word of welcome to Dr……… Principal of our college, we are waiting with, full of ebullience to listen to your motivational words.,  I extend my warm welcome to Sri……. to come over to the dais and occupy his chair, please.,  I deem it a great privilege to welcome Sri…….. to come on to the dais.,  I am immensely pleased to welcome Dr………. on to the dais.,  On this occasion, I am entrusted by the Organizing Committee of today's function to, give a welcome address., , 79

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Example of Welcome Speech, “Good Morning one and all present here! I am privileged to have the pleasant task of, welcoming the august gathering for the induction of first year students. On behalf of (name of, the institute), I extend a warm welcome to the Chief Guest (name of the chief guest),, Principal, Heads of the Departments, Staff, Parents and the first year Students. I request the, principal to felicitate the honorable chief guest (name). Now I request our Principal (name) to, address the audience.”, Exercise 5.1: Prepare speeches for the following situations:, i., As a Student Coordinator, draft a welcome speech for the Paper Presentation, Competition organized by your department., ii., As a Faculty Coordinator, draft a welcome speech for the inaugural function of a, social activity organized by your institute., iii., Draft a welcome speech for Dr. Khare, an industrialist from your region who is invited, to your institute for a talk on ‘Expectations of the industry from the diploma holders’., b), Farewell Speech, A farewell speech is given when someone leaves a current job to take another or retires from, the job. It is also given when a batch of students completes a particular educational degree., Farewell speeches mark significant departures. A well planned farewell speech crystallizes, the moment of leaving, giving it focus, form, dignity and provides an opportunity to publicly, acknowledge appreciation and gratitude graciously. It is given by the person leaving or to that, person by a colleague, manager or boss., Tips for Including in Farewell Speech,  What you have sincerely enjoyed admired or appreciated about the person’s, contribution to the workplace, social clubs, neighborhood etc.,  Illustrations of the positive qualities of the person leaving.,  How his/her departure will impact on those left behind.,  Good wishes for the future.,  Presentation of gift on behalf of all., Sample ideas for Farewell Speech, a) A brief summary of involvement i.e. number of years., b) What you have enjoyed admired or appreciated about the workplace, job etc., c) The admiration and appreciation you have for the people, their qualities/ skills., d) What you feel about leaving?, e) Your gratitude for the support gained and the opportunities to learn., f) Sharing good memories and humored anecdotes., Examples of Farewell Speech, a), Farewell Speech by an Employee, Good evening everyone!, It is difficult to express my feelings today as I am leaving……When I got here so many years, ago, I never realised how connected I was to have such a warm community of people around, me. Many times I have been humbled by the kindness of your hearts. Tomorrow I will wake, up in my new life, full of yet-to-be realized opportunities, and empty of your company... I will, be in a strange limbo., , 80

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , You’ve helped me through some difficult time, and shared the joyous times in yours. Some, people judge their lives on what they do, others on who they are. I want my life judged on the, friends I keep, and how enriched I am from just knowing you. There are people who helped, me in my good and bad times. I will always be indebted to you all., So... until the next time we gather, my dear friends, farewell for now.", b), Farewell Speech for a Colleague, Good evening one and all present here!, Today is a very sad day for us in the office as we have to say goodbye to our wonderful, coworker. He/she has worked with us for a long time and has never let us down. He/she has, always been extremely professional, hard-working and a team player. He/she has a brilliant, mind and always brought creative new ideas to the team., He/she has not only been a fantastic colleague, he/she has also been a true friend. He/she, always took the time to ask how his/her fellow colleagues were, always had time to listen and, talk to anybody with a problem and has been a great joy in the office. He/she was always full, of energy and cheerful to see everyone on Monday mornings., He/she is a great loss to our company but we were lucky to have the opportunity to work with, him/her. We all wish you the best in the future. I know that whatever the future holds, he/she, will excel and continue to be successful., We will miss you but this isn’t goodbye as we know you will keep in touch and we will see, you sooner rather than later. Thank you for everything you have given to the company.”, Exercise 5.2: Prepare speeches for the following situations, i., A senior faculty of your department is retiring from the job. As an HOD, draft a, Farewell Speech for the faculty., ii., You are leaving your current organization; draft a farewell speech for the occasion., iii., As an HOD, draft a speech for farewell function of final year students., 5.4, SPEECH FOR INTRODUCING A GUEST, There are many professional and academic circumstances that call for a guest speaker. If you, are ever in a position of introducing guest speakers then it will help you to know how to, deliver your introductions in a way that is informative, entertaining and easy to understand., While introducing guest speakers, the purpose is to inform the audience of the topic, the, topic’s relevance to the audience and the speaker’s relevance to that topic., 5.4.1 Sample introductory ideas, a) Guest speaker’s or chief guest’s name and title (Dr. Prof, etc) if any. Make sure to, pronounce the name properly and easily. If you are in doubt get the correct, pronunciation from the guest and practice., b) Guest’s biography: The speaker sometimes gives the details to be said about him or, her. If the details are not provided then select events, achievements and qualifications, to support establishing him or her as an authority within the context of the occasion., Confirm what is to be said by the guest., Curriculum Vitae is a great place to get information. Almost all speakers will have a, CV online or the event planner may have a copy of it. You can also search their name, online for other interesting tidbits about them, but do not include something that may, be controversial or potentially embarrassing to them, unless you ask them first., c) Add a surprise to delight the audience, something that is not commonly known and, something revealing the personality or humanity of the person., , 81

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English Workbook, , Course Code: 22101, , Example for Introduction of a Guest/Speaker, "It is my honour to introduce the stalwart member of ‘Women in Leadership’ for the last ten, years. Over that time she has served in every office: secretary, treasurer, chairperson, chief, fundraiser, education officer to name a few and in some roles several times over. Her, passionate dedication to promoting public speaking as an important component of, empowerment is inspiring. We estimate that she has personally mentored at least 100 new, speakers and has set an extraordinary ‘yes, you can’ example for many more. We see her as, capable, confident and fluent - never at a loss for words. But what you probably don't know is, that this woman once stuttered, stammered and blushed. Yes, she was temporarily paralyzed,, struck dumb by the mere thought of standing in front of an audience to speak. How she got, from awkward tongue tied silence to an eloquent front line spokesperson is the story she will, share with us tonight. Ladies and gentlemen, I present before you ... Rose Stephenson!", Exercise 5.3: Prepare speeches for the following situations, i., Your department/institute has organized a Guest Lecture on ‘Skill India’. Introduce the, speaker to the audience., ii., Draft a speech to introduce the chief guest for the First Year Induction Program, organised by your institute., iii., Draft a speech to introduce the chief guest Dr. Mehta who is invited to conduct a three, days workshop on ‘Goal Setting’., 5.5, VOTE OF THANKS, Presenting Vote of thanks at the end of any function seems to be very important since it will, be a beginning for the next function. Saying thanks to everybody without missing a single, person is an art. Here is a common list of members to whom we have to thank. This is for any, educational institution. For other organisations, you have to select according to the hierarchy., a) Founder of the Institution, b) Head of the Institution, c) Directors/Vice Presidents, d) Head of the Departments, e) Faculties, f) Students, g) Press People, h) Office Administration, i) Non-Teaching Faculties, j) Estate Office, k) And all others, 5.5.1 Sample Expressions used for Vote of Thanks, a) I have the pleasant task of delivering Vote of Thanks to this august gathering here. My, very special thanks to……, b) It is my pleasure to deliver the vote of thanks to….., c) I take immense pleasure in extending my sincere thanks to......, d) I extend my heartfelt thanks to...., e) Mr/Mrs.------, I am indeed grateful to you Sir/Madam for sparing time from your, valuable schedule to be with us at this occasion., f) As all good things must come to an end, so does ----------g) To conclude, let me once again reiterate that without you all, we will never have the, courage to dream and the passion to make it happen; so thank you all., h) Last but not the least, my thanks to all the participants who have joined us today., , 82

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English Workbook, , i), j), , Course Code: 22101, , We would like to express our deep felt thanks to our Chief Guest, -----We also thank the media for such an extensive coverage of the event., , 5.5.2 Example for Vote of Thanks, Good evening all!, As all good things come to an end in life, we hardly realise that we receive a great deal more, than we give, and that it is only with gratitude that life becomes rich., On behalf of (Name of the Institute), I take this opportunity to propose vote of thanks. At the, outset, I thank our Chief Guest for today (Name). Sir we are really enlightened by your, presence. I would like to extend my gratitude to the management for giving us this platform to, conduct this Inaugural Function. We are thankful to our honorable Founder President (Name), and Founder Secretary (Name) for gracing this occasion. I express my sincere thanks to the, Directors of all institutes for their presence today. A special thanks to the organizing, committee teaching & non- teaching staff for their unstinted support & co-ordination. The, success of this Inaugural Function is incomplete without thanking the faculty and teams, participating., Our heartfelt thanks to each and everyone in making this event a vibrant success and, memorable., Thank you all for coming and being a wonderful audience., With these warm words and a kind message, we move to the end of today’s Inaugural, Function., Exercise 5.4: Prepare speeches for the following situations:, i., Your institute has organized an intercollegiate technical event. Give vote of thanks to, all the concerned members., ii., The Sports Events organized by your institute have come to an end. As a Sports, Incharge, give vote of thanks., iii., Prepare vote of thanks for the Annual Gathering of your institute., **************, , 83