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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , UNIT 4: DIGITAL MANUFACTURING: 3D PRINITING AND, DRONES, The history and survey of 3D Printing., Design Principles and Tools., Emerging Trends & Use Cases in 3D Printing., Introduction of Drones, Engineering Disciplines., Multi-rotor Drone Assembly Course /Regulations and procedures for becoming a drone, pilot., -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, , ------------------, , Digital Manufacturing:, Digital manufacturing is the application of computer systems to manufacturing services, supply, chains, products and processes. Digital manufacturing technologies link systems and processes, across all areas of production to create an integrated approach to manufacturing, from design to, production and on to the servicing of the final products., It is the use of an integrated, computer-based system comprised of simulation, 3D, visualization, analytics and collaboration tools to create product and manufacturing process, definitions simultaneously., Digital manufacturing can be defined as an integrated approach to manufacturing that is, centered around a computer system. A machine is able to read a CAD (computer aided, design) file in order to deliver it in a few hours. Within the same process, it is possible to, prototype, produce and fabricate molds to aid production., By modelling and simulating processes, it is possible to improve the quality of, manufacturing decision making, while improving the processes to create cost savings,, reduce time to market, and create a joined-up manufacturing process that unites digital tools, with the physical execution of manufacturing., By using a process that is centred around a computer, manufacturers can create a digital, thread through the manufacturing process to analyse data across the product lifecycle and, create actionable processes. Digital manufacturing systems also allow for customer data to, be sent to product managers in order to anticipate demand and any ongoing maintenance, requirements to deliver products via manufacturing that is centred on customer needs., , The Three Aspects of Digital Manufacturing:, It can be broken down into three main areas; product life cycle, smart factory, and value chain, management. Each of these relates to a different aspect of manufacturing execution, from design, and product innovation to the enhancement of production lines and the optimization of resources, for better products and customer satisfaction., The Product Life Cycle begins with engineering design before moving on to encompass, sourcing, production and service life. Each step uses digital data to allow for revisions to, design specifications during the manufacturing process. Digital manufacturing effects, everything from design and engineering through manufacturing and product servicing. Data, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 1
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , is kept throughout each step, every change and revision and the impact of these changes on, the product lifecycle., The Smart Factory involves the use of smart machines, sensors and tooling to provide real, time feedback about the processes and manufacturing technology. By uniting operations, technology and information technology, this digital transformation allows for greater, visibility of factory processes, control, and optimization to improve performance. Digital, manufacturing helps connects operators with smart machines, sensors and tools while, gathering data from the Operations Technology and sharing it with IT systems. This allows, for better analysis of overall production data, improving on the performance of your smart, machines., The Value Chain Management focuses on reducing resources to create an optimal process, with decreased inventories while maintaining product quality and customer satisfaction., Digital manufacturing improves value chain management by minimizing resources and, inventories while resulting in better products. This, of course, should lead to increased, customer satisfaction, which is just one of the benefits of digital manufacturing., , Advantages of Digital Manufacturing:, There are a number of benefits by uniting manufacturing processes across different departments, while reducing the potential for errors by creating an automated exchange of data., Increased efficiency is accomplished by a joined-up manufacturing process which, eliminates errors due to lost or misinterpreted data which is common for paper-based, processes., With a quicker turnaround across all levels of the value chain, digital manufacturing, offers reduced costs, while allowing for design changes to be implemented in real time and, also lowering maintenance costs., The real-time manufacturing visibility afforded by digital technologies provides improved, insights for critical decisions and a faster pace of innovation., Furthermore, it allows an entire manufacturing process to be created virtually so, that designers can test the process before investing time and money into the physical, implementation., Cloud-based manufacturing can be used for this modelling, taking open access information, from a number of sources to develop reconfigurable production lines and thereby improve, efficiency., , Disadvantages of Digital Manufacturing:, There are no economies of scale; the first product costs as much as the 1,000th product., It's not beneficial for mass production., 3D printing takes longer., The machines use a lot of energy., The machines can only produce products with one material at a time., , Design:, Alongside the optimization of processes, digital manufacture delivers a number of, advantages for design too. These design advantages begin with the use of 3D modelling, software to design tools and machinery as well as factory floor layouts and production flows., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 2
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Through the simulation of a manufacturing process, it is possible to find methods to improve, a process inexpensively and quickly before production even begins., Even when manufacturing has started it is possible to monitor systems to assess any, deviations or problems with production so they can be addressed quickly., As well as optimizing processes, digital technology can be used to make fast changes to, product designs while assessing their suitability. This process can be achieved via cloudbased design., , Industrial Use:, Digital manufacturing has spread rapidly through industries such as aerospace and defense., This allows for the integration of supply networks through cloud computing to allows, suppliers to collaborate effectively., Digital manufacturing technology is also perfectly aligned for incorporation into automated, processes such as additive manufacturing, laminated object manufacturing, and CNC, cutting, milling, and lathing., , Digital Marketing Benefits:, There are a number of benefits to digital marketing for manufacturers. These benefits span across, all departments., Less duplication of information, Fewer errors, omissions, and misinterpretations, Automated exchange of data improves efficiency, Changes and revisions can be made quicker, Real-time view of the effect of changes in data or to equipment, Improved insight to important decision points, Lower cost of maintenance, Lower cost of production, , Future of Digital Manufacturing:, Digital manufacturing looks set to continue and grow in the future as the use of information, for production processes becomes increasingly automated., With systems that are able to interact with each other, the growth of Industry 4.0 looks set, to continue the trend for joined-up production in order to increase competition and improve, and streamline processes., , 3D PRINTING, What is 3D Printing?, 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects, from a digital file., The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive, process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is, created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 3
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , 3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting out / hollowing out, a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling machine., 3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than traditional, manufacturing methods., 3D printing is a way of creating three dimensional (3D) solid objects. 3D printing is done, by building up the object layer by layer. Usually, 3D printers use plastic, because it is easier, to use and cheaper. 3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and, are good at making them very detailed., 3D printing uses computer-aided design (CAD) to create three-dimensional objects through, a layering method. Sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, 3D printing involves, layering materials, like plastics, composites or bio-materials to create objects that range in, shape, size, rigidity and color., , History and Survey of 3D Printing:, 3D printing uses computer technology to create 3-dimensional solid objects. 3D printing combines, the additive process or layering the material in thin horizontal cross-sections, and the computer, program to print solid objects. You can create almost anything from 3D printing including toys,, guns, or machine parts. The history of 3D printing is important to understanding the future of, manufacturing as this technology becomes more popular and more available to the public., The earliest record of 3D printing through the additive process was the Japanese inventor, Hideo Kodama in 1981. He created a product that used ultraviolet lights to harden polymers, and create solid objects. This is a stepping stone to stereolithography (SLA)., Charles Hull invented stereolithography, a process similar to 3D printing that uses, technology to create smaller versions of objects so they can be tested before spending time, and money on creating the actual product. The object is printed layer by layer, rinsed with, a solvent, and hardened with an ultraviolet light. The process uses computer-aided designs, (CAD) to create the 3D models., Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is another, more advanced, form of 3D printing. It uses, additive manufacturing and a powder polymer—typically nylon—to create objects. SLS, uses a laser to fuse the powder together, layer by layer, into more complex shapes than SLA, is capable of creating., Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), developed by Scott Crump, is the most common form, of 3D printing today. It is known as the “desktop 3D printers” because it is the most, commonly used form of the technology. To form an object, the printer heats a cable of, thermoplastic into liquid form and extrudes it layer by layer., Overall 3D printing has changed and improved over the past thirty years. SLA, SLS, and, FDM show the history of 3D printing, and thus how it became a vital tool for manufacturing., It allows you to make virtually anything simply by creating a computer file., , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 4
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , How Does 3D Printing Work?, It all starts with a 3D model. You can opt to create one from the ground up or download it from a, 3D library., 3D Software: There are many different software tools available. From industrial grade to open, source. We often recommend beginners to start with Tinker cad. Tinker cad is free and works in, your browser, you don’t have to install it on your computer. Tinker cad offers beginner lessons and, has a built-in feature to export your model as a printable file e.g., STL or .OBJ. Now that you have, a printable file, the next step is to prepare it for your 3D printer. This is called slicing., Slicing (From printable file to 3D Printer): Slicing basically means slicing up a 3D model into, hundreds or thousands of layers and is done with slicing software. When your file is sliced, it’s, ready for your 3D printer. Feeding the file to your printer can be done via USB, SD or Wi-Fi. Your, sliced file is now ready to be 3D printed layer by layer., , Design Principles of 3D Printing:, Principle one: Manufacturing complexity is free. In traditional manufacturing, the more, complicated an object's shape, the more it costs to make. On a 3D printer, complexity costs, the same as simplicity. Fabricating an ornate and complicated shape does not require more, time, skill, or cost than printing a simple block. Free complexity will disrupt traditional, pricing models and change how we calculate the cost of manufacturing things., o Principle two: Variety is free. A single 3D printer can make many shapes. Like a human, artisan, a 3D printer can fabricate a different shape each time. Traditional manufacturing, machines are much less versatile and can only make things in a limited spectrum of shapes., 3D printing removes the over- head costs associated with re-training human machinists or, re-tooling factory machines. A single 3D printer needs only a different digital blueprint and, a fresh batch of raw material., o Principle three: No assembly required. 3D printing forms interlocked parts. Mass, manufacturing is built on the backbone of the assembly line. In modern factories, machines, make identical objects that are later assembled by robots or human workers, sometimes, continents away. The more parts a product contains, the longer it takes to assemble and the, more expensive it becomes to make. By making objects in layers, a 3D printer could print a, door and attached interlocking hinges at the same time, no assembly required. Less assembly, will shorten supply chains, saving money on labor and transportation; shorter supply chains, will be less polluting., o, , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 5
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KMC202:, , o, , o, , o, , o, , o, , o, , o, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Principle four: Zero lead time. A 3D printer can print on demand when an object is needed., The capacity for on-the-spot manufacturing reduces the need for companies to stockpile, physical inventory. New types of business services become possible as 3D printers enable a, business to make specialty -- or custom -- objects on demand in response to customer orders., Zero-lead-time manufacturing could minimize the cost of long-distance shipping if printed, goods are made when they are needed and near where they are needed., Principle five: Unlimited design space. Traditional manufacturing technologies and, human artisans can make only a finite repertoire of shapes. Our capacity to form shapes is, limited by the tools available to us. For example, a traditional wood lathe can make only, round objects. A mill can make only parts that can be accessed with a milling tool. A, moulding machine can make only shapes that can be poured into and then extracted from a, mould. A 3D printer removes these barriers, opening up vast new design spaces. A printer, can fabricate shapes that until now have been possible only in nature., Principle six: Zero skill manufacturing. Traditional artisans train as apprentices for years, to gain the skills they needed. Mass production and computer-guided manufacturing, machines diminish the need for skilled production. However traditional manufacturing, machines still demand a skilled expert to adjust and calibrate them. A 3D printer gets most, of its guidance from a design file. To make an object of equal complexity, a 3D printer, requires less operator skill than does an injection moulding machine., Principle seven: Compact, portable manufacturing. Per volume of production space, a, 3D printer has more manufacturing capacity than a traditional manufacturing machine. For, example, an injection moulding machine can only make objects significantly smaller than, itself. In contrast, a 3D printer can fabricate objects as large as its print bed. If a 3D printer, is arranged so its printing apparatus can move freely, a 3D printer can fabricate objects larger, than itself. A high production capacity per square foot makes 3D printers ideal for home use, or office use since they offer a small physical footprint., Principle eight: Less waste by-product. 3D printers that work in metal create less waste, by-product than do traditional metal manufacturing techniques. Machining metal is highly, wasteful as an estimated 90 percent of the original metal gets ground off and ends up on the, factory floor. 3D printing is more wasteless for metal manufacturing. As printing materials, improve, "Net shape" manufacturing could be a greener way to make things., Principle nine: Infinite shades of materials. Combining different raw materials into a, single product is difficult using today's manufacturing machines. Since traditional, manufacturing machines carve, cut, or mould things into shape, these processes can't easily, blend together different raw materials. As multi-material 3D printing develops, we will gain, the capacity to blend and mix different raw materials. New previously inaccessible blends, of raw material offer us a much larger, mostly unexplored palette of materials with novel, properties or useful types of behaviours., Principle ten: Precise physical replication. A digital music file can be endlessly copied, with no loss of audio quality. In the future, 3D printing will extend this digital precision to, the world of physical objects. Scanning technology and 3D printing will together introduce, high resolution shapeshifting between the physical and digital worlds. We will scan, edit,, and duplicate physical objects to create exact replicas or to improve on the original., , The Essential 3D Printer Owner’s Toolkit:, There are certain tools that most 3D printer users possess. These vital pieces of equipment ensure, that your prints run smoothly, and that you get the best results possible. You don’t necessarily need, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 6
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , to invest in them all at once; but over time, it’s likely you’ll end up adding them all to your tool, collection., Glue Stick: Build plate adhesion is an important part of creating great 3D prints. Glue sticks, come in particularly handy when you’re trying to get your print to stick – simply cover your, print bed with soluble glue, and the adhesion will improve immediately. Some people favor, hair spray, but we’d personally recommend glue, as you can be more precise with the, application, plus there’s less risk of accidentally spraying the gantry or moving parts., Spatula or Palette Knife: On occasion, you might find that your 3D print has stuck a bit too, well to your build plate. When this happens, a spatula or palette knife normally solves the, problem. All you’ll need to do is ease it gently under the print and carefully lift it up., Deburring Tool / Knife and Cutting Mat: A deburring tool is great for cleaning up modeled, holes, and for removing small pieces of plastic from your printed parts, especially brim., You’ll also need knives to tidy up your prints, as they seldom turn out completely perfect., A deft flick of the knife can remove unsightly plastic blobs or filament strings, making the, end result look smoother and cleaner. We recommend investing in a knife with exchangeable, blades (such as an X-Acto knife), and a cutting mat too., Pliers: Pliers have a variety of uses, from print core maintenance to fixing your 3D printer., Look for a good quality pair of pliers with a rubberized, slip-resistant grip. You’re likely to, need more than one type – we’d recommend needle nose and wire-cutting pliers (which are, particularly useful for snipping away support material or trimming filament)., Blue Tape: Masking tape is one of the most basic tools you’re likely to own, and also one, of the most widely used. Adding masking tape to the print bed is a simple, effective way to, help your 3D printed object adhere to the print bed. It also makes removing the finished print, far easier, and it protects your print bed from scratches., Magna-lube and Uni-lube: Sometimes, you’ll need to lubricate the X and Y axles, just to, ensure they keep running smoothly. The best lubricant to use is Uni-lube, and all it takes is, a single drop to resolve any issues with dryness. For the Z trapezoidal leadscrew, use Magnalube., Digital Caliper: A digital caliper has many applications in 3D printing. It’s useful for, checking the precision of your prints, and you can also use it to dimension parts to replicate, in CAD software. Calipers are also handy for checking filament measurements – as filaments, aren’t often manufactured to exact measurements. Simply measure it at a few different, positions, average the readings, then adjust the filament diameter in your slicing software if, necessary. Analogue calipers work too, but don’t offer the same precision., Tweezers: Tweezers are useful to have to hand whenever you’re printing. They’re great for, plucking oozing filament from the extruder nozzle before it starts printing (which means no, more burnt fingers). They’re also handy for cleaning up your print afterwards. We’d, recommend purchasing a set of tweezers in various shapes and sizes, to ensure you’re, covered for every eventuality., Sandpaper: It’s a good idea to have a selection of sandpaper in a variety of different grits., These will all prove useful when you’re post-processing your 3D prints. Our, recommendation? Have a selection from coarse (220 grit) to fine (1000 grit), and invest in, well-known brands such as 3M, as they’re likely to last you longer than cheaper, inferior, types., Screwdrivers / Hex Key Screwdrivers: Most people already own a good selection of, screwdrivers and hex keys. If you don’t, it’s worthwhile getting some, as you’ll periodically, need to re-tighten the gantry screws and the stepper motors of your 3D printer. Hex nuts and, bolts are widely used in 3D printer assembly, so it’s also a wise idea to have a set of hex key, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 7
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , screwdrivers and wrenches., Adhesion Sheets: Adhesion sheets are compatible with most materials, and boost adhesion, to the build plate. They’re a good replacement for a glue stick, as they’re easy to remove and, can be used multiple times. Another advantage is that they’ve been specially developed to, cope with high temperatures, unlike masking tape. However, it’s important to check that the, sheet is applied correctly, as air bubbles mean you won’t have a flat printing surface., Desiccant and Re-Sealable Bags: 3D printer filament absorbs water over time. This causes, degradation, that eventually leads to complications during printing. To avoid water, absorption, simply store your filament in a sealed container or plastic bag, and add some, desiccant to ensure all moisture is removed from the environment. Silica gel works perfectly., Here are some more storage recommendations to help you., Permanent Marker: Permanent markers (such as Sharpies) are useful for marking 3D prints,, especially when you’re running multiple prints of the same model, but with different slicer, settings. Simply note down the sequence and settings for each print on the finished objects,, and you’ll be able to tell them apart later on., Advanced 3D Printing Kit: The Advanced 3D Printing Kit for Ulti-maker 2+ contains two, 0.4mm nozzles, two TFM couplers, 25 adhesion sheets and a door. These keep your 3D, printer running smoothly for longer. The nozzles and TFM couplers are convenient, replacements, the adhesion sheets are great for keeping your models in position, and the door, keeps warmth inside the printer, which prevents certain materials from warping and, delaminating., , Other Useful Tools:, The following tools might not be as essential as the list above, but they’re certainly useful to have, around. Obviously, it depends on what you’ll be using your 3D printer for, as some are more suited, to particular jobs than others., Flashlight. If your 3D printer already has integrated lighting, you won’t need this., Otherwise, it’s a useful tool to have, even in well-lit areas. The inside of an enclosed 3D, printer can be dark, which makes it different to judge print quality on detailed models. A, compact LED light works perfectly., Paper towels. Paper towels are always useful for cleaning and drying your build plate, and, best of all, they’re cheap too!, Pencils and paper. You’ll inevitably need to jot down dimensions and make sketches while, printing, so it’s a good idea to have paper and pencils to hand at all times., Wire cutter. Wire cutters are excellent for removing support and creating a cleaner, neater, finish., Dremel. A Dremel is a handheld, high-speed rotary tool, which features a range of, accessories. These accessories let you undertake a variety of applications, including cutting,, sanding, carving and grinding. When you’re 3D printing, it can be used to remove support, material, sand down rough edges, or polish 3D prints made from metal-containing filaments., Extra filament. It’s always useful to have an additional filament spool to hand. A spool, lasts a while, but won’t keep you printing forever! Also, it’s nice to have a variety to choose, from, depending on your requirements., Extra glass plate. If you are printing 24/7, having a spare glass plate could really speed up, your workflow. It allows you to quickly swap glass plates when starting a new print, instead, of having to wait until the build plate has cooled down to remove the print., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 8
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Dissolving kit (bucket of water and pump). You’ll need to be able to remove your watersoluble PVA after printing – and a bucket of water does the job nicely! A pump ensures PVA, supports dissolve faster., , Emerging Trends in 3D Printing:, 3D printing is growing in both public recognition and overall added value, beyond, prototyping and simple design. It is a revolutionary technology on the cusp of full-scale, manufacturing capacity., While in recent years the consumer knowledge of 3D printing may have been limited to, fashionable uses, like school science projects or as a tinkering toy for hobbyists, 3D printing, is evolving from top to bottom., Seemingly every day, the raw materials become more diversified, the engineering more, sophisticated, and the output more precise, consistent, and repeatable—not to mention the, vast potential for heavier industrial use expands every year., Manufacturing 4.0:, Today’s manufacturing sector is far more innovative than the classic manufacturing, processes of prior generations. Advanced manufacturing is revolutionizing the Fourth, Industrial Revolution up and down the supply chain., 3D printing is no exception. 3D printing utilizes robotics and sophisticated design software,, as well as adaptive physical hardware and tooling., Indeed, manufacturers of all disciplines and processes now rely much more on innovative, tech. Manufacturing often requires a robust understanding of computer programs like, AutoCAD, CAM, and even AI-based automations used in Computer Integrated, Manufacturing (CIM). Workers use these tools to master new techniques for data storage, and manipulation, algorithm calculation, and interpretation of real-time sensor data., The Rise of Rapid Prototyping:, 3D printing has a bright future in the world of “Industry 4.0” and the advanced, manufacturing sector of cyber-physical systems. It is invaluable for its ability to engineer, real-life 3D models of 2-dimensional products and concepts. It is the preferred method for, rapid prototyping and allows individual online customers to produce their own custom, enduse parts., Rapid prototyping is a cost-effective and time-saving alternative to traditional prototype, production methods. But just how fast is “rapid?”, While classic prototype fabrication can take weeks of preparation, tooling, and production,, 3D printing offers rapid prototype fabrication in mere hours or days!, In fact, many 3D printed jobs can take a mere 4-18 hours to print, depending on the size,, materials, and geometric complexity of the finished product., Prototyping Vs. End-Use Production:, The ever-evolving technology of 3D Printing offers benefits for both prototyping and end-use, manufacturing. Below are a few advantages of each process:, , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 9
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Prototyping:, • Rapid design models, • Affordable, yet fully functional prototypes, • Effective design communication methods, End Use:, • Fewer design restrictions than traditional production, • On-demand, customizable production, • Mass distribution capacity, Sectors Utilizing Additive Manufacturing:, In recent years, larger-scale additive manufacturing output has largely been confined to the, automotive and aerospace industries, but shows potential for growth into multiple sectors., An estimated 75 percent of auto manufacturers already use 3D printing to supplement and, enhance their manufacturing process, but the scope and application is still limited., Demand is up for advancements in 3D printing, as industry leaders in multiple sectors—like, medicine, energy, automotive, aerospace, and robotics—discover new ways to distribute, additive manufacturing tools throughout their branches, integrating the full potential of the, technology with Computer Aided Design (CAD) and other research and development, (R&D) processes. For example, the global 3D printing healthcare market was valued at, $579.0 million in 2014 but is expected to rise to $2.32 billion by 2020., Increasing Printing Reliability:, While international quality management organizations continue to fine-tune the technical, standards for reliable 3D printing output, the best manufacturers have already earned, ISO9001:2015 and ASD9100D certification—an important quality designation trusted by, customers around the world., Many fabricators also have in-house standards like inspection reports and finishing, certifications to help streamline production and consistency., Innovations in 3D Printing Materials:, At its earliest stages, 3D printing was limited in the raw materials it could use for fabrication., By contrast, today’s 3D printers offer an array of materials, suitable for a host of new, prototyping and end-use manufacturing., The spectrum of metals available in additive manufacturing is growing year by year, with, 3D printers now able to use aluminum, stainless steel, titanium and cobalt-chrome and other, specialty metallics. The variety of plastics and polymers is even more expansive, including, PLA, ABS, resins, nylon, PETG, TPU and ASA. In the near future, the industry may see a, variety of new material chemistries that offer versatile raw materials yet undiscovered., Plastics outpaced metal production 100-to-1 in overall numbers, likely due to the dollar value, of end-use products made from metals averaging 35-50 times more., At the 2019 Consumer Electronics Show, 3D printers showed off new abilities to print, components of solid-state batteries, which will be increasingly important to the future of, electric cars and other energy-saving innovations., Regenerative medicine has also seen several innovations using 3D printed materials, which, have long promised the ability to revolutionize organ transplants through biological, engineering. Scientists and manufacturers have made great strides in replicating human, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 10
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , tissue like skin and hair via 3D bio-printing, with the potential to eventually reproduce full, organs like kidneys, lungs, and hearts., AI-Powered Quoting Speeds:, Thanks to advancements in artificial intelligence, customers can get instant quotes and fast, delivery for all their 3D printing needs on demand. For example, the leading 3D printing, manufacturers offer instant pricing and lead times in seconds, with delivery of parts in as, fast as one day., Online quoting is as simple as selecting a process and material, uploading a 3D CAD file,, and inputting a few key details about your project. Xometry analyzes the geometry of 3D, CAD models and provides an instant price, design feedback if relevant, and a delivery date., The Future of 3D Printing:, Each year, new case studies highlight the exciting growth potential and application success, stories in 3D printing. Indeed, as more and more manufacturers and consumers become, engaged with the evolving abilities of 3D printing, the curiosity, adoption, and demand will, drive competition for newer and more optimized additive manufacturing options., The high-speed outputs we see today may double or triple in years to come, and the ability, to manufacture “smart” products with built-in tech like microchips, sensors, and antennae, are on the horizon for vast waves of new growth., Today’s 3D printers still rely on a great deal of human labor, but the future may introduce, increased dependency on robotic automation as AI grows more capable of self-service and, autonomous learning., The continued integration of 3D printing will help catalyze the potential for these “factoriesin-a-box” to truly become industrial ecosystems that live up to their reputation as industry, game-changers., Arguably, the maturity of 3D printing is in its early developmental stages. Yet, the fact that, this process is so young—but also so starkly innovative—bodes well for the next generation, of modernization., The future is pregnant with possibilities—everything from advanced cybernetics to, bioprinting of human organs to help save lives. Although the full potential of 3D printing, may be decades ahead, the limits will be only those of our imaginations., , Use Cases of 3D Printing:, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, creates three-dimensional components from, CAD models. It mimics the biological process, adding material layer by layer to create a physical, part. The result of the wider availability of 3D printing is that a huge number of industries are, beginning to feel the disruption., Automobiles, The automotive industry has been tapping the potential of 3D printing for decades already., 3D printing is extremely useful in rapid prototyping and has proved capable of significantly, reducing design times and lead times on new car models., 3D printing has also augmented manufacturing workflow within the industry. Custom jigs,, fixtures, and other tooling that might be required for a single car part, particularly when highDEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 11
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , performance machines are concerned, once required an array of custom tools, adding cost, and making the process as a whole more and more complex., With 3D printing, custom jigs and other low volume parts can be created directly for the, production line. Manufacturers can cut lead times by up to 90% and lower risk with the, integration of 3D printing processes. Through streamlining with in-house production, the, manufacturing process as a whole grows more efficient and more profitable., , At a production facility of Pankl Racing Systems, engineers use 3D printed custom jigs in, motorcycle gear manufacturing., Jewelry, 3D printing is instigating a design revolution in jewelry. Creating 3D printed pieces that had, a comparable look and feel to traditionally handcrafted and cast jewelry used to be a, challenge. However, following the latest round of advances in specialist high-end 3D, modeling programs, and with more printable materials on offer, more and more jewelry, designers now prefer to 3D model and print their designs over traditional handcrafted, methods., Jewelry 3D printers create pieces from resin or wax, based on the 3D model of the jeweler's, design. Digital models can be easily edited, which makes prototyping jewelry with 3D, printing incredibly cheap and convenient. The buying experience is made more tactile as a, result—clients can now try on prototypes of pieces they have helped design to ensure it looks, and feels just right before purchasing. The final designs can then be 3D printed and cast in a, mold using the same workflow as with traditional jewelry. The results can be stunning:, , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 12
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Jewelry pieces casted using 3D printed pattern produced with stereolithography (SLA) 3D, printing technology., Onshoring, Anything with so much power to alter design and production methods as 3D printing is, bound to make waves in manufacturing. But there are potential advantages to embracing 3D, printing in this field that are harder to visualize. One of these is the onshoring of, manufacturing. In recent decades, there has been a pronounced decline in US manufacturing, as firms moved operations overseas to take advantage of the lower cost of labor., The commercial sense in this move is undeniable, as “a tool made in China or Vietnam can, cost anywhere from $10,000 to $50,000 less than a tool made in the US.” Offshoring,, nevertheless, has its drawbacks on the design and production process. Lead times are, frequently long, importing products from overseas is costly and environmentally unfriendly., 3D printing, with its ability to produce more complex designs, has the potential to turn, onshoring back into an attractive prospect. Its usefulness to the design process, capacity to, improve lead times dramatically and raise efficiency, all make in-house production feel, viable again., Spare & Replacements Parts, The effects of losing or breaking parts of products or devices can range from the, inconvenient to the disastrous., , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 13
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , 3D printing will consign the days of having to pay exorbitant repair costs, or else throw away, a mostly functioning device, to the past, by enabling consumers to produce replacement and, spare parts., Aerospace, Minimizing weight is a primary way in which 3D printing has enabled the aerospace industry, to make a considerable saving., The lower volume of components required in a 3D printed construction of a part leads to, parts that are lighter overall—this seemingly small change to production positively affects, an aircraft's payload, emissions, and fuel consumption and speed and safety, all the while, markedly reducing production waste, . As in numerous other fields, the workflow also allows the production of components simply, too complex for traditional methods to handle., , GE engineer’s 3D printed a fuel nozzle and managed to combine 20 parts into a single unit that, weighed 25% less than its predecessors and was more than five times as durable. (source: GE), Glasses and Eyewear, Having to cater to all manner of face shapes, eyewear is also an industry that stands to benefit, distinctly from 3D printing's limitless capacity for customization. New designs intended to, optimize both comfort and quality of design can be, as elsewhere, rapidly prototyped using, 3D and produced at a lower cost and at greater convenience to the customer., The results are lighter, more comfortable eyewear, made with minimal waste incurred. Some, companies in the field are even using the attributes of 3D printing production to encourage, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 14
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , customers to design their own glasses, excellent for generating brand loyalty and, empowering consumers., Shoes, The sport-footwear industry has long relied on technology to optimize the performance of, their products, and with the digital workflow they have more options than ever in, customization., Large brands like New Balance, Adidas, and Nike, having recognized the power of additive, manufacture, intend to mass produce custom midsoles made from 3D printed materials., As in other industries, the digital workflow will augment traditional methods of manufacture, here—critical, highly-customized components of each product will be entrusted to the 3D, printing, and the rest left to traditional means. In a field with such a passionate consumerbase, 3D printing also stands to empower customers directly. It will enable consumers to, design their own shoes, for both personal and widespread consumption. The viral potential, of this aspect of 3D printing has already been seized upon by brands., , Two limited edition shoe models with 3D printed midsoles designed by New Balance and 3D, printed using Form labs SLA 3D printing technology., Fashion and Smart Clothing (On the Horizon), One area in which the commercial and artistic potential of 3D printing will likely collide is, in the field of fashion and smart clothing. As the pallet of materials and textiles usable in the, 3D workflow increases, designers will be afforded an immense range of new possibilities., Not only can 3D printing technology alter the production of textiles—it will also provide the, opportunity to create new textiles that are, for example, bulletproof, fireproof and capable, of retaining heat. This particular branch of 3D workflow has yet to be perfected, but in the, near future, we will see 3D printed clothing graduate from museums and haute couture to, the boutique., Artists empowered by the workflow have also used 3D smart clothing as “personalized,, wearable, data-driven sculpture” with an artistic purpose., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 15
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Model making, Model making is another niche practice to which the 3D workflow is ideally suited. Where, realistic reproductions were once inordinately expensive or impossible to model, the quality, of detailing and finish possible through 3D printing methods has made the production of, realistic, detailed miniatures and scale models more affordable and easier., CAD can make light work of formerly complex modeling challenges, empowering designers, to essentially reverse engineer a structure as complex as an engine from 3D scans or SpaceX, rockets., The in-house production aspect of the digital workflow enables a business that revolves, around custom modeling to scale in a traditionally niche market. For example, DM-Toys', extensive integration of desktop 3D printers have enabled them both to disrupt the longstanding European model railway market, and deliver to customers more quickly and more, cheaply., , 3D printing is ideal to create realistic, detailed miniatures and scale models., Audiology, The versatility and vast degree of customization possible through 3D printing means that it's, of great use in the spheres of medicine. We've seen it beginning to transform the audiology, space already, hearing specialists and ear mold labs has been using the technology to, manufacture high volumes of custom ear products like hearing aids, protective plugs and, earphone for years., 3D printing makes for an excellent match for audiology, as it offers customization, possibilities at no extra costs, which used to be complex and expensive using traditional, methods., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 16
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , A pair of custom-molded earbuds produced with Formlabs 3D printing technology., Dentistry, Dentistry has also been one of the most prominent users of 3D printing, desktop 3D printers, are an increasingly common sight in dental labs and practices. As matter of fact, the popular, clear aligners, thermoformed on 3D printed molds, are possibly the single most successful, use of 3D printing we've seen to date., Consistently creating high-quality dental products that are affordable has proved difficult,, owing to the uniqueness of each dental case and the number of possibilities for human error., Digital workflows in dentistry bring possibilities for greater consistency, accuracy and, precision than before. Intraoral digital impression scanning can provide much better data to, technicians, enabling easy creation of repeatable models through 3D printing, and improving, efficiency in both the dental practice and the lab., Dental 3D printers mostly use resin-based 3D printing processes, like SLA or digital light, processing (DLP), to create a variety of indications like surgical guides, dental models,, molds for clear aligners, dentures, or castable patterns for crowns and bridges quickly, with, enhanced accuracy and lower cost than traditional methods., The result for the customer is a plethora of dental products that fit better and work better,, with higher clinical acceptance by the patient. The time saved by the streamlined workflow, leads to better throughput, lower material costs, and better results for the patients., , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 17
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , A selection of dental products manufactured with stereolithography 3D printing technology., Prosthetics, 3D printing's impact is not limited to improving workflows or enabling rapid prototyping. It, can also change lives directly. With 30 million people worldwide in need of artificial limbs, and braces, there is hope that 3D printing can provide new solutions where cost and, specification have traditionally been hurdles., There is a global shortage of prosthetics relative to demand, and the time and financial cost, required to acquire needed prosthetics can prove prohibitive, especially given the degree of, customization involved and the high need for prosthetic supplies in, for example, developing, countries. Prostheses and braces not built to specification can end up giving discomfort those, they should be assisting and empowering., 3D printing can provide an affordable alternative that, like many related advances in, medicine, can provide therapy that is much more closely tailored to a patient's needs. The, affordability and customizability of 3D printing techniques can profoundly alter the quality, of life for the better for those suffering from injury or disability, as we saw in this story of a, father and son., , Orthoses can be uniquely tailored to the needs of each patient with 3D printing., Surgery, 3D printing can also help make the difference during key moments in surgery. Doctors can, scan the patient before the operation and create custom 3D printed models’ anatomical, models to plan and practice for surgery., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 18
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , For example, researchers at the University Hospital of Lübeck reduced risks during brain, operations by using 3D printed arteries. Elsewhere, healthcare providers have doubled down, on 3D printing to provide fast, realistic 3D surgical models., In surgical cases, 3D printing is able to decisively augment existing physical practices—for, instance, the less-precise use of cameras to assess the state of an organ in real time. By, combining aspects of the digital workflow with the use of computer-aided engineering and, data visualization, doctors were able to create these closely modeled objects, and work with, new degrees of accuracy and care at the point of treatment., 3D printing has also made formerly impossible surgeries a reality. Replacing the upper jaw,, forming a new skull and replacing cancerous vertebrae, all unthinkable before the advent of, advanced 3D imaging and printing, have now been carried out successfully because of it., , A model of a patient's foot, made to specification with 3D printing, used to help prepare, physicians for complex cases., 3D Printed Organs (On the Horizon), As much as 3D printing technology has developed in the past few years, there are even more, high-impact, and seemingly unlikely, use cases of it currently in development. Printed, organs is one of them., Being able to easily create new organs has for decades been a dream for scientists working, in regenerative medicine. While it remains in its early stages, the use of the 3D workflow to, produce organic tissue eligible for transplant is bearing early fruit. The likes of Organovo, and various other laboratories and startups around the world have made creating liver tissue, via 3D printing a research priority., 3D organ creation centers around the practice of bioprinting, a specialist offshoot of 3D, printing, which takes cells from donors, turns them into printable bio-ink, and then layers, and cultures them into mature tissue ready for organ transplantation., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 19
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , The potential benefits of being able to use 3D printing technology to provide necessary, transplant organs are incalculable. What's more, they may yet pave the way for even greater, strides in regenerative medicine, offering new, safe ways to design and test drugs that could, treat organ disease and prevent the need for organ transplants altogether., Architecture, As an industry already based on geometric design, prototyping and modeling, architecture, stands to gain enormously from advances in 3D printing technology. We've seen the, digital workflow produce complex architectural scale models in full detail, improving the, 3D modeling phase of architectural design., On top of saving time during model production, the 3D printed models allow architects to, anticipate the effects of certain design features with much greater certainty, e.g., by seeing a, model produced with a fuller complement of materials, an architect can measure aspects, such a light flow through the structure with higher precision., The high presentation value of having such an exact model also means that 3D printing can, be an acute commercial tool for firms looking to win projects and commissions by showing, off, the, full, attributes, of, their, design., , A digital model of an architectural plan, next to its scale model counterpart created with 3D, printing., Sculptures, The boom in “additive art” has been growing by degrees over the last decade or so, and, we've seen 3D printing techniques infiltrate various corners of the art world, from consumer, artworks to sculpture fit for the Smithsonian., Using 3D photographic scanning systems to create physical artwork, 3D printing processes, can provide a lot of new choices for customers. These developments have given both artists, and customers a measure of new creative power, too—anything they can conceive of and, design, they can produce, and to highly detailed standards., Movies and Visual Effects, 3D printing has already been integrated into the production of Hollywood films and is widely, used for practical visual effects and costuming., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 20
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Whereas the creation of film's most fantastic creatures once required meticulous handcraft,, the increased deadline pressure and time demands of modern moviemaking have made a, quicker method of creating practical effects vital. Effects studios like Aaron Sims Creative, now use a hybridized approach, practical effect-making enhanced by the digital workflow,, to create new opportunities for collaboration and cut lead times on bringing ideas to life., , Look behind the scenes and see how Aaron Sims Creative (ASC) used 3D printing to create, Stranger Things’ monster., Musical Instruments, 3D printing can even disrupt industries that have been in a static paradigm for years or, centuries., For instance, the manufacture of violins had been unchanged for several hundred years—an, entirely manual process of master craftsmen, as automated manufacture has proved unable, to produce the instrument to the necessary quality of finish., Owing to the precision of detailing that 3D printing is capable of, we have seen a hard-tobreak industry disrupted., , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 21
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Brian Chan, engineer at Form labs, created a fully-functional acoustic violin using Form labs', White Resin. The result was not only realistic in its finish, but fully playable too., Forensics, 3D printing has as much potential utility in reconstruction as it does in production. The work, of a forensic artist is often made difficult by incomplete evidence. Digital technologies can, be of tremendous use in legal investigations and can augment the abilities of forensic artists, to reconstruct accurate models of persons of interest or victims., The digital workflow here involves turning CT scans into 3D prints to aid in identification., For instance, when investigators find just part of a skull as evidence, a printer can model and, replicate the complete sample., Reconstructions of the appearance of crime victims have already played a key role in, attaining justice, proving once again the utility of 3D printing beyond considerations of, design and productive efficiency., , What is a Drone?, A drone, in technological terms, is an unmanned aircraft. Drones are more formally known as, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes). Essentially, a drone is a, flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously through software-controlled flight, plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 22
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , In the recent past, UAVs were most often associated with the military, where they were used initially, for anti-aircraft target practice, intelligence gathering and then, more controversially, as weapons, platforms. Drones are now also used in a wide range of civilian roles ranging from search and, rescue, surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring and firefighting, to personal drones and, business drone-based photography, as well as videography, agriculture and even delivery services., The History of Drones:, Many traces the history of drones to 1849 Italy, when Venice was fighting for its, independence from Austria. Austrian soldiers attacked Venice with hot-air, hydrogen- or, helium-filled balloons equipped with bombs., The first pilotless radio-controlled aircraft were used in World War I. In 1918, the U.S. Army, developed the experimental Kettering Bug, an unmanned "flying bomb" aircraft, which was, never used in combat., The first generally used drone appeared in 1935 as a full-size retooling of the de Havilland, DH82B "Queen Bee" biplane, which was fitted with a radio and servo-operated controls in, the back seat. The plane could be conventionally piloted from the front seat, but generally it, flew unmanned and was shot at by artillery gunners in training. The term drone dates to this, initial use, a play on the "Queen Bee" nomenclature., UAV technology continued to be of interest to the military, but it was often too unreliable, and costly to put into use. After concerns about the shooting down of spy planes arose, the, military revisited the topic of unmanned aerial vehicles. Military use of drones soon, expanded to play roles in dropping leaflets and acting as spying decoys., Military drone use solidified in 1982 when the Israeli Air Force used UAVs to wipe out the, Syrian fleet with minimal loss of Israeli forces. The Israeli UAVs acted as decoys, jammed, communication and offered real-time video reconnaissance., Drones have continued to be a mainstay in the military, playing critical roles in intelligence,, surveillance and force protection, artillery spotting, target following and acquisition, battle, damage assessment and reconnaissance, as well as for weaponry., Modern Drone History:, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 23
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , A Wall Street Journal report claims widespread drone use began in 2006 when the U.S., Customs and Border Protection Agency introduced UAVs to monitor the the U.S. and, Mexico border., In late 2012, Chris Anderson, editor in chief of Wired magazine, retired to dedicate himself, to his drones’ company, 3D Robotics, Inc. (3DR). The company, which started off, specializing in hobbyist personal drones, now markets its UAVs to aerial photography and, film companies, construction, utilities and telecom businesses, and public safety companies,, among others., In late 2013, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos announced a plan to use commercial drones for, delivery activities. However, in July 2016, Reno-based startup Flirtey beat Amazon to the, punch, successfully delivering a package to a resident in Nevada via a commercial drone., Other companies have since followed suit. For example, in September 2016, Virginia, Polytechnic Institute and State University began a test with Project Wing, a unit of Google, owner Alphabet, Inc., to make deliveries, starting with burritos produced at a local Chipotle, restaurant. Then in December 2016, Amazon delivered its first Prime Air package in, Cambridge, England. In March of 2017, it demonstrated a Prime Air drone delivery in, California., Drone education is also expanding; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, long a training, ground for the aviation industry, now offers a Bachelor of Science in unmanned systems, applications, a Master of Science in unmanned systems and an undergraduate minor in, unmanned aerial systems., How Drones Works:, While drones serve a variety of purposes, such as recreational, photography, commercial and, military, their two basic functions are flight and navigation., To achieve flight, drones consist of a power source, such as battery or fuel, rotors, propellers, and a frame. The frame of a drone is typically made of lightweight, composite materials, to, reduce weight and increase maneuverability during flight., Drones require a controller, which is used remotely by an operator to launch, navigate and, land it. Controllers communicate with the drone using radio waves, including Wi-Fi., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 24
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Technology, Features and Components:, Drones contain a large number of technological components, including:, Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC), an electronic circuit that controls a motor’s speed, and direction., Flight controller, GPS module, Battery, Antenna, Receiver, Cameras, Sensors, including ultrasonic sensors and collision avoidance sensors, Accelerometer, which measures speed, Altimeter, which measures altitude, Any discussion about drone features is closely tied to the type and use case of the drone, including, recreational, photography, commercial and military uses. Examples of features include:, Camera type, video resolution, megapixels and media storage format, Maximum flight time, such as how long the drone can remain in the air, Maximum speeds, including ascent and descent, Hover accuracy, Obstacle sensory range, Altitude hold, which keeps the drone at a fixed altitude, Live video feed, Flight logs, , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 25
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Navigational systems, such as GPS, are typically housed in the nose of a drone. The GPS on, a drone communicates its precise location with the controller. If present, an onboard, altimeter can communicate altitude information. The altimeter also helps keep the drone at, a specific altitude, if commanded by the controller., Drones can be equipped with a number of sensors, including distance sensors (ultrasonic,, laser, lidar), time-of-flight sensors, chemical sensors, and stabilization and orientation, sensors, among others. Visual sensors offer still or video data, with RGB sensors collecting, standard visual red, green and blue wavelengths, and multispectral sensors collecting visible, and non-visible wavelengths, such as infrared and ultraviolet. Accelerometers, gyroscopes,, magnetometers, barometers and GPS are also common drone features., For example, thermal sensors can be integral in surveillance or security applications, such, as livestock monitoring or heat-signature detection. Hyperspectral sensors can help identify, minerals and vegetation, and are ideal for use in crop health, water quality and surface, composition., Some drones employ obstacle detection and collision avoidance sensors. Initially, the, sensors were designed to detect objects in front of the drove. Some drones now provide, obstacle detection in all six directions: front, back, below, above and side to side., For the purpose of landing, drones employ visual positioning systems with downward facing, cameras and ultrasonic sensors. The ultrasonic sensors determine how close the drone is to, the ground., Types of Drones:, Drone platforms have two main types: rotor, including single-rotor or multi-rotor (such as, tricopters, quadcopters, hexacopters and octocoptors), or fixed-wing, which include the, hybrid VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) drones that don't require runways., Drones can be categorized as either personal/hobbyist or commercial/enterprise., Many personal drones are now available for consumer use, offering HD video or still camera, capabilities, or to simply fly around. These drones often weigh anywhere from less than a, pound to 10 pounds., DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 26
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , Stronger, more capable drones are also available for use in commercial settings. For, example, Insitu, a Boeing company, offers the ScanEagle, which has a 10-foot wingspan and, weighs 35 pounds. The company also builds the Integrator, an 80-pound aircraft with a 16foot wingspan. Insitu drones do not take off from runways, as an airplane would; rather they, are VTOL as they take off and are recovered from the company's SkyHook launchers., Sensors available include electro-optic imagers, mid-wave infrared imagers, infrared, markers and laser rangefinders., Tethered drones are another option, though with the obvious limitation that they are, physically tethered to a base station. Certain tethered drones can solve the challenge many, drones face when it comes to power supply if the tether provides a direct power supply. The, Safe-T tethering station for drones from Elistair, for example, offers 2.5 kW power and can, fly to heights of more than 200 feet, with data transfer rates of up to 200 Mb/s., Commercial drone manufacturers include:, 3D Robotics, DJI, Elistair, Hub-san, Identified Technologies, Insitu, Measure, Parrot, PrecisionHawk, Yuneec, Commercial and Enterprise Drone Applications:, The use of drones outside the military has grown tremendously over the past decade. Beyond, surveillance and delivery applications, UAVs are used in drone journalism, search and rescue,, disaster response, asset protection, wildlife monitoring, firefighting, communications relay,, DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 27
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KMC202:, , EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR ENGINEERING | Mr. Ranjeet Rai, , healthcare and agriculture. The integration of drones and internet of things (IoT) technology has, created numerous enterprise use cases. Drones working with on-ground IoT sensor networks can, help agricultural companies monitor land and crops; energy companies survey power lines and, operational equipment; and insurance companies monitor properties for claims and policies. From, logistics to agriculture to security, unmanned aerial vehicles and IoT are frequently part of the same, discussion; offering a component in ubiquitous connectivity and interactivity., Other examples of drone applications and functions include:, Drones can assist farmers by measuring and recording the height of crops. They use a, remote sensing technology called Lidar that illuminates the crop with a laser and, calculates distance by measuring what is reflected back., Drones with biological sensors can fly to unsafe areas to take air quality readings and, check for the presence of specific micro-organisms or atmospheric elements., During wildfires, drones can survey the extent of the affected areas and determine how, quickly the fires are spreading. Images taken can provide details of the damage in, specific areas., Drones are used by television sport networks to capture sporting event footage, such as, taped and live flyover footage, that would otherwise be difficult to acquire. The use of, drones must comply with regulations from the FAA, the sports leagues, the venue and, local law enforcement., , END, , DEPARTMENT OF CSE, KIPM-CET, Gorakhpur., , 28
