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Precise, , Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I, Sub. Code- 320, For, First Year, Diploma in Pharmacy, Based on ER-91 &, Karnataka State Board, Examination pattern, , [email protected], [email protected], , Kohinoor Publishing House,, , Contact:-+918689823752

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Precise Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I, 1st Edition, ©, , : Dec. 2019, : Authors, , The text of this publication, or any part thereof, should not be reproduced or, transmitted in any form of stored in any computer storage system or device for, distribution including photocopy, recording, taping or information retrieval system, or reproduced on any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage, device etc. without the written permission of Authors whom the rights are reserved., Breach of this condition is liable for legal action., , Authors:Afroj Shaikh, Zareen Shaikh, , Price: Rs. 150/-, , [email protected], [email protected], , Kohinoor Publishing House,, , Contact:-+ 918689823752

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INDEX, Sr. No., , Chapter, , Page no., , 1., , Introduction, , 1, , 2., , Acid, Base and Buffer, , 5, , 3., , Antioxidants, , 9, , 4., , Gastro-intestinal Agents, , 11, , 5., , Topical Agents, , 17, , 6., , Dental Products, , 27, , 7., , Inhalants, , 29, , 8., , Respiratory Stimulants, , 31, , 9., , Expectorants and Emetics, , 33, , 10. Major Intra and Extra Cellular Electrolytes, , 37, , 11. Antidote, , 45, , 12. Official Compounds of Calcium, , 47, , 13. Official Compounds of Iron, , 49, , 14. Official Compounds of Iodine, , 51, , 15. Radiopharmaceutical and Contrast Media, , 53, , 16. Sources of Impurities and Quality Control in, Pharmacy, , 59, , 17. Limit Tests, , 63, , 18. Identification test of Anion and Cation, , 83

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19. At a glance, a), b), c), d), , Definitions, Synonyms and chemical formula, Assay principles, Reasons, , 81, 89, 93, 95, , 20. Pattern of Question paper, , 98, , 21. Question paper 2014 to june-2019, , 99, , 22. Sample question paper, , 107

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1. Introduction, Q.1 Define the following terms, A. Pharmacopoeia, B. Monograph, C. Official compound, D. Official preparation, E. Assay, F. Quantitative analysis, G. Normality, H. Impurity, I. Pharmaceutical aid, , M-15,16 (2), M-15 (2), M-15,18,19/D-14,17, , (2), , M-15,16,18 (2), M-15/D-17 (2), M-16 (2), , Pharmacopoeia:A book issued by an officially authority and serving as a standard, which, describing all details of drugs, chemical compounds, and medicinal preparations., E.g.:- Indian pharmacopoeia (IP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), United State, pharmacopoeia (USP)., Monograph:Monograph may be defined as detailed written study of a single individual, compound or a drug in a specialized format in official book., Official compounds, Official compounds may be defined as the Pharmaceutical compound published in, recognized pharmaceutical official book of drugs such as Pharmacopoeias or, National formulary., E.g.:- Calcium gluconate, Calcium Chloride, Ferrous sulphate, ferrous, fumarate etc, Official Preparation:Official preparation may be defined as any pharmaceutical preparation prepared or, formulated as per any pharmaceutical official book such as Indian Pharmacopoeia, (IP) National formulary (NF), British pharmacopoeia (BP), United State, pharmacopoeia (USP) etc., E.g.:- Calcium gluconate, Injection Calcium gluconate tablet etc., Assay:An assay is an investigative procedure for qualitatively assessing or, quantitatively measuring the presence or amount of pharmaceutical active, ingredients in sample by specific set of method., , 1

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Quantitative analysis:Quantitative analysis is defined as the chemical analysis designed to, determine the amounts or proportions of the components of a substance, Normality, It is defined as number of equivalent weights per litre., It is expressed as N = No. of Eq. wt/ litre of solution, Impurity, Any substance which is not a part of pharmaceutical preparation or any, foreign material present in any pharmaceutical products is known as impurity, ., Test for purity:Test for purity is defined as method investigation or analysis of chemical, substance or drug to find out the amount of active ingredients present in a sample., This is performed by gravimetric analysis or advanced analytical techniques, such as Spectroscopic determination like UV- Visible spectroscopy, infrared, Spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance etc., Pharmaceutical aid:It is defined as the substance which has no or little therapeutic efficacy but, essential in the dosage form of the drug., E.g.:- Excipients, Solvents, Diluents, Preservative etc., Q.2 Explain following terms, Storage conditions, , Sr.No., , Term, , Temperature, , 1, , Freezer, , -20 to -10, , 2, , Cold, , 2to 8, , 3, , Cool, , 8 to15, , 4, , Room temperature, , 25 to 35, , 5, , Warm, , 30 to 40, , 6, , Excessive heat, , More than 40, , 2, , (0C)

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Solubility criteria, , Sr.No., , Solvent required in ml for, 1 gm of solute, , Term, , 1, , Very Soluble, , Less than 1 ml, , 2, , Freely Soluble, , 1 to 10 ml, , 3, , Soluble, , 10-30 ml, , 4, , Sparingly Soluble, , 30-100 ml, , 5, , Slightly Soluble, , 6, , Very slightly Soluble, , 1000-10000 ml, , 7, , Practically insoluble, , More than 10,000, , 100-1000 ml, , Volumetric analysis, Titration is a common laboratory method of using quantitative chemical, analysis. This method is used to determine the unidentified concentration of a, known analyte. The volume measurement is known as volumetric analysis, Classification of titration:A) Acid base titration, B) Redox titration (Oxidation reduction), C) Precipitation titration, D) Complexometric titration, Acid base Titration, It is a quantitative analysis method to determine concentration of acid or base, by precisely neutralizing them with a standard solution of either acid or base of, known concentration. It is monitored with the help of a pH indicator., Redox titration:Redox titration is also known as an oxidation-reduction reaction. In this type, of titration, the chemical reaction takes place with a transfer of electrons in the, reacting ions., The titrations are named after the reagent that is used in are as follows;, Permanganate Titrations, Dichromate Titrations, Iodimetric and Iodometric Titrations, Precipitation titration, The titration is based on the insoluble precipitate formation when the two, substances are reacted are called precipitation titration., , 3

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2. Acid base & buffer, Q.1 Define acid and base with examples., Define Bronsted acid and Lewis acid with two example each, , M-19, , (4), , Acid and bases are defined on the basics of different concept., A) Arrhenius concept, B) Bronsted- Lowry concept, C) Lewis concept, Arrhenius concept:Acid is defined as a substance when dissolve in water it increases number of, H ion in water., +, , Base is defined as a substance when dissolve in aqueous solution it increases OH, ion concentration., E.g. Acid:- HCl, H+ (Aq)+ Cl-(Aq), HBr, H+(Aq) + Br-(Aq), Base:-NaOH, , Na+ + OH-, , KOH, , Na+ + OH-, , -, , Bronsted- Lowry concept:Acid is a substance that can donate a proton in chemical reaction, and base is, substance which can accept proton in chemical reaction., According to Bronsted & Lowry Acid ionizes and produces Proton & conjugate, base of that acid, E.g. Acid:- HCl, H+ + Cl- (conjugate base), H2SO4, H+ +HSO4 (conjugate base), Base:-OH+ H+, , H2O, , +, , H2O+H, , +, , HCO3+ H, , H3O, H2CO3, , Lewis concept, Acid is an electron pair acceptor and base is electron donor substances, E.g. Acid :- H+,Na+,K+,Mg2+,Al3+etc, Base:-OH- ,F-,Cl-,CH3COO-,NO3-., ., All Bronsted acids are Lewis acid but vice-versa is not true., , 5

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Theory, , Acid, , Base, , Arrhenious theory, , Increase H+ ion, concentration, , Increase OH ion concentration, , Bronsted and Lowry, , Proton donor, , Proton acceptor, , Lewis theory, , Pair of electron, acceptor, , Pair of electron donor, , Q.2 Define buffer solution. Mention their importance in pharmaceuticals, (M-14,17/D-15), Explain role of buffer in pharmacy, (M-15), , (4/9), (7), , Buffer:-Buffers are the solutions or systems that resist change in pH upon addition, of small quantities of acids & bases., E.g:- Phosphate buffer, Acetate buffer, Citrate buffer etc., Importance in Pharmaceutical industry:, A) Stability of certain compounds:- Some compounds are stable in specific pH., E.g.:- I) Citric acid is used for stabilizing milk of magnesia., II) Adrenaline is rapidly oxidized by dissolved oxygen in an alkaline, media. Hence its pH is stabilized by buffer of pH range 2.5-3.0, III) Penicillin preparations are stabilized by addition of calcium, carbonate, Sodium citrate or Aluminum hydroxide., B) Structural stability- Some compounds are structurally unstable within certain, pH range, usually due to auto-oxidation., E.g.:- Sulfonamide preparations are stabilized by NaHCO3, sodium acetate, or sodium citrate., C) In analysis – Buffers of known pH are required as standards in analytical, laboratories., E.g.:-Calibration of pH meter, Preparation of mobile phase in HPLC etc., D) Solubility- Solubility of compounds is controlled by providing a medium of, suitable pH., E.g.:- Iron salts, phosphates are precipitate in alkaline medium but it is soluble, in acidic medium., , 6

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E) Colour – Colour of many natural dyes, present in fluid extracts or of certain, synthetic drugs has been found to be pH dependent., Red colour of cherry & raspberry syrups is maintained at acidic pH which, becomes pale yellow to nearly colourless at alkaline pH., , Q.3 Explain principle involved in the assay of Boric acid, M-14, (4), Write principle and reaction involved in assay of boric acid., M-17,D-17 (4), Assay of boric acid is based on acid-base type of titration in which boric acid is, very weak acid and titrated against strong alkali like sodium hydroxide., Boric acid is a weak acid hence it must be combined with polyhydroxy compound, like glycerin mannitol etc., Addition of glycerin produce glyceroboric acid complex., Glyceroboric acid complex can be titrated against a strong base like sodium, hydroxide, which shows pink colour at end point., Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator, Reaction:-, , Q.4 Give the reason for following, Use of glycerin in assay of boric acid, , M-16/D-14, , (2), , Boric acid is a weak acid (pKa ~9.19) Hence it must be combined with a, polyhydroxy compound, in this case glycerin is used., , 7

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Glycerin esterifies the boric acid to produce complex glyceroboric acid which acts, as a strong monoprotic acid., Gyceroboric acid complex allows the titration to be carried out. Once combined, it, can be titrated against a strong base like sodium hydroxide, which shows distinct, end point., Q.5 Give Chemical formula /Synonyms of following, Sr., Chemical name, No, 1 Hydrochloric acid, , Chemical, formula, HCl, , Synonyms, Muriatic acid, , 2, , Nitric acid, , HNO3, , Aqua fortis, , 3, , Boric Acid, , H3BO3, , Boracic acid, , 4, , Sodium Hydroxide, , NaOH, , Caustic soda, , 5, , Sodium carbonate, , Na2CO3, , Washing soda, , 6, , Sodium bicarbonate, , NaHCO3, , Baking soda, , 7, , Potassium Hydroxide, , KOH, , Caustic potash, , 8, , Ammonia, , NH3, , Liquor Ammonia fortis, , 8

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3. Antioxidants, Q.1 Define antioxidants with examples., What are antioxidants give eg. and write MOA., What are anti oxidants discuss importance, , M-17, D-17, M-14,D-15, , (2), (4), (4), , Antioxidants are the agents which inhibit oxidation and commonly used to, prevent rancidity of oil and fats through oxidative process., Mechanism of Antioxidants and its importance, The mechanism of action of inorganic type of antioxidants is the same as it is, involved in redox type of chemical reaction. In a redox reaction, there is a transfer, of electron from one compound to another., Oxidation is the loss of electrons from chemical compound., Reduction is the gain of electrons from chemical compound., Overall reaction can be shown as, Oxidation + e-, , ↔, , Reduction, , 1. When a substance acts as antioxidant (against oxidation = reducing agent) it, gets oxidized itself and prevents the oxidation of the active pharmaceutical, compound or drug,, E.g.:-Bisulphite, Metabisulphite, Sulphur dioxide etc act by this mechanism., 2. If the active pharmaceutical compound is already oxidized, then the antioxidant, will reduce it back to its original form (Reduced form)., E.g.:- Hypophosphorous acid, Sodium thiosulphate etc act by this mechanism., 3. Certain antioxidants can act as antioxidant by preventing pharmaceutical, preparations to come in contact with oxygen., E.g.:- Nitrogen gas act by this mechanism., 4. A strong antioxidant will protect the material when used in small amount and, for longer period., Eg:- Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium Nitrite, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen gas etc., , 9

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4. Gastro intestinal agent, Q.1 Define and classify gastrointestinal agent with examples., D-17, (4), Define and classify gastrointestinal agent with E.g. & write preparation of, any one, M-16, (7), Gastrointestinal (GI) agents are the chemical compounds which are used to, treat gastrointestinal disease or disorder, Such as diarrhoea, dysentery, constipation, etc., The various type of GI agents used as follows. Acidifying agents,- for, achlorhydria, Antacids- for acidity, Protective & adsorbent for internal ulcer and, bacterial toxins and cathartics for Constipation., Classification of gastrointestinal agents or inorganic compound acting as, gastrointestinal agent:, 1., 2., , 3., 4., , Acidifying agents (Increasing the gastric pH), E.g. Dilute HCl, Antacids (for neutralization of Hydrochloric acid), E.g. Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminum phosphate,, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate,, Magnesium oxide etc., Protective’s and Adsorbents, E.g. kaolin, Bismuth subcarbonate, Cathertics / Laxatives / Purgatives, E.g. Sodium potassium tartrate, Magnesium sulphate etc., , Write method of preparation of Aluminum hydroxide., A hot solution of potash alum is added slowly with constant stirring to a hot, solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)., After complete expulsion of CO2 the precipitated aluminium hydroxide is filtrated,, washed thoroughly with hot water until free from sulphate ion., 3𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3+, Sodium carbonate, , 2𝐾𝐴𝑙(𝑆𝑂4)2 + 3𝐻2𝑂 → 3𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐾2𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐴𝑙(𝑂𝐻)3↓+ 3𝐶𝑂2↑, Potash Alum, , water, , Sodium, Sulphate, , Uses:1. It is used as antacids., 2. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer., , 11, , Potassium, sulphate, , Aluminum, , hydroxide, , Carbon dioxid

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3. It is used in the treatment of hyperchlorhydria, , Q.2 Define Acidifying agent., M-16,18, (1/2), The drugs which increase the acidity in stomach are known as Acidifying, agents., E.g. Dilute HCl, Q.3 Define Achlorhydria (Absence of HCl in stomach), The epithelial cells of gastric mucosa secretes HCl in the stomach hence, stomach has acidic pH. If due to some reason HCl is not secreted the condition is, known as achlorhydria., Q.4 Write Note on Acidifying agent., , D-14,17, , (3/4), , The drugs which increase the acidity in stomach are known as Acidifying agents., The epithelial cells of gastric mucosa secretes HCl in the stomach hence stomach, has acidic pH., If due to some reason HCl is not secreted the condition is known as achlorhydria., The HCl softens the fibrous food and promotes the formation of enzyme pepsin, from pepsinogen at acidic pH and kills harmful bacteria in ingested food and fluids., However the proteolytic action of pepsin best at pH below 4., Thus, in achlorhydria the activity of pepsin is disturbed which may lead to gastro, intestinal disturbance., So in order to counteract the effect of achlorhydria dilute HCl is used as an, acidifying agent., Symptoms of achlorhydria are abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, mild, diarrhoea., , Q.5 Define and classify antacid with examples., M-14, (4), Define and classify antacid with examples write preparation and assay of, Sodium bicarbonate., M-17,18, (14), Antacid are the agents or pharmaceutical preparation which neutralizes excess, HCl in Stomach., Classification of antacid, A. Systemic antacid- (Produces systemic electrolyte alteration & alkalosis), E.g.:- Sodium bicarbonate, B. Non Systemic antacid (Do not produces systemic electrolyte alteration), , 12

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Antacid are classified on the basis of inorganic element present in compound., 1.Aluminum compounds as antacid., E.g.:- Aluminum hydroxide, Aluminum Phosphate, Aluminum carbonate., 2.Calcium compound as antacids., E.g. Calcium carbonate, Tribasic calcium phosphate, 3.Magnesium compounds as antacids., E.g. Magnesium carbonates, Magnesium oxide, Magnesium trisilicate,, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Phosphate., 4.Combination preparation., E.g. Aluminum hydroxide & Magnesium hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide gel, & Magnesium trisilicate., Preparation of Sodium Bicarbonate:, Sodium Bicarbonate is prepared by salvay process in this process the Sodium, chloride, Ammonia and carbon dioxide react to yield Sodium carbonate which react, with carbon dioxide and water to produce sodium bicarbonate., 2 NaCl + 2 NH3 + CO2 +H2O → Na2CO3 + 2 NH4Cl, Sodium chloride, , ammonia, , Sodium carbonate, , Na2CO3 + CO2, Sodium carbonate, , ammonium chloride, , +H2O → 2NaHCO3, Sodium bi-carbonate, , Assay of Sodium bicarbonate, D-13, M-14,16, (4), Assay of sodium bicarbonate is based on the principle of Acid base type of, titration (Neutralization reaction). In this assay Sodium bicarbonate is directly, titrated with standard Acid such as sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric acid. Methyl, orange is used as an Indicator., 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4, Na2SO4 + 2H2O +2 CO2, Sodium Bicarbonate, , Sulphuric acid, , Sodium sulphate, , Water, , Q.6 Write Ideal properties of Antacid., It should not be absorbable and cause systemic alkalosis., It should not be laxative or cause constipation., It should exert effect rapidly & over a long period of time., It should buffer in pH 4-6., It should not produce large volume of gas., It should be palatable & inexpensive., It should be insoluble in water & have fine particle size., It should not have side effects., , 13, , Carbon dioxide

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Q.7 Write method of preparation & uses of Milk of magnesia., , M-16, , (4), , Magnesium hydroxide 𝑀g (𝑂𝐻)2, It is made by interacting sodium hydroxide with magnesium sulphate., Light magnesium oxide is mixed into a smooth cream with the solution of sodium, hydroxide diluted with water and the suspention is poured in thin stream into, solution of magnesium sulphate stirring continuously. The ppt is allowed to settle, the upper clear liquid is removed by decantation., The residue is transferred on a calico filter washed with water until free from, sulphate ions., The ppt is mixed sufficient water to produced required volume., Reaction:𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4, Magnesium sulphate, , Uses:-, , + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 →, Sodium Hydroxide, , Mg(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4, Sodium Sulphate, Magnesium hydroxide, , It is used as antacid & cathartics., , Q.8 Explain Protective’s and Adsorbents., D-15, (4), Protective’s and adsorbents are the chemical agents used internally in treatment of, disturbances of gastrointestinal tract like diarrhoea & dysentery because they are, water insoluble substances and they form a protective coat on the mucosal, membrane and offer mechanical protection, furthermore, they adsorb bacterial, toxins which are believed to stimulate flow of electrolytes into intestine resulting in, watery stools., Eg.: Bismuth Sub carbonate, Kaolin etc., Some protectives and adsorbents are used externally., Q.9 Write a note on Cathartics, Write a note on Saline cathartics ., , M-14, D-14 M-18, , (3), (4), , Cathartics: Cathartics are the agents used to promote defecation or to relieve, constipation., Laxatives are mild cathartic and Purgatives are strong cathartics., Types of Cathartics:, 1. Laxatives, A) Bulk producing drugsE.g.:- Isapgol, agar-agar, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose., B) Stool softners (Emollient), , 14

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E.g.:- Liquid Paraffin, 2. Strong purgatives, A) Irritant/Stimulant purgativesSenna glycoside, phenolphthalein, aloe, castor oil, rhubarb., B) Saline cathartics/ Osmotic laxatives, (i) Sodium Containing products, E.g.:-Sodium Potassium Tartrate, Sodium Phosphate, (ii) Magnesium Containing productsE.g.:-Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium Citrate, (iii) Sulfur as cathartic, (iv) Non official Cathartics, E.g.:- Sodium Sulphate, Potassium Phosphate., Q.10 Give synonym & Chemical Formula for the following., Sr., No., , Name of, Compound, , Chemical, formula, , Synonyms, , Uses, , 1, , Magnesium sulphate, , Mg(SO4), , Epsom Salt, , Antacid, , 2, , Sodium potassium, tartarate, , C4H6O6NaK, , Rochelle salt/, Seignette salt, , Saline, purgative, , 3, , Sodium bicarbonate, , NaHCO3, , Baking Soda, , Systemic, alkaliser, , 4, , Sodium carbonate, , Na2CO3, , Washing Soda, , -, , 5, , Magnesium, Hydroxide, , Mg(OH)2, , Milk of, magnesia, , Antacid, , 6, , Bismuth, subcarbonate, , [(BiO2) CO3]2, , -, , Antacid, Astringent, , 15

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16

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5. TOPICAL AGENT, Q-1 Define the following terms, A) Topical agent, , M-15,19/D-17, , (2), , Topical agents are compounds or preparations applied locally on the surface of skin, or mucous membranes. The compounds have very less distinct pharmacological, properties as they are not absorbed in systemic circulation., E.g.:- Hydrogen peroxide, Calamine, Alum, Zinc sulphate etc., B) Astringents, , M-16,17,18/D-15,17, , (2), , Astringents are the agents which cause local or surface or mild protein precipitation, when applied to damaged skin or mucous membrane., This action may be on mucosal membrane when taken internally or on skin for, topical use., Astringents when applied topically cause precipitation of protein of surface cell by, coagulation. The action depends upon the extent of penetration of agent and the, type of chemical action resulting with protein., E.g.:- Alum, Zinc sulphate, Silver nitrate etc., C) Bactericidal agents, , M-16, , (2), , The chemical compounds or agents which kill the bacteria are called as bactericidal, agents., E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Cetrimide etc, D) Antimicrobials, , M-19, , (2), , The agents which destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganism are, called as Antimicrobial agent, E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Cetrimide etc, , E) Antiseptic, , M-19, , (2), , Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to, reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis., E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine etc., , 17

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F) Disinfectants, Disinfectants are substances that are applied to non-living/inanimate objects to, destroy microorganisms., E.g.:-Phenol, Borax etc., G) Protective and adsorbents, , M-16,18/D-15, , (2), , Protectives and adsorbents are the chemical agents used internally in treatment of, disturbances of gastrointestinal tract like diarrhoea & dysentery because they are, water insoluble substances and they form a protective coat on the mucosal, membrane and offer mechanical protection, furthermore, they adsorb bacterial, toxins which are believed to stimulate flow of electrolytes into intestine resulting in, watery stools. (These are internal Protective and adsorbents), E.g.:- Bismuth Sub carbonate, Protective and adsorbent may be used externally for protection from sun, UV rays, etc., E.g.:- Calamine, Zinc Oxide etc., Q.2 Define and classify Topical agents with examples, M-15/D17, (4), Topical agents are compounds or preparations applied locally on the surface of skin, or mucous membranes., Classification of Topical agents, 1. Protectives & Adsorbents:, E.g. Talc, Zinc oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium dioxide etc., 2. Antimicrobial agents:, a. Compounds acting by oxidation:, E.g. Hydrogen peroxide, Potassium permanganate etc., b. Compounds acting by halogenation:, E.g. Iodine preparations, Chlorinated lime, Sodium Hypochlorite, c. Compounds acting by Protein precipitation:, E.g. silver nitrate, mild silver protein, mercury & mercury, compounds like yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury etc., 3. Sulphur & its compounds:, E.g. Sublimed sulphur, precipitated sulphur, selenium sulphide, 4. Astringents:, E.g. Alum, zinc sulphate, Aluminium chloride, etc., , 18

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Q.3 Write desirable properties of antimicrobial as topical agent., , (4), , It should have broad spectrum antimicrobial activity., Antimicrobial agents should be stable for long period of time., Antimicrobial activity should not be loose on storage., It should be lethal for Micro-organism but should not harmful for human being or, animals., Antimicrobial agents should be odourless or has pleasant odour., It should be economically cheap., It should be easily available., Q.4 Write 2 Mercury & 2 Sulphur containing compound used as a topical agents, M-19, (2), Sulphur containing compound :Sublimed sulphur, Precipitated sulphur, selenium sulphide, Mercury containing compound:Mercury, Yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury., Q.5 What are Astringents? Give examples and uses of any Two compounds (4), Write short note on Astringents. (Write method of preparation and assay, principle of any Two (Q.7&Q.8), D-15, (7), Astringents are the agents which cause local or surface or mild protein precipitation, when applied to damaged skin or mucus membrane., This action may be on mucosal membrane when taken internally or on skin for, topical use. Astringents when applied topically cause precipitation of protein of, surface cell by coagulation. The action depends upon the extent of penetration of, agent and the type of chemical action resulting with protein., E.g. Alum – Potassium Alum- KAl(SO4)2,, Zinc sulphate- ZnSO4 White vitriol,, Aluminium chloride- AlCl3, Applications of Astringents, 1. It causes constriction of small blood capillaries, and promote the coagulation of, blood hence used as styptic, 2. It decreases the volume of exudates from wounds & skin eruptions., 3. Astringent causes constriction of skin pores & destroy body odor, hence used, as an antiperspirant & deodorant., , 19

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4. It restricts blood flow to the surface of mucous membrane hence astringent, decreases inflammation., , Q.6 Write Chemical formula & Uses of, , (2), , Sr., No, , Chemical name, , Synonyms, , Chemical, formula, , Uses/, Category, , 1, , Zinc sulphate, , White vitriol, , ZnSO4, , Astringents, , Blue vitriol, , CuSO4, , Fungicide,, herbicide, , Borax, , Na2, [B4O5(OH), 4]. 8H2O, , Disinfectants, , Fe2O4Zn, , ZnO ,0.5%, Fe2O3, , Protective &, adsorbents, (external), , Bleaching, powder/, Chlorinated, lime, , CaOCl2, , Water, treatment, , Alum, , KAl(SO4)2, , Astringents, , 2, , Copper sulphate (D-14, M17,18), , 3, , 4, , 5, , Sodium Borate/ Disodium, tetra borate ( M-14, 16,18), , Calamine, , Calcium Hypochlorite (M14,16), , 6, , Potassium Alum ( M-14), , Q.7 Write Method of preparation and uses of, A) Chlorinated lime (Calcium Hypochlorite CaOCl2), M-17 (2), Preparation:It is obtained by the action of chlorine on calcium hydroxide. Slaked lime, (calcium hydroxide) is spread on shelves in a suitable container then the chlorine, gas is introduced at the top of the chamber and passed through the contents of the, shelves. This is usually carried out at 250C thus minimizing the formation of, calcium hypochlorite., 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O, Calcium hydroxide Chlorine gas Calcium hypochlorite water, , Uses:- Used in water treatment, , 20

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B) Zinc oxide, M-14, (2), Preparation:To the aqueous solution of zinc sulfate, sodium hydroxide solution was added, slowly drop wise in a molar ratio of 1:2 under vigorous stirring, and the stirring was, continued for 12 hrs. The precipitate obtained was filtered and washed thoroughly, with de-ionized water. The precipitate was dried in an oven at 100°C and ground to, fine powder., ZnSO4 + 2 NaOH → ZnO + Na2SO4 + H2O, Zinc Sulphate Sodium hydroxide, , Zinc oxide Sodium Sulphate water, , Use:-Astringent, C) Hydrogen peroxide, M-15,16,17/D-17, (2), Preparation:It is prepared by adding a paste of barium peroxide in ice cold dilute sulphuric, acid (H2SO4). The insoluble barium sulphate is filtered off., BaO2 + H2SO4 → H2O2, + BaSO4, Barium peroxide, , Sulphuric acid, , Hydrogen peroxide, , Barium sulphate, , Use:- Antiseptic, D) Ammoniated mercury, , M-15,16,17, , (2), , Preparation:Cold solution of Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) slowly mixed into ammonia with, constant stirring. The precipitate is washed and dried at temp. Below 300C., Continuous and prolong washing give yellowish coloured basic compound of, ammoniated mercury., HgCl2 +2NH3 → NH2HgCl + NH4Cl, Mercuric chloride Ammonia Ammoniated mercury Ammonium chloride, , Use:- Astringent, E) Potassium permanganate, , M-17, , (2), , Preparation:On a large scale potassium permanganate is prepared by mixing of KOH, solution with powdered manganese oxide (MnO2) and potassium chlorate (KClO3)., The mixture is boiled evaporated and the residue is heated in iron pans until it has, acquired a pasty consistency., 6KOH, Potassium hydroxide, , + 3MnO2, , + 6 KClO3, Manganese oxide Potassium chlorate, , 21, , → 3 K2MnO4, + 6KCl +, Potassium mangnate potassium chloride, , 3H2O

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Potassium manganate so formed is boiled with large quantity of water and current, of chlorine, CO2 and ionized air is passed into the liquid until it converted to, permanganate, 6 K2MnO4 + 3Cl2 → 6KMnO4 + 6 KCl, Potassium Mangnate Chlorine gas Potassium permanganate Potassium chloride, , Use:- Disinfectant, , F) Alum, , D-14, , (2), , Preparation:Aluminum sulphate are dissolved in boiling water. Potassium sulphate are, dissolved with constant stirring and 10% sulphuric acid is added. The hot solution is, filtered and cooled to room temperature. During the cooling potassium alum, crystallizes. The solution is filtered and evaporated and collect sample., K2SO4, , + Al2 (SO4)3 → 2KAl (SO4) 2, , Potassium sulfate, , Aluminum sulfate, , Potash alum, , Use:- Astringents, G) Calamine, , D-14, , (2), , Preparation:Calamine is mixture of Zinc oxide and ferric oxide. It is prepared by simply, mixing of zinc oxide into ferric oxide., ZnO, + Fe2O3 →, Fe2O4Zn, Zinc oxide, Ferric oxide, Calamine, Use:- External protective, Q.8 Write principle and reaction involved in assay of following, A) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), M-15,16,18,19/D-15,17, (4), Principle:This assay is based upon the oxidation –reduction type of titration in which, solution of potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizing agent., Hydrogen peroxide also as an oxidizing agent but in presence of strong oxidizing, agent like potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide acts as reducing agent., The potassium permanganate solution acts as self indicator., , 22

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Ammonium thiocyanate solution using ferric ammonium sulphate used as an, indicator until brick red colour is obtained., AgNO3 + NH4SCN, → AgSCN ↓ + NH4NO3, Silver Nitrate Ammonium thiocyanate, , NH4SCN, , Silver thiocyanate, , + NH4Fe(SO4)2, , Ammonium Thiocyanate, , Ferric ammonium sulphate, , Ammonium nitrate, , → Fe(SCN)3, Ferric thiocyanate, , + 4 (NH4)2 SO4, Ammonium sulphate, , E) Potassium permanganate, , M-14,16,18/D-14, , (4), , Principle:Potassium permanganate is assayed by redox titration. Potassium permanganate, is titrated against standard oxalic acid in presence of sulphuric acid. Oxalic acid get, oxidised to carbon dioxide by KMnO4, 2KMnO4 +3 H2SO4 + 5 H2C2O4→ K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 8 H2O + 10 CO2 ↑, F) Chlorinated lime, Principle:It is assayed by redox titration method. Chlorinated lime liberates chlorine, slowly when it is added to water the available chlorine in the sample is released, readily. An aqueous suspension of the sample is treated with acetic acid in presence, of potassium iodide in iodine flask. Acetic acid liberates chlorine from the sample, which displace and equivalent amount of iodine from potassium iodide. The, liberated iodine then titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate solution (0.1N), using Starch solution as an indicator., G) Yellow mercury oxide, , M-18, , (4), , Principle:It is assayed by precipitation titration method the mercuric oxide is dissolved in, nitric acid which leads to the formation of mercuric nitrate. This is titrated with, 0.1N ammonium thiocyanate solution. This leads to formation of mercuric, thiocyanate as precipitated this gives red colour with ferric ammonium sulphate, solution as an indicator., Q.9 Write uses, stability & storage condition of following, A) Hydrogen peroxide, Uses:- Mild antiseptic, Cleansing agent for cuts & wounds., , 24

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Stability &Storage condition:- It is stored in light protected containers in cool and, dark place, Bottles should be closed with glass stoppers or plastic caps provided, with a vent for the escape of oxygen., B) Silver Nitrate, M-15, (2), Uses:- Astringents , Antibacterial, Storage:- Silver nitrate is light sensitive hence, it is stored in amber coloured bottle, in a cool and dark place., Q.10 Write role of H2SO4 in assay of Hydrogen peroxide assay, , (2), , It is necessary to hydrogen per oxide solution acidic. The Hydrogen ion take part in, the reaction, so H2SO4 should be used., Permanganate is powerful oxidizing agent, if HCl is used in place of H2SO4, Permanganate oxidizes chloride ion to form chlorine., Q.11 Write role of KSCN in assay of Copper sulphate assay, , (2), , This assay is based on Iodometric titration, and it should be performed in acidic pH, (4-5) this pH is maintained by Acetic acid or ammonia. Potassium thiocyanate, (KSCN) is used to sharpen the end point by making Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN)., CuSCN is slightly less soluble than Iodide., Q.12 Complete the following reaction, A) Potassium permanganate + Ethanol, 2KMnO4 + 3C2H5OH → 2MnO2 +, Potassium, , ethanol, , (4), , Manganese, , 3CH3CHO + 2KOH + H2O, Acetaldehyde potassium, water, , oxide, , hydroxide, , permanganate, , B) HgCl2, , +, , NaOH → ?, , HgCl2, , +, , NaOH →, , HgO, , Mercuric chloride Sodium hydroxide Mercuric oxide, , + NaCl +, Sodium chloride, , H2 O, , water, , Q.13 What is the strength of 20 volume H2O2 solution. Why is it called so? Explain, its Storage condition assay procedure and principle with suitable equation and, its official uses, M-19, (13), , 25

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Volume strength:- It is volume of oxygen gas obtained upon complete, decomposition of one volume (ml) of hydrogen peroxide solution at normal, temperature and pressure., Calculation2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2, Hence 68 gm. of H2O2 gives 32 gm. of O2= 22.4 litres of O2 at NTP, (One mole of oxygen occupied = 22.4 litres Volume), Hence 1gm of H2O2 will give 22400/68 ml of O2, = 329.4ml of O2, Let concentration of H2O2= Y=20%W/V, 1 ml undiluted H2O2 contains Y/100=20/100 gm. of O2 = 0.2 gm., Hence Volume strength of H2O2, = 329.41 × Y/100, = 329.41×0.2, = 65.88, Therefore Volume strength of 20%W/V H2O2 is 65.88V, , Assay procedure of H2O2, •, , Take 10 ml of sample (H2O2) and diluted to 250 ml in a volumetric flask with, purified water., , •, , Take 25 ml of above solution, , •, , Add 10 ml of dil. sulphuric acids & titrated with 0.1N Potassium permanganate, until faint pink colour obtained., , 26

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6. Dental products, Q.1 Write note on dental products, Define and classify dental products/ Dentifrices with examples., Add a note on dental products., Classify dental products with suitable examples`, , M-14, , (6), (4), D-17 (4), M-17 (4), , Dentifrises:, M-18, (2), Dentifrises are the products which are used in cleaning, polishing, treating dental, caries, desensitizing, or for any dental infection are called as dental products., Classification:1. Anticaries agents:, E.g. Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride, 2. Cleaning agents: It helps to remove stains from teeth and gives abrasiveness., E.g. Calcium phosphate dibasic, Sodium metaphosphate, 3. Polishing agents: It gives whiteness to the teeth., E.g. Calcium carbonate, Calcium pyrophosphate, 4. Desensitizing agents: It reduces the sensitivity of teeth to heat and cold., E.g. Zinc chloride, Strontium chloride, Q.2 Explain the following terms with examples:, Anticaries agent / Define caries and how it is treated?, Desensitizing agents, Polishing agent, , M-14,18/D-15 (2), , Anticaries agent --The agents which prevent the formation of dental caries are, called anticaries agents., E.g.: Sodium Fluoride, Stannous fluoride etc., In order to prevent dental caries and to maintain clean and healthy teeth use of, fluoride and their salts is well accepted., Dental caries:-Caries or tooth decay is break down of enamel and the dentine is, exposed., food particles (especially those containing fermentable carbohydrates) lodged, between the teeth undergo decay because of bacterial action and produce acids, (e.g. lactic acid)., The produced acid dissolves enamel and dentine., , 27

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Desensitizing agents, These agents are used to decrease hypersensitivity of teeth to heat, cold &, sweet, when applied to outer surface of teeth., E.g: Zinc Chloride, Strontium Chloride., Polishing agent, The substances which give whiteness to teeth by their abrasive action are, called polishing agent., E.g. Calcium carbonates, Dibasic calcium phosphate and Sodium metaphosphate., , Q.3 Give the use for stannous Flouride, , M-17, , (1), , Chemical formula (SnF), Use:- Anti-caries agent, Q.4 Write Role of fluoride in dental products., M-16/D-14, Fluoride is used for preventing dental caries and is well accepted., , (4), , Administration of traces of fluoride containing salts used in topical application to, the teeth help in preventing dental carries., When a fluoride containing salts or solution is taken internally it gets readily, absorbed, transported and deposited in the bone or developing teeth and reminder is, excreted by kidney., Deposited fluoride on the surface of teeth used to prevent the action of acid or, enzyme in producing lesions., A small quantity 1 ppm of fluoride is there for necessary to prevent dental carries., More quantity of fluoride more than 2 ppm is ingested it produces mottling of, enamel known as “dental fluoroses”., Fluoride is administered by two routes orally and topically., Use of fluoridation of public water supply is a most common and effective method, of oral administration in a concentration of about 1ppm/day., For topical application 2% solution is used on teeth., E.g. Sodium fluoride (NaF) ,Stannus fluoride (SnF), , 28

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7. Inhalants, Q.1 Give the storage condition and labelling for following gases., A. Carbon dioxide CO2, M-15,19/D-15,17, B. Oxygen O2, , M-15,17/D-15, , C. Nitrous oxide N2O, , M-17,19/D-17, , (2), (2), (2), , A) Carbon di-oxide (CO2), Carbon dioxide for inhalation should be stored in metal cylinders with, compression., Valve of the cylinder should not be lubricated with grease or oil., It should be store at cool temperature but not exceeding above 310C., Cylinder should be kept in separate room., The whole cylinder should be painted with grey colour., Name of the gas "Carbon dioxide" or chemical symbol “CO2" should be stenciled, in paint on the shoulder of the cylinder., The name or chemical symbol should be clear., B) Oxygen (O2), Oxygen for inhalation should be stored in metal cylinders with compression., Valve of the cylinder should not be lubricated with grease or oil., It should be store at cool temperature., Cylinder should be kept in separate room., The body of the cylinder should be painted black and shoulder with white colour., Name of the gas "Oxygen" or the chemical symbol “O2" should be stenciled in, paint on the shoulder of the cylinder., The name or chemical symbol should be clear., C) Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Nitrogen for inhalation should be stored in metal cylinders with compression., Valve of the cylinder should not be lubricated with grease or oil., It should be store at cool temperature but not exceeding above 370C., Cylinder should be kept in separate room., The whole cylinder should be painted with blue colour., Name of the gas "Nitrous oxide" or the chemical symbol “N2O" should be, stenciled in paint on the shoulder of the cylinder., The name or chemical symbol should be clear., , 29

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8. Respiratory Stimulants, Q.1 Write note on Respiratory Stimulants with suitable example., M-18, (4), What are respiratory stimulants ? Give the preparation of ammonium, carbonate, M-17, (4), Respiratory stimulants:, The substances which increase the rate of respiration are called as Respiratory, stimulants., OR, Respiratory stimulants are the agents which increase pulmonary ventilation by their, effect on depth and rate of respiration by stimulating respiratory centre in the, medulla., E.g.:- Gaseous Ammonia, Ammonium carbonate etc., , Ammonium Carbonate:- (NH4)2 CO3, Synonyms: Bakers Ammonia , Salt of hartshorn, Properties of Ammonium carbonate:, Colour:- White powder, Odour:- Odour of ammonia, Nature:- Aqueous solution is Alkaline, Solubility:- Soluble in water, Uses:Respiratory stimulants, Preparation of Ammonium carbonate:, Ammonium carbonate is made by mixing of ammonium sulphate, ammonium, chloride and calcium carbonate in furnace., , 31

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9. Expectorants &Emetics, Q.1 Write note on expectorants and examples from inorganic compound., M-14,D-17, , (4), , Expectorants are the drugs or chemical compounds that remove sputum, from the respiratory tract. These drugs either increase the fluidity of sputum or, increase the volume of fluids that have to be expelled from respiratory tract., Expectorants are used in the treatment of cough., E.g.:- Potassium iodide, Antimony potassium tartrate, Ammonium chloride., Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl, Synonyms:- Ammonium muriate, Properties of Ammonium chloride:, Colour:- White, Odour:- Odourless, Taste:- Saline Taste, Nature:- Hygroscopic (Absorb moisture), Aq. Solution is Acidic, Solubility:- Soluble in water, Sparingly soluble in alcohol, Freely soluble in, glycerin, On Heating :- Sublime (Directly convert to vapours), Uses:Expectorants,, Emetics, Diuretics, Systemic acidifiers., Q.2 Write note on emetics, D-15,M-16-18, (1/2), Emetics are defined as the drugs which are used to cause emesis (vomiting)., Emetics are generally used in the treatment of different poisoning caused due to, ingestion of poisons / toxic materials., Examples:- Sodium chloride , Antimony potassium tartrate, Ammonium chloride., , 33

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Q.5 Write Chemical formula and uses of following:Sr., No, , Chemical name, , 1, , Ammonium chloride, , 2, , Potassium Iodide, , 3, , Antimony potassium, Tartrate, , 4, , Sodium chloride, , Chemical formula, , Uses/Category, , NH4 Cl, , Expectorants, Emetics, , KI, , Expectorants, emetics, , K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2, , Expectorants, Emetics, , NaCl, , 35, , Emetics,, replishner, , Electrolyte

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10. Major Intra and Exrta cellular, electrolyte, Q.1 Write note on ORS & their importance., M-14, 16, (4/6), Discuss the formula of ORS, D-13, (4), Write note on ORS, M-13, (5), Write a note on combination of oral electrolyte powder, D-15, (5), Write the composition of ORS-A, mention its uses and how it is used., M-19 (4), ORS stands for Oral rehydration salt. It is used to supply water and, electrolytes in amounts needed for maintenance when intake of usual foods and, liquids is discontinued, and before serious fluid losses occur. They are also given to, replace mild to moderate fluid loses due to excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, or, prolonged fever., Large number of oral rehydration preparations are available in the market which, contain anhydrous glucose, NaCl, KCl and either NaHCO3 or sodium citrate., These are the dry powder preparations. They are dissolved in specified amount of, water and used for oral rehydration therapy. These preparations may contain a, flavoring agent., The quantities given below are for preparing one litre solution., Composition of ORS, Recommended by WHO and UNICEF., Ingredients, , Formula-I, , Formula-II, , Formula-III, , Sodium Chloride, , 1.0 gm, , 3.5 gm, , 3.5 gm, , Sodium bicarbonate, , 1.5 gm, , 2.5 gm, , -, , Sodium Citrate, , -, , -, , 2.9 gm, , Potassium Chloride, , 1.5 gm, , 1.5 gm, , 1.5 gm, , 20 gm, , 20 gm, , 22.0 gm, , -, , Anhydrous glucose, Glucose, , Or 36.4 gm, 40.0 gm, , 37

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Q. 2 Define and classify intra cellular and extra cellular electrolytes with examples, M-16 (8), Write a note on major intra & extra cellular electrolyte, D-17 (4), Write a note on major intra & extra cellular electrolyte, M-17 (5), Discuss the major intra & extra cellular electrolyte, D-13 (7), Electrolytes:- Electrolyte is a substance when dissolve in water it produces cation, and anion., Intracellular electrolytes:- These are the electrolytes which are present within the, cell fluid., It contain 65% of total body water, E.g.:- Potassium (major cation in ICF), Phosphate, Magnesium, Extracellular electrolytes:- These are the electrolytes which are available outside, cell. Eg:- Intravascular fluid, interstitial trans cellular fluid etc., It contain 37% of total body water., E.g.:- Chlorides (Major anion in ECF), Sodium (Major Cation in ECF), Calcium, Bicarbonates., Q.3 Write note on Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, , D-14 M-15, , (7/6), , Acidosis-Acidosis may be defined as increases in H+ ion concentration or, decreases the HCO3 ion concentration in blood and body fluid., Alkalosis:- Alkalosis may be defined as increase in the HCO3- ion concentration in, blood and body fluid., If these conditions occur due to the improper metabolism in body then it called as, metabolic acidosis/ or alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis: Metabolic acidosis occurs due to disturbance in acid-base, balance in which acid concentration is increased in blood & body fluid. It occurs, due to excess loss of base or bicarbonate (HCO3-), , 38

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Causes:• Excessive diarrhoea, vomiting., • Excess acid production occurs due to lactic acidosis, inadequate food intake,, lack of oxygen etc., • Excess acid retention occurs due to renal failure or excess administration of, acidifying salts like ammonium chloride., • It is also due to some disease & disorder:Diabetes mellitus & Diabetic ketoacidosis:- in this condition carbohydrate, metabolism decreased and Fat catabolism increases, due to fat catabolism ketone, bodies produces which causes Acidosis., Renal failure: protein waste product not properly excreted., Treatment- This can be overcome by respiratory & renal mechanism. E.g. lungs, increase CO2 elimination and also treated by using drugs like Sodium bicarbonate,, Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate, Sodium citrate, Potassium citrate, Sodium, lactate etc., Metabolic alkalosis: Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to disturbance in acid-base, balance in which alkali (HCO3-) concentration is increased in blood & body fluid., It occurs due to retention of base or bicarbonate (HCO3-) or decrease in acid load., Causes:• Excess use of bicarbonates, loss of H+, vomiting, use of diuretics, • Excess alkali retention occurs due to renal failure or excess administration of, alkaline drugs like Sodium acetate, Potassium acetate., Treatment: This can be overcome by respiratory & renal mechanism. E.g. lungs, decrease CO2, Q.5 What is electrolyte replacement therapy? Explain it, D-15, (4), What are electrolytes? Write the electrolytes used for replacement therapy, M-15, (4), Electrolyte replacement therapy: In normal physiological conditions body, mechanism adjust the electrolyte balance by various mechanism and no, replacement is required. But due to some disease or disorder or any pathological, conditions there is deficiency of particular electrolyte occurred. Administration of, specific electrolyte in appropriate concentration of tonicity is mandatory. Single, electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium or in combination with other, , 39

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constituents like dextrose, mannitol is given by oral route or by intravenous, (parenteral) route to maintain the electrolyte balance in our body., Official preparations of Sodium chloride: NaCl, Sodium chloride injection (I.P , B.P), Sodium chloride solution (B.P), Sodium chloride Hypertonic Injection (I.P), Sodium chloride and Dextrose injection (I.P), Sodium chloride Tablet (B.P), Sodium chloride eye lotion (B.P), Q.6 Write note and electrolyte combination therapy, , M-15, , (6), , When patient is unable to take normal diet, ‘Electrolyte Combination Therapy’ is, used. Infusions containing glucose & normal saline are used., Electrolyte combination products are divided into –, Fluid maintenance & Electrolyte maintenance, Fluid maintenance: – The solutions of electrolytes are administered intravenously, which provide normal requirement of water & electrolytes to the patients who, cannot take food orally. All electrolyte infusions contain at least 5% glucose which, helps to reduce metabolites like urea, ketone bodies & phosphate usually associated, with starvation., Electrolyte maintenance:– When there is heavy loss of water and electrolytes e.g.,, in vomiting, diarrhoea, prolonged fever, electrolyte combinations are used as, replacement therapy. Electrolyte combinations & different concentrations are, commercially available as dry powders to be dissolved in water or in the form of, oral electrolyte solutions., ORS stands for Oral rehydration salt. It is used to supply water and electrolytes in, amounts needed for maintenance when intake of usual foods and liquids is, discontinued, and before serious fluid losses occur. They are also given to replace, mild to moderate fluid loses due to excessive vomiting, diarrhoea, or prolonged, fever., Large number of oral rehydration preparations are available in the market which, contain anhydrous glucose, NaCl, KCl and either NaHCO3 or sodium citrate., , 40

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Some important products are Sodium lactate injection IP, BP, Compound sodium, chloride injection IP etc., , Q.7 How acid base balance of body is maintained, M-17, (4), Discuss the physiological acid base balance, M-18, (4), Discuss the physiological acid base balance, D-14/17, (4/6), Physiological acid-base balance:- The acid base balance in the body is, well regulated by very complicated mechanism. A number of chemical reactions, take place in the cell and this is affected by pH. Acids are being constantly, produced in process of metabolism. E.g. Carbonic acid, lactic acid etc. Acids or, alkalis produced in the body may cause change in pH. Most of metabolic reactions, occur between body pH 7.38-7.42, and this is maintained by following mechanism:, Buffering system: Three major systems of buffering system occurring in the body, are:, 1. HCO3- / H2CO3 found in plasma & kidneys, 2. HPO4-- / H2PO-- present in cells & kidneys, 3. Protein or Hb buffer system, Respiratory mechanism:- The other important pH control is through the control, of respiratory centre. When this is stimulated, it alters the rate of breathing., Through the rate, the removal of CO2 from body fluid leads to the changes in pH of, blood. Retention of CO2 in the body due to decrease in ventilation as a result of, lung disease, pneumonia, CHF etc. induces respiratory acidosis This can be, overcome by renal mechanism., • Increase in acid excretion by Na+- H+ exchange., • Increase in ammonia (NH3) formation, • Increase in reabsorption of HCO3- (bicarbonate), In respiratory alkalosis, there is excess loss of CO2 from body due to over, breathing or hyperventilation as a result of emotional factors, fever, hypoxia, loss, of appetite, salicylate poisoning etc. This can be overcome by renal mechanism., • Increase in bicarbonate (HCO3-) excretion, • Decrease in ammonia (NH3) formation, • Decrease in re-absorption of HCO3- (bicarbonate), , 41

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Renal mechanism:- The another mechanism is via elimination of some ions, through urine by kidney. Absorption of certain ions and elimination of other ions, control the acid-base balance of blood and thus of body fluids., Q.8 Write principle involved in assay of, A) Sodium Chloride, M-14, (4), Principle:Assay of sodium chloride is based on precipitation type of titration. The, principle involved in this assay is type of Volhards method, in which Sodium, chloride is treated with Known excess amount of silver nitrate and the unreacted, silver nitrate is back titrated with standard ammonium thiocyanate solution using, ferric ammonium sulphate is as an indicator., Reaction:, NaCl, Excess, , +, , AgNO3, , AgCl, , AgNO3 + NH4 SCN, , + NaNO3, AgSCN + NH4NO3, , B) Sodium bicarbonate, D-13, M-16 , M-14, (4), Principle:Assay of sodium bicarbonate is based on the principle of Acid base type of, titration (Neutralization reaction). In this assay Sodium bicarbonate is directly, titrated with standard Acid such as sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric acid . Methyl, orange is used as an Indicator., 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4, Sodium Bicarbonate, , Sulphuric acid, , Na2SO4, Sodium sulphate, , + 2H2O, Water, , +2 CO2, Carbon dioxide, , Q. 9 Write method of preparation of compound Sodium lactate and sodium, Bicarbonate, D-14 (6), A) Preparation of compound Sodium lactate, Synonyms: - Ringer Lactate Solution for Infusion, Hartmann's Solution for Infusion, It is prepared by dissolving Sodium chloride, Potassium Chloride, Calcium, chloride and Sodium lactate in 1 litre of water for injection., , 42

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Ingredients, , Quantity/ 1000ml, , Sodium Chloride, , 6.00 g, , Potassium Chloride, , 0.40 g, , Calcium Chloride dehydrate, , 0.27 g, , Sodium Lactate, , 3.20 g, , B) Preparation of Sodium Bicarbonate:Sodium Bicarbonate is prepared by salvay process in this process the Sodium, chloride, Ammonia and carbon dioxide react to yield Sodium carbonate which, react with carbon dioxide and water to produce sodium bicarbonate., 2 NaCl + 2 NH3 + CO2 +H2O → Na2CO3, Sodium chloride Ammonia, , Na2CO3 +, Sodium carbonate, , Sodium carbonate, , + 2 NH4Cl, ammonium chloride, , CO2 +H2O → 2NaHCO3, Sodium bi-carbonate, , Q. 10 Write formula and category of, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium citrate, , (2), , M-14, , (1), , Sr., No., , Compound, , Chemical, formula, , Synonyms, , Uses/Category, , 1, , Sodium bicarbonate, , NaHCO3, , Baking soda, , Systemic alkaliser, , 2, , Sodium Chloride, , NaCl, , Table salt/, Common slat, , Electrolyte, replishner, , 3, , Sodium Citrate, , Na3C6H5O7, , Trisodium, citrate, , Electrolyte, replishner, , 43

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11. Antidote, Q.1 Define & classify antidote with examples., M-16/ D-14, What are antidotes? Give the preparation of Sodium Nitrite, M-17, Write short note on antidote., M-18/ D-17, , (4), (4), (4), , Antidote: The chemical agents which reverse or inhibit or stop or counteract the, action of poison in the body are called as antidote., Classification:, Antidote are classify into following classes on the basis of their mechanism of, action., 1. Physiological antidote: It acts by producing the effect opposite to that of, poison, or counteract the effect of poison physiologically., E.g.:- Sodium nitrite, Sodium Nitrite is used in cyanide poisoning. It converts haemoglobin into, methaemoglobin in order to bind cyanide poison., 2. Chemical antidote: It acts usually by combining with the poison and thus, changes the chemical nature and detoxifies the poison., E.g.:- Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium thiosulphate is used in cyanide poisoning. It converts the toxic, cyanide ion to non-toxic thiocyanate ion., 3. Mechanical antidotes: These usually act by adsorption of poison & thus, preventing its absorption in the body or expelling out the poison by emesis or, elimination through urine., E.g.:- Activated charcoal., Q.2 What are antidotes? Give the preparation of Sodium Nitrite, , M-17 (4), , Antidote: The chemical agents which reverse or inhibit or stop or counteract the, action of poison in the body are called as antidote., E.g:- Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Thiosulphate etc, , 45

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Preparation of Sodium nitrite:- The commercial method of manufacture consists, of absorbing nitrogen oxide gas and oxygen into sodium carbonate. The solution is, concentrated to crystallize out the product., 2Na2CO3 + 4NO, Sodium carbonate Nitrogen oxide, , + O2 → 4 NaNO2, Oxygen Sodium nitrite, , + 2CO2, Carbon dioxide, , The method include the reduction of sodium nitrate by lead in iron pan at around, 4500C or by the action of quick lime followed by sulphur dioxide where in calcium, sulphate precipitate formed is filtered off and filtrate allow to crystallize out, sodium nitrite., NaNO3, , +, , Sodium Nitrate, , Pb → NaNO2, Lead, , Sodium nitrite, , + PbO, Lead Oxide, , Q. 3 Write mechanism of antidote in cyanide poisoning, Or, Define antidote. Explain in detail the the use of sodium nitrite as an antidote., M-19, (4), Cyanide (CN) ion has a high affinity for ferric (Fe+++) ions & hence it readily, combines with it., Thus, cyanide poisons by combining with the ferric ion of cytochrome oxidase, which stops electron transfer chain & thereby stops cellular respiration or, oxidation-reduction reactions., Cyanide poisoning is treated by a combination of sodium nitrite & sodium, thiosulphate., Injection of sodium nitrite causes the oxidation of the ferrous ion (Fe++) of, haemoglobin to the ferric ion ( Fe+++) methemoglobin, which then combines with, the cyanide available in blood that has not yet entered the cells., Following the sodium nitrite injection, a slow intravenous infusion of sodium, thiosulfate is given., The thiosulfate anion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese present in the blood, reacts with cyanide ion to form the relatively non-toxic thiocyanate ion which is, excreted in the urine., , 46

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12. Official compounds of Calcium, Q.1 Define official compounds/ Preparations, (1), Official compounds / preparation may be defined as the any pharmaceutical, compound or pharmaceutical preparation prepared or formulated as per any, pharmaceutical official book such as Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) , National, formulary (NF), British pharmacopoeia (BP), United state pharmacopoeia (USP), etc., Eg:- Calcium Gluconate Injection, Ferrous sulphate tablet, Iodine solution etc, Q.2 Name Official compound of calcium, with Chemical formula uses and, synonyms, M-14, (4), Official compound, , Chemical, formula, , Uses, , Synonym, , Calcium Gluconate, , C12H22Ca O, , Hypocalcemia, , -, , Calcium hydroxide, , Ca(OH)2, , Antacid, , Slaked lime, , Calcium lactate, , C6H10CaO6, , Hypocalcemia, , -, , Calcium carbonate, , CaCO3, , Antacid, , Chalk, , Calcium phosphate, , Ca3(PO4)2, , Fertilizer, , -, , Calcium acetate, , Ca(CH3COO)2, , Dialysis, , Lime acetate, , Calcium Chloride, , CaCl2, , Hypocalcemia, , ., Q.3 Write assay of calcium gluconate, M-19, (4), Principle:, Assay of calcium gluconate is based on complexometric type of titration., Calcium gluconate is treated with known amount of standard magnesium sulphate, and titrated against standard Ethylene diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA) solution., This reaction is carried out in NH3/NH4Cl Buffer. Erichrome black T is used as an, indicator. At the end point, red colour changes completely blue., , 47

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13. Official compounds of Iron, Q.1 Write Official compound of Iron with Chemical formula and uses., M-14,15,16/D-14,17 (2/4), Official, compound, Ferrous sulphate, , Chemical, formula, FeSO4. 7H2O, , Uses, , Synonyms, , Haematinics, , Green Vitriol, , Dried, Ferrous, FeSO4, sulphate, , Haematinics, , -, , Ferrous Succinate C4H4 FeO4, , Haematinics, , -, , Ferrous Fumarate, , C4H2 FeO4, , Haematinics, , -, , Ferrous, Gluconate, , C12H24FeO14, , Haematinics, , -, , Ferric chloride, , FeCl3, , Water, purifier, , -, , Q.2 Write method of preparation of FeSO4, , (2), , Ferrous sulphate can be prepared by adding slight excess of Iron to dilute Sulphuric, acid., Fe +, H2SO4 →, FeSO4, + H2↑, Iron, , Sulphuric acid, , Ferrous sulphate, , hydrogen gas, , After completion of reaction the liquid is concentrated by boiling, then solution is, filtered and cool. The crystals are separated, dried and recrystalises with water., , Q.3 Write principle involved in assay of FeSO4, M-14/D-15, (4), Assay of ferrous sulphate depends upon Redox (oxidation-reduction) type of, titration. Fe2+ (Ferrous) ions are readily oxidized by potassium permanganate, KMnO4 in acidic solution (H2SO4) in to Fe3+ (ferric) ion. Thus ferrous sulphate acts, as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate acts as an oxidising agent. The, ability of potassium permanganate solution to oxidize ferrous ion is due to, conversion of the MnO4- ion to Mn++ in acidic solution. Solutions containing, MnO4- ion are purple in colour , solution of salt containing Mn++ ions are, , 49

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14. Official compounds of Iodine, Q.1 Write official Compounds of Iodine and uses., , M-14/D-17, , (2), , Official Compounds, Sodium iodide, Potassium iodide, Povidone iodine, Official preparation, Iodine tincture (USP), Aquous iodine solution, Weak iodine solution, Strong Iodine solution, Uses:- Antiseptic, antibacterial, Q.2 Write principle involved in assay of aqueous Iodine solution., M-14, (4), Principle:Assay of iodine is based upon iodimetry (Redox) type of titration in which, standard solution of iodine is used. Iodine is slightly soluble in water, it made, soluble by adding potassium iodide, which forms polyiodides (KI3). Free iodine, acts as oxidizing agent; the solution is titrated against the standard solution of, reducing agent sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as an indicator, which is, added towards the end of titration. The end point is determined by colour change, from blue to colourless. These titration involve the titration of free iodine with, standard sodium thiosulphate., Reaction:2 Na2S2O3, Sodium thiosulphate, , +, , I2, Iodine, , Na2S4O6, Sodium Tetra thionate, , Q.3 Write Stability and storage of Iodine solution., , + 2 NaI, Sodium iodide, , (2), , Stability:- Iodine solution is also light sensitive. If iodine solution reacts with, Light it undergoes photo decomposition reaction., , 51

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Storage:- For Prevent photodecomposition Iodine solution should be stored in, Amber coloured or dark coloured container., , Q.4 Complete the Following reaction, Sodium thiosulphate + Iodine, 2 Na2S2O3, , + I2, , 2 Na2S2O3, , + I2, , Sodium thiosulphate, , Iodine, , M-16, , ?, , (2), , OR, , ?, Na2S4O6, , +, , Sodium Tetra thionate, , 2 NaI, Sodium iodide, , Q.5 Write preparation of potassium Iodide., , (2), , A hot aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide is treated with iodine to form, mixture of KI & potassium iodate., Solution is concentrated by heating & charcoal is added, Mixture is evaporated to, dryness. Charcoal reduces iodate to iodide and all of the iodine is thus obtained as, potassium iodide., 3I2 +, Iodine, , 6KOH, , Potassium hydroxide, , KIO3, , +, , 5KI, , + 3H2O, , Potassium iodate Potassium iodide water, , Q.6 Give reason:, Potassium Iodide is used in assay of Iodine, Iodine is slightly soluble in water, Potassium iodide is used as co-solvent, , 52

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15. Radiopharmaceuticals and contrast, media, Q.1 Write a note on radio pharmaceuticals with their biological effects, M-16, 19, , (9/8), , Many heavy elements like uranium, thorium, radium and their compounds emit, radiations spontaneously & these radiations have power of penetration through, solid material. The substances which emit such radiations are called radioactive, substances and if these substances are used in the field of medicine is known as, radio pharmaceuticals., Applications•, , Diagnostic application, • Radiotherapy, • Sterilization techniques, • Research application, Radioisotopes are widely used in medicines & surgery. There are various uses of, radioisotopes in pharmacy1. Diagnostic applications: By using radioisotopes, size & morphology of an, organ can be detected. Radiations have sufficient energy to pass through tissue., E.g.:-, , 32, , P- used for diagnosis of eyes, brain & skin cancer,, Cr- used to determine volume of RBC., 57, Co, 58Co- used for diagnosis of pernicious anemia., 2. Radiotherapy: Radioisotopes are helpful in destroying diseased tissue, without affecting normal cells. Gamma radiations have high penetrating, power, hence it destroys deep seated tumor., 51, , E.g:-. 60Co- Treatment of cancer of cervix, vagina, bladder, mouth, uterus, 131, I- Treatment of thyroid carcinoma, Thyrotoxicosis,, 32, P- Treatment of polycythemia (increase in RBC count), 3. Sterilization: Some radioisotopes are used for sterilization of heat sensitive, drugs., E.g. 60Co – It is used for sterilization of hormones, vitamins, antibiotics, surgical, dressings, disposable syringes etc., , 53

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4. Research applications: In biochemical research, radioisotopes are used in the, determination of reaction mechanism., E.g. 13C- used to label organic compounds., 131, I- used to determine effective renal plasma flow., 5. Analytical chemistry: Radioisotopes have applications in analytical chemistry, mainly when dealing with very dilute solutions., , Biological effect of radioisotopes/ Radiopharmaceuticals:Cells have long Double helical DNA molecules containing chemical codes that, control the function and process of cell., Radio isotopes having more penetrating power hence it affected on DNA of cell, and alters the structural feature of DNA and cause change in genetic codes., (Mutation), In human many DNA damages occurs daily in cells and DNA already have codes, for checking the DNA is damaged or not and if found damaged then it has ability to, repair them., This repairing ability is necessary for maintaining integrity of genetic codes and, normal functioning of the cell. It should be constantly active and responding, rapidly., The Nuclear radiation destroys this ability of checking and repairing of damage, DNA and due to loss of cell repair ability it causes:, • Senescence- Loss of ability of cell to growth, • Apoptosis-programmed cell death, • Unregulated cell division causes tumors and cancer., Radiation can harm to biological system in other ways also high dose cause burns, and loss of hair etc., Q. 2 What are radiopharmaceuticals? Mention the pharmaceutical application of, any 2 radioisotopes, M-17, (4), Radio pharmaceuticals may be defined as the use of radiation in field of pharmacy, for treatment or diagnosis., Calcium [44Ca, 45Ca]:- The radioactive calcium is used in studying bone structure, and used in the treatment of bone cancer., , 54

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Hydrogen [2H, 3H]:- Deuterium and Tritium are useful to determine total body, water., Nitrogen [13N,, metabolism., , 14N]:-, , It is useful in investigation of amino acid and protein, , Iron [59Fe]:- It is used in measuring life span of RBCs., Sodium iodide [131I]:- It is mainly used as diagnostic as well as therapeutic agent, in thyroid related disease., Q.3 Write note on radio-opaque and contrast media, , D-15, , (6), , Radio-opaque substances are those compounds both inorganic and organic that, have the property of casting a shadow on X-ray films, they have the ability to stop, the passage of X-rays and hence appear opaque on X-ray examination. Such, compounds and their preparations are called as X-ray contrast media, X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength and thus have high, penetrating power. The electrons of high atomic number element can interact with, X-rays .The interaction cause interference in their passage through the medium., In diagnostic study using X-rays the soft tissues are permeable to the passage of Xrays and hence cause darkening on X-ray film. The bony structure cast shadow on, film as the bones contain elements having high atomic number like calcium and, phosphorous. As a result bony tissues can be distinguished on an exposed X-ray, film., Barium sulphate BaSO4 (Barium Meal), Properties :, Colour :- It is a fine white powder free from grittiness, Odour:- It is odourless, Solubility:- insoluble in water & organic solvents, very slightly soluble in acids, Uses:, • Barium sulphate is used as a contrast medium for X ray examination of the, alimentary tract., • Barium sulphate is used for diagnosis of various disorders of the esophagus,, stomach or intestine., , 55

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• Barium sulphate is given for X ray examination of colon by enema in a dose of, 400 to 750g rectally., Q.4 Write note on Barium meal, , M-17 D-14,17, , (3/4), , Composition :- Barium Sulphate BaSO4, Preparation:Barium sulphate is prepared by reacting barium salt with dilute sulphuric acid, The precipitated salt is thoroughly washed dried and then screened., Reaction:𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ↓ +2𝐻2𝑂, 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ↓ + 2HCl, Storage:- Store in air tight container at cool place., Uses:-It is used for preparation of barium sulfate compound & also as contrast, medium for x-ray examination of the alimentary tract. It is administrated orally or, by enema for the examination of the colon., Q.5 Write note on measurement of radioactivity, , M-16, , (4), , Radio activity:- The phenomenon of spontaneous and continuous emission of, radiations by radioactive isotopes is known as radioactivity, Curie- The basic unit of radioactivity is curie, symbolized as “C”. The subunits of, Curie are called as Milli curie and Micro curie., Bq (Baceuerel) SI unit of radioactivity., Rad (Radiation absorbed dose), Roentgen, RBE (Relative biological effectiveness), REM (Roentgen equivalent man)., , Q.6 Explain GM counter in detail, , M-15, , 56, , (6)

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Construction:- It consists of stainless steel or glass cylinder coated with silver on, the inner side which acts as a cathode. A fine metal wire is mounted coaxially, inside the cylinder which acts as an anode. The cylinder is fitted with argon gas., Working:- Radiation enters through the window. Due to radiations, argon gas is, ionized. A high voltage (800-1300 V) is maintained between the electrodes. Due to, ionization of argon gas, positively charged ions are attracted towards cathode &, negatively charged ions are attracted towards anode. The passage of these ions, through the tube constitutes flow of current. Each particle of radiation causes a, brief flow or pulse of current which is recorded by a device known as scaler. It, shows total number of pulses & results are analyzed., Diagram:-, , Q.7 What are radioisotopes? Elaborate upon the radiation emitted and their, effects, Explain the caution in their storage and handling. Give the formula, name and use of any two radiopharmaceuticals, M-19, (13), Explain handling and storage of radioactive materials., M-18,19, (6), Application of radiopharmaceuticals, D-17, (5), , Radio Isotopes:- It is defined as an element which has same atomic number but, different atomic mass., E.g:- 1H- Protium, , 57

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2, , H- Deuterium, H-Tritium, 12, C & 13C, 3, , Storage and Handling of Radioisotopes. Radioactive substance spontaneously, emits radiation. Thease radiation is very harmful for biological system so during, handling and storage care must be taken, Certain precautions to be taken while working with radio isotopes or handling are, as follows:✓ Radioactive materials should never be touched with hands but handled with, the help of forceps., ✓ Smoking, eating and drinking activities should not be carried out in, laboratory where radioactive materials are stored., ✓ Sufficient protective clothing must be used while handling the radioactive, material., ✓ Radioactive materials should be stored in suitable labelled container shielded, by lead bricks and preferably in remote area., ✓ The shielding effect can be achieved by thick concrete blocks or with pure, distilled water layer., ✓ Areas where radioactive materials are stored should be monitored regularly., ✓ There should be a proper disposal of radioactive material., Application of radiopharmaceuticals:Calcium [44Ca, 45Ca]:- The radioactive calcium is used in studying bone structure, and in the treatment of carcinoma of bone., Hydrogen [2H, 3H]:- Deuterium and Tritium are useful to determine total body, water., Nitrogen [13N,, metabolism., , 14N]:-, , It is useful in investigation of amino acid and protein, , Iron [59Fe]:- It is used in measuring life span of RBCs., , 58

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16. Sources of impurity and QUALITY, CONTROL OF PHARMACEUTICALS, Q.1 Describe sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals., , M-14,17,18, , (4/7), , Sources of Impurities:, 1. Raw material, 2. Reagents used in manufacturing process, 3. Intermediate products in manufacturing process, 4. Defects in manufacturing process/ manufacturing hazards, 5. Solvents, 6. Action of solvent and reagents on reaction vessel, 7. Atmospheric contamination during manufacturing process, 8. Defective storage of final products, 9. Adulteration, Raw Materials:When substances or chemicals are manufactured the raw materials from, which these are prepared may contain impurities which get incorporated into final, product., E.g.- Sodium chloride prepared from rock salt contains traces of Calcium &, Magnesium compounds., Reagents used in manufacturing process:Synthesis of drugs involves many chemical reactions like nitration,, halogenation, oxidation, hydrolysis etc. Different chemicals & solvents are used in, these chemical processes. When chemical reactions are carried out in reaction, vessel, the material of these vessels (Iron, tin, copper, aluminium etc.) is reacted, upon by the solvents, chemicals & reaction products are formed. These reaction, products come as impurities in the final product. Thus impurities of iron, lead, and, heavy metals are incorporated in product., Defects in the manufacturing process:Defects such as improper mixing, incompleteness of reaction, proper, temperature pH condition not maintained may cause impure product., Storage conditionThe chemical when prepared it should be stored in different types of, containers. Various types of materials are used for storage purpose. Reaction of, substance with material of the storage vessel may take place may cause, leachingeffect on the storage vessel., , 59

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Solvents:Water is the solvent easily available & cheap and it is widely used in the, manufacture of inorganic chemicals. This can give rise to trace impurities such as, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate & sulphate ions., Decomposition:Decomposition is caused by light, air, oxygen & causes contamination of, final product. A number of organic substances get spoiled because of, decomposition on exposure to the atmosphere., E.g. Amines, Phenol etc, Atmospheric contaminants:Atmospheric contamination may take place through dust, sulphur dioxide,, hydrogen sulphide & arsenic, Carbon dioxide & water vapour are possible, contaminants of substances which are affected by their action., Q.2 Explain effect of impurities in pharmaceuticals, , M-15, , (4), , It can be seen that almost pure substances are difficult to get and some amount of, impurity is always present in the material. The impurities present in the substances, may have the following effects on product:, a. Impurities which have a toxic effect can be injurious to health when present, above certain limits., b. Impurities, even in trace amount may show a cumulative toxic effect after a, certain period of time, c. Impurities are sometimes harmless in small quantity but are present in large, proportions, that the active strength of the substance is lowered. Thus,, therapeutic effect of an active pharmaceutical material is decreased., d. Impurities may bring about a change in the physical and chemical properties, of the substance, thus making it medically non acceptable and useless., e. Impurities may cause technical difficulties in making suitable dosage form, f. Impurities may bring about an incompatibility, with active pharmaceutical, ingredients or with other ingredients present in formulation, g. Impurities may lower the shelf life of the substance., Q.3 Write a note on quality control, M-14, (7), Write a note on quality control explain method of quality control in, pharmaceuticals, (13), Quality is an important factor when it comes to any product. Therefore, all, manufacturers constantly look for enhancing their products., , 60

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Quality control (QC) :It is defined as “A part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality, requirements” It is the part of Good manufacturing practices (GMP) concerned, with sampling, specification & testing, documentation and release procedures, which ensure that the necessary and relevant test are performed and the product is, released for use only after ascertaining its quality., Quality control is an essential operation of the pharmaceutical industry., Pharmaceutical product must be marketed as safe and therapeutically active, formulation whose performance is consistent and predictable. Because of the, critical role of pharmaceuticals in the treatment of disease and the maintenance of, good health, Quality control is the most important functions in pharmaceutical, production. For pharmaceutical manufacturers, rigorous QC is required at all stages, of product development and manufacture, from the sourcing of raw material, through to the release of finished product.., Any variations in the quality of a product mainly caused by variations in raw, material, men, machines, methods and procedures of production and inspection. In, order to produce the quality products, these variations need to be checked and, controlled., There are mainly two methods of quality control., 1. Inspection: Inspection is the common method used for quality control purposes, not only in production but also in services. As regards inspection in production,, there are Two important aspects involved in it:, A) Process Inspection: Process inspection is aimed at ensuring that the raw, material and machines and equipment’s used in the production process are of, prescribed quality., B) Product Inspection: the product Inspection relates to the final product sent, into the market. The main purpose of product inspection is it is to ensure that the, product ready for sale is perfect and free of defects.., 2. Statistical Quality Control: It is an advanced method used to control the, quality of a product. This method is based on statistical techniques to determine, and control the quality. Sampling, probability, and other statistical inferences are, used in this method for controlling the quality of a product. It is widely used in, process control in continuous process industries and in industries producing goods, on a large scale., , 61

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Under this method, the entire lot is, firstly, sampled on the basis of its specific, characteristics and, then, is divided into three parts as mentioned below:, a. Analysis of Samples, b. Use of Control Charts, c. Corrective Measures., Analysis of Samples:-This is based on sampling techniques. In This method, selected sample representing the whole population is selected and analysed., The result drawn from these sample units are then generalized as a whole. In other, words, inspection of samples means statistical inspection of the whole, manufactured lot., Use of Control Chart: Realizing that charts are always welcome to depict the fact, of findings, the results obtained from analysis of samples are presented in a chart., The method to draw a chart is as follows:, i. Measure the quality characteristics of sample selected., ii. Find out the mean of the sample and also measure its range of dispersion., iii. Then, data regarding mean and dispersion are gathered., iv. Take a graph paper and plot the gathered data on it., Corrective Measures: quality control chart is easily and clearly locate the points, of deviations and causes of it. This enables him to evolve corrective measures to, control the quality of the product accordingly. For example, if variation in quality, is caused by inferior quality raw material, the quality of raw material will be, increased. Similarly, in case of traditional machinery, new and modem machinery, will be installed., , 62

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17. LIMIT TEST, Q.1 Define Limit test, , M-19, , (2), , Limit test is quantitative or semi quantitative analysis designed for to check out or, investigate or analyse the impurities which are likely to be present in, pharmaceutical substances., Q.2 Write principle reaction and procedure involved in the limit test for chloride, D-15, (7), Principle:The principle for limit test for chloride is based upon the measurement of, opalescence or turbidity produced in the known amount of substance (by addition, of precipitating reagent), and comparing it with the standard opalescence or, turbidity., The limit test for chlorides is based upon the chemical reaction between, soluble chloride ions with silver nitrate reagent in a nitric acid media., The insoluble silver chloride renders the test solution turbid (depending upon the, amount of silver chloride formed and therefore on the amount of chloride present, in the substance under test)., This opalescence is compared with the standard opalescence produced by, the addition of silver nitrate, to the known amount of chloride ion (sodium, chloride) solution., If the test solution shows less opalescence than the standard the sample, complies the test., Reaction:Cl- +, AgNO3, Chloride ion Silver nitrate, , AgCl ↓ + NO3Silver chloride, , Nitrate, , Procedure, Sr., No., 1, , Test solution, , Standard Solution, , Dissolve the specified quantity of, substance in water (As per IP) &, transfer to a Nessler’s Cylinder, , Place 1 ml of 0.05845% w/v solution of, sodium chloride in Nessler’s cylinder, , 63

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2, , add 1ml of dilute nitric acid, , add 1ml of dilute nitric acid, , 3, , Dilute it to 50 ml with water, , Dilute it to 50ml with water, , 4, , add 1 ml of silver nitrate solution, , add 1 ml of silver nitrate solution, , 5, , Keep aside for 5 min., , Keep aside for 5 min., , 6, , Compare turbidity/ opalescence obtained in both solution, , Observation:, The turbidity produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard, solution. If turbidity produces in sample solution is less than the standard solution,, the sample will pass the limit test of Chloride and vice versa., Q.3 Give reason, Dilute nitric acid is used in limit test for chloride, , D-15/17, , (2), , Dilute Nitric acid is added in the limit test of chloride to make solution acidic and, helps silver chloride precipitate to make solution turbid at the end of process., Q.4 Write principle & procedure involved in limit test for Sulphate M-16/17 (4), Write principle and reaction involved in limit test for Sulphate, D-14,17, ( 4/7), Principle:-This is based upon the interaction of sulphate with barium chloride in, presence of dilute hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of sulphate as, barium sulphate. Hydrochloric acid is added to prevent precipitation of other acid, radicals. Alcohol prevents super saturation & potassium sulphate increases, sensitivity of the test when very small quantity of sulphate ions is present. Barium, sulphate appears as turbidity. This is compared with standard turbidity. If turbidity, produced in test sample is less than standard, it means sample passes test., Chemical Reaction:BaCl2, + SO4, Barium chloride Sulphate ion, , BaSO4, , + 2Cl -, , Barium sulphate Chloride ion, , 64

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Procedure:Sr., No., , Test Solution, , Standard solution, , 1, , Dissolve the specified quantity of Place 1 ml of 0.1089% w/v solution of, substance in water (As per IP) and potassium sulphate in Nessler’s, transfer to a Nessler’s Cylinder., cylinder., , 2, , Add 2 ml of dilute Hydrochloric, Add 2 ml of dilute Hydrochloric acid., acid., , 3, , Dilute it up to 45 ml with water, , 4, , Add 5 ml of Barium Sulphate, Add 5 ml of Barium Sulphate reagent, reagent, , 5, , Keep aside for 5 min., , 6, , Dilute it up to 45 ml with water, , Keep aside for 5 min., , Compare turbidity obtained in both solution, , Observation:, The turbidity produce in sample solution should not be greater than, standard solution. If turbidity produces in sample solution is less than the standard, solution, the sample will pass the limit test of sulphate and vice versa., Q.5 Explain the role of alcohol, Potassium sulphate Barium chloride and acetic, acid in sulphate Limit test, M-19, (4), Alcohol:- To prevent super saturation., Potassium sulphate :- To increase the sensitivity of the test by giving ionic, concentration in the reagent, Barium chloride :- Barium chloride reacts with sulphate in presence of dilute HCl, to form barium sulphate precipitate. The turbidity of test solution is compared with, the standard solution., Acetic acid/ HCl :-To make solution acidic., , 65

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Q.6 Write principle reaction and procedure involved in the limit test for Iron, D-15, (4), Principle:This test is based upon the reaction of Iron in an ammonical solution with, thioglycollic acid which forms a pink to deep radish-purple coloured complex of, iron. Thiogycollic the colour produced from a specified amount of substance from, the test. Is compared by viewing vertically with standard (Ferric ammonium, sulphte) if the colour from test solution is less dark than standard. Then the sample, passes the test, Reaction:-, , Procedure:Sr., No, , Test sample, , Standard compound, , 1, , Sample is dissolved in specific 2 ml of standard solution of iron, amount of water and then volume diluted with water upto 40ml, is made up to 40 ml, , 2, , Add 2 ml of 20 % w/v of citric Add 2 ml of 20 % w/v of citric acid, acid (Iron free), (Iron free), , 3, , Add 2 drops of thioglycolic acid, , 4, , Add ammonia to make the Add ammonia to make the solution, solution alkaline and adjust the alkaline and adjust the volume to, volume to 50 ml, 50 ml, , 5, , Keep aside for 5 min, , 6, , Color developed is viewed vertically and compared with standard, solution, , Add 2 drops of thioglycolic acid, , Keep aside for 5 min, , 66

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Observation:, The purple colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard, solution. If purple colour produces in sample solution is less than the standard, solution, the sample will pass the limit test of iron and vice versa., Q. 7 Give reason, Ammonia solution and citric acid is used in limit test for Iron, M-14,15,16, (2), Citric acid and ammonia helps precipitation of iron by forming a complex with it., Q.8 Complete the following reaction, Iron + Thioglycolic acid-?, , M-17, , (2), , Q.9 Write principle reaction and procedure involved in the limit test for Lead, D-15/M-18, (14/7), Principle:, Limit test of lead is based on the reaction of lead and diphenyl thiocarbazone, (dithizone) in alkaline solution to form lead dithizone complex which is red in, colour. Dithizone is green in colour in chloroform and lead-dithizone complex is, violet in colour, so the resulting colour at the end of process is red., Reaction:-, , 67

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Procedure:, Sr., No., , Test sample, , Standard compound, , 1, , A known quantity of sample, solution is transferred in a, separating funnel, , A standard lead solution is prepared, equivalent to the amount of lead, permitted in the sample under, examination, , 2, , Add 6 ml of ammonium citrate, , Add 6 ml of ammonium citrate, , 3, , Add 2 ml of potassium cyanide and, Add 2 ml of potassium cyanide and 2, 2 ml of hydroxylamine, ml of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrochloride, , 4, , Add 2 drops of phenol red, , Add 2 drops of phenol red, , 5, , Make solution alkaline by adding, ammonia solution., , Make solution alkaline by adding, ammonia solution., , 6, , Extract with 5 ml of dithizone until, it becomes green, , Extract with 5 ml of dithizone until it, becomes green, , 7, , Combine dithizone extracts are, Combine dithizone extracts are shaken, shaken for 30 mins with 30 ml of, for 30 mins with 30 ml of nitric acid, nitric acid and the chloroform layer, and the chloroform layer is discarded, is discarded, , 8, , To the acid solution add 5 ml of, standard dithizone solution, , To the acid solution add 5 ml of, standard dithizone solution, , 9, , Add 4 ml of ammonium cyanide, , Add 4 ml of ammonium cyanide, , 10, , Shake for 30 mins, , Shake for 30 mins, , 11, , Observe the color of test solution with Standard solution., , Observation:, The intensity of the colour of complex, is depends on the amount of lead in, the solution. The colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than, standard solution. If colour produces in sample solution is less than the standard, solution, the sample will pass the limit test of lead and vice versa., , 68

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Q. 10 Write principle, Apparatus procedure and reaction involved in the limit test, for Arsenic, M-14,16,17,18/D-14-17, (14), Principle:Limit test of Arsenic is based on the reaction of arsine gas with hydrogen, ion to form yellow stain on mercuric chloride (HgCl2) paper in presence of, reducing agents like potassium iodide (KI). This test required special apparatus, Known as Gutzeit apparatus and also known as Gutzeit test., Arsenic impurities present in sample as arsenic acid (H3AsO4) and it reduced to, arsenious acid (H3AsO3) by reducing agents such as potassium iodide, stannous, acid, zinc, hydrochloric acid, etc. Arsenious acid (H3AsO3) is further reduced to, arsine gas AsH3 by hydrogen and reacts with mercuric chloride HgCl2 paper to give, a yellow stain. The depth of yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper will depend, upon the quality of arsenic present in the sample., H3AsO4 + H2SnO2 → H3AsO3 + H2SnO3, Arsenic acid, Arsenious acid, H3AsO3 + 3H2 → AsH3 + 3H2O, Arsenious acid Arsine, Procedure:, Sr., No., , Test Solution, , Standard Solution, , 1, , Dissolve the specified quantity of, substance in water (As per IP), , 2, , Add 5 ml of SnHCl, , 3, , Add 5 ml KI, , Add 5 ml KI, , 4, , Add 10 g Zinc, , Add 10 gm Zinc, , 5, , Heat for 40-45 min, , Heat for 40-45 min, , 6, , Place 1 ml of 10 ppm arsenic standard, solution, -, , Compare the yellow stain produced on HgCl2 paper, , 69

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Reaction:-, , Apparatus:Specification of Gutzeit apparatus:Gutzeit apparatus consist following parts1. Generator bottle :- A wide mouth bottle of 120 ml capacity., 2. Glass tube:- length 200 mm long, internal diameter of tube 6.5 mm, hole of 2, mm at bottom of glass tube., Lead acetate cotton plug is placed in glass tube to trap Hydrogen sulphide gas if, any., 3. Rubber bung:- One rubber bung is used in the generator bottle. Other rubber, bung (25*25 mm) is on other end of glass tube where mercuric chloride paper is, sandwiched between the rubber bungs., , 70

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Diagram- Gutzeit apparatus (Apparatus used for Limit test for arsenic), , Q.11 Give reasons, A) Why Lead acetate cotton plug bin Limit test for arsenic, , D-15/M-18 (2), , Lead acetate cotton plug is used to trap any hydrogen sulphide which may be, evolved along with arsine gas., Lead acetate cotton plug prevents the interaction of hydrogen sulphide gas and, mercuric chloride paper., Q.12 Explain limit test for heavy metal, , M-15,19/D-17, , (6/4/13), , Principle:- Limit test of heavy metals is based on the reaction of metallic, impurities with hydrogen sulphide in acidic medium to form brownish colour, solution. Metals that response to this test are Lead, Mercury, Bismuth, Arsenic,, Antimony, Silver, Copper etc. The metallic impurities in substances are expressed, as parts of lead per million parts of the substance., , 71

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Procedure:, The Indian Pharmacopoeia has adopted 3 methods for the limit test of heavy, metals., Method I, Use for the substance which gives clear colourless solution under the specific, condition., Sr. No, , Test sample, , 1, , Solution is prepared as per the, monograph and 25 ml is transferred, in Nessler’s cylinder, , Take 2 ml of standard lead solution, and dilute to 25 ml with water, , 2, , Adjust the pH between 3 to 4 by, adding dilute acetic acid or dilute, ammonia solution, , Adjust the pH between 3 to 4 by, adding dil. Acetic acid or dil., Ammonia solution., , 3, , Dilute with water up to 35 ml, , Dilute with water up to 35 ml, , 4, , Add freshly prepared 10 ml of, hydrogen sulphide solution, , Add freshly prepared 10 ml of, hydrogen sulphide solution, , 5, , Make up volume up-to 50 ml with, water, , Make up volume up-to 50 ml with, water, , 6, , Allow to stand for five minutes, , Allow to stand for five minutes, , 7, , Standard compound, , View downwards over a white surface, , Observation:, The colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard, solution. If colour produces in sample solution is less than the standard solution,, the sample will pass the limit test of heavy metals and vice versa., Method II:, Use for the substance which do not give clear colourless solution under the specific, condition., , Procedure:-, , 72

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Sr., No., , Test sample, , Standard compound, , 1, , Weigh specific quantity of test, substance, moisten with H2SO4 &, ignite on a low flame till, completely charred then add few, drops of HNO3 & heat to 50°C., Allow to cool and add 4 ml of HCl, and evaporate to dryness. Moisten, the residue with 10 ml of HCl and, Neutralize with NH3 Sol., , 2, , Adjust the pH between 3 to 4 and Adjust the pH between 3 to 4 and filter if, filter if necessary, necessary, , 3, , Dilute with water up to 35 ml, , 4, , Add freshly prepared 10 ml of Add freshly prepared 10 ml of hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide solution, sulphide solution, , 5, , Make up volume with water to 50 Make up volume with water to 50 ml, ml, , 6, , Allow to stand for five minutes, , 7, , Take 2 ml of standard lead solution and, dilute to 25 ml with water, , Dilute with water up to 35 ml, , Allow to stand for five minutes, , View downwards over a white surface, , Observation:, The colour produce in sample solution should not be greater than standard, solution. If colour produces in sample solution is less than the standard solution,, the sample will pass the limit test of heavy metals and vice versa., , Method III, Use for the substance which gives clear colourless solution in sodium hydroxide, solution., , 73

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Procedure:Sr.No. Test sample, , Standard sample, , 1, , Solution is prepared as per the, monograph and 25 ml is transferred in, Nessler’s cylinder or weigh specific, Take 2 ml of standard lead solution, amount of substance and dissolve in 20, ml of water and add 5 ml of dilute, sodium hydroxide solution, , 2, , Add 5 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide, Make up the volume to 50 ml with, solution and make up the volume to 50, water, ml with water, , 3, , Add 5 drops of sodium sulphide, Add 5 drops of sodium sulphide solution, solution, , 4, , Mix and set aside for 5 min, , 5, , Mix and set aside for 5 min, , View downwards over a white surface., , Q. 13 Complete the reaction, Pb (CH3COO)2 + H2S -----?, (CH3COO)2 Pb, Lead acetate, , M-14, , (2), , +, H2S, →, PbS + 2 CH3COOH, Hydrogen sulphide, Lead sulphide Acetic acid, , Q.14 Give Reasons, Thioglycollic acid in iron limit test IP., (2), Thioglycolic acid acts as a reducing agent and reduces ferric ion impurity (if any), to ferrous ion & then acts as a complexing agent to form a purple coloured ferrous, thioglycolate complex by reacting with ferrous ion., Mercuric chloride Paper used in Arsenic limit test., (2), In the Arsenic limit test IP, Arsine gas reacts with mercuric chloride paper to, produce yellow stain of mercuric arsenide. The stain of test is compared with, standard stain., , 74

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18. IDentification test for cation and anion, 1., , Calcium, , D-14/ M-18, , A) Calcium salt dissolved in HCl neutralized with NaOH & treated with, carbonate solution to give white ppt of Calcium carbonate., B) Concentrated solution of calcium salt treated with chromate gives yellow, ppt of calcium chromate., C) Calcium salt dissolved in acetic acid or glacial acetic acid, on adding 0.5ml, of potassium ferrocyanide solution, the solution remains clear. After, addition of 50mg ammonium chloride it gives white crystalline ppt., D) In aqueous solution of calcium salt add a few drops of ammonium oxalate, solution, a white ppt is formed., 2. Carbonate, , D-14/ M-17,18, , A) To aq. Solution add 2 ml of 2N acetic acid. Heat gently and pass liberated, gas in 5 ml of 0.1 N Barium hydroxide solution. White precipitate (Barium, carbonate) obtained, B) To Aq. Solution of Substance add Magnesium sulphate solution. White ppt, (magnesium carbonate) formed., C) Add mercuric chloride solution in aq. Solution of substance. Brown ppt of, (mercuric carbonate) obtained., 3. Ammonia, , D-15, , A) 500 mg substance & dissolve in 5 ml of Sodium hydroxide. Ammonia gas, evolved, B) 500 mg substance & dissolve in 5 ml of NaOH. Hold moistened litmus, paper on the mouth of tube. Red litmus turn blue, 4. Sulphate, , D-15/ M-16, , A) Solution of sulphate with barium chloride gives a white precipitate of, barium sulphate which is insoluble in dil. HCl., B) Sulphate with lead acetate solution gives a white precipitate soluble in, ammonium acetate solution and also in a solution of sodium hydroxide, , 75

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5. Ferrous, , M-16, , A) Take 1 ml of potassium ferrocynide solution white ppt rapidly change to, blue& colour disappear when dilute it with HCl., B) To the aq. Solution of Ferrous salt add dil. NaOH, Dark green ppt is, produced. Filter ppt and expose to air. Green ppt is turns Reddish brown, colour., 6. Potassium, , M-17,19, , A) Potassium salt moistened with HCl and taken on platinum wire, when held, in Bunsen flame gives a violet colour to flame., B) Concentrated solution of salt when treated with perchloric acid gives a, white crystalline precipitate of potassium perchlorate., C) Aq. Solution of salt acidified with acetic acid when treated with sodium, cobalt nitrite gives a orange yellow precipitate of potassium cobalt nitrite., 7. Bicarbonate, , M-19, , A) Aq. solution of substance is boiled and the liberated gas CO2 is passed into, the calcium hydroxide solution. What ppt (calcium carbonate) obtained., B) Aq. solution of substance + add solution of Sodium sulphate & boil the, solution. White precipitate (magnesium carbonate) obtained., 8. Chloride, , M-19, , A) Dissolve in 2ml of water a quantity of the substance being examined, equivalent to about 2mg of chloride ion. Acidify with dilute nitric acid &, add 0.5ml of silver nitrate solution. Shake & allow to stand, a curdy white, ppt is formed, which is insoluble in nitric acid but soluble after being well, washed with water, in dil. ammonia solution, which is re-precipitated by, addition of dil. nitric acid., B) Take 2mg of substance in test tube, add 0.2gm of potassium dichromate &, 1ml of sulphuric acid. Place filter paper strip moistened with 0.1ml of, diphenylcarbazide solution over the opening of the test tube, the paper turns, violet red., , 76

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9. Sodium, , M-19, , A) Sodium compounds moistened with hydrochloric acid, take on a platinum, wire and ignite in the flame of a Bunsen burner, it gives a yellow colour to, the flame., B) Solution of sodium salts with a solution of uranyl zinc acetate yields a, yellow crystalline precipitate., , 77

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78

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At, A, Glance

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Definitions, 1. Acid & base, Acid:a. Arrhenius Theory: Any substance when dissolve in aqueous, solution increases H+ ion concentration., b. Bronsted and Lowry:-Acid is any substance which can, donate proton. (Proton donor), c. Lewis:- Acid is any substance or ion or molecule which can, accept lone pair of electron (Electron acceptor), Base:d. Arrhenius Theory: Any substance when dissolve in aqueous, solution increases OH- ion concentration., e. Bronsted and Lowry:-Base is any substance or molecule, which can accept proton. (Proton acceptor), f. Lewis:- Base is any substance or ion or molecule which can, donate lone pair of electron (Electron Donor), 2. Acidifying agents, M-18, D-17, Acidifying agents are Acidic in nature. These are used to increases, the acidity of stomach, E.g.:- Dilute Hydrochloric acid, 3. Antacid, M-14,15,16,17,18/D- 14,15, Antacid are the basic / alkaline preparation due to its alkaline nature, they reacted with acid present in stomach and neutralizes them, and, relief from acidity., E.g.:- Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminium hydroxide, Calcium, Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate etc., 4. Anticaries, M-18,19/D-15, The agents which prevent the formation of dental caries are called, anticaries agents., E.g.: Sodium Fluoride, Stannous fluoride etc., In order to prevent dental caries and to maintain clean and healthy, teeth use of fluoride and their salts is well accepted., Dental caries:-Caries or tooth decay is break down of enamel and the, dentine is exposed., , 81

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Definitions, 5. Antidote, M-16,17,18,19/D-14, These are the chemical agents which reverse or inhibit or stop or, counteract the action of poison in the body., E.g.:- Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Thiosulphate, 6. Antimicrobial, M-19, Antimicrobials are the chemical agents used to destroy or inhibit the, growth of pathogenic Microorganisms. Antimicrobial is a broad, terminology describing activity against microbes., E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Cetrimide etc, 7. Antioxidants, M-14,17,18/D-15,17, Antioxidants are the agents which inhibit oxidation and commonly, used to prevent rancidity of oil and fats through oxidative process., Eg:- Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium Nitrite, Hypophosphorous acid,, Nitrogen gas etc, 8. Antiseptic, D-15, Antiseptics are the substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to, reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis., E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine etc., 9. Assay, M-15,18,19/D-14,17, An assay is an investigative procedure for qualitatively assessing or, quantitatively measuring the presence or amount of pharmaceutical, active ingredients in sample by specific set of method., 10. Astringents, M-16,17,18/D-15,17, Astringents are the agents which cause local or surface or mild, protein precipitation when applied to damaged skin or mucus, membrane. This action may be on mucosal membrane when taken, internally or on skin for topical use. Astringents when applied, topically cause precipitation of protein of surface cell by, coagulation. The action depends upon the extent of penetration of, agent and the type of chemical action resulting with protein., E.g.:- Alum, Zinc sulphate, Silver Nitrate etc., , 82

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Definitions, 11. Bactericide, M-16, Bactericidal agents are the compounds or drugs which are used to, kill the bacteria., E.g:- Hydrogen peroxide, Cetrimide etc, 12. Buffer, , M-14,15,16,18/ D-15,17, , Buffers are the solutions or systems that resist a sudden change in, pH upon addition of small quantities of acids & bases., E.g:- Hydrochloric acid buffer, acid phthalate buffers, neutralized, phthalate buffers, phosphate buffer, alkaline borate buffer., 13. Dentifrices, M-18, Dentifrices or dental products are the agents which are used in, treatment of dental problem. They are anticaries agent, cleaning /, polishing agent, Desensitizing agent., Eg.:- Sodium Fluoride, Stannous fluoride, Calcium carbonate,, Calcium Phosphate, Zinc chloride etc., 14. Desensitizing agents:, These agents are used to decrease hypersensitivity of teeth to heat,, cold & sweet, when applied to outer surface of teeth., E.g.:- Zinc Chloride, Strontium Chloride., 15. Extra-cellular electrolyte, M-16, Electrolytes which are present in extracellular fluid (ECF) of body, are known as extra cellular Electrolytes., E.g:- Sodium, Chloride., 16. Emetics, M-18/D-15, Emetics are defined as the drugs which are used to cause emesis, (vomiting). Emetics are generally used in the treatment of different, poisoning caused due to ingestion of poisons / toxic materials., E.g.:- Sodium chloride , Antimony potassium tartrate, Ammonium, chloride., 17. Equivalent weight, , M-16, , 83

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Definitions, It is the weight of substance in gram per mole., It is expressed as Eq. wt= Mol. Wt/ eq. per mol., 18. Error, M-19, Error is defined as the difference between acceptable true result and, the measured result., 19. Expectorants, D-17, Expectorants are the drugs or chemical compounds that remove, sputum form the respiratory tract. These drugs either increase the, fluidity of sputum or increase the volume of fluids that have to be, expelled from respiratory tract. Expectorants are used in the, treatment of cough., E.g.:- Potassium iodide, Antimony potassium tartrate, Ammonium, chloride., 20. Gastro Intestinal agents, D-15,17, These are the agents used to treat gastrointestinal disease or disorder,, Such as diarrhoea, dysentery, constipation etc. The various type of, GI agents used as follows. Acidifying agents,- for achlorhydria,, Antacids- for acidity, Protective’s & adsorbent for internal ulcer and, bacterial toxins and cathartics for Constipation., 21. Hematinics, These are the agents which are used in treatment of Iron deficiency, anaemia., E.g.:- Ferrous sulphate, , 22. Intracellular Electrolyte, M-16, Electrolytes which are present in Intracellular fluid (ICF) of body are, known as Intra cellular Electrolytes., E.g:- Potassium, Phosphate., 23. Limit test, , M-15,19, , 84

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Definitions, Limit test is quantitative or semi quantitative analysis designed for to, check out or investigate or analyse the impurities which are likely to, be present in pharmaceutical substances., 24. Monograph, M-15,16, Monograph may be defined as detailed written study of a single, individual compound or a drug in a specialized format in official, book., 25. Normality, M-15,16,18, It is defined as number of equivalent weights per litre., It is expressed as N = No. of eq. wt/ litre of solution, 26. Official compound/ preparation, Official compounds / preparation may be defined as the any, pharmaceutical compound or pharmaceutical preparation prepared or, formulated as per any pharmaceutical official book such as Indian, Pharmacopoeia (IP) , National formulary (NF), British, pharmacopoeia (BP), United state pharmacopoeia (USP) etc., E.g.:- Calcium Gluconate Injection, Ferrous sulphate tablet, Iodine, solution etc, 27. Pharmaceutical impurity, M-15/D-17, Any substance which is not a part of pharmaceutical preparation or, any foreign material present in any pharmaceutical products is, known as pharmaceutical impurity., 28. Pharmaceutical aid, M-16, It is defined as the substance which has no or little therapeutic, efficacy but essential in the dosage form of the drug., E.g.:- Excipients, Solvents, Diluents, Preservative etc., 29. Polishing agent, The substances which give whiteness to teeth by their abrasive, action are called polishing agent., , 85

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Definitions, E.g. Calcium carbonates, Dibasic calcium phosphate and Sodium, metaphosphate., 30. Protective and adsorbents, , M-16,18/D-15, , Protectives and adsorbents are the chemical agents used internally in, treatment of disturbances of gastrointestinal tract like diarrhoea &, dysentery because they are water insoluble substances and they form a, protective coat on the mucosal membrane and offer mechanical protection,, furthermore, they adsorb bacterial toxins which are believed to stimulate, flow of electrolytes into intestine resulting in watery stools. (These are, internal Protective and adsorbants), E.g.:- Bismuth Sub carbonate, , Protective and adsorbant may be used externally for protection from, sun, UV rays etc. E.g.:- Calamine, Zinc Oxide etc., 31. Purgative, D-15, Purgatives are the drugs which causing evacuation of bowel., 32. Quality control, Quality control is the process of verification, or correction of the, quality of the product when deviations are found to be more than, expected., 33. Radio isotopes, M-19, Isotopes is defined as an elements having same number of proton but, different number of neutron, or Same atomic number but different, atomic mass. In Isotopes nuclei is unstable due to lesser or greater, neutrons. The isotopes having unstable nuclei is spontaneously emit, the radiation and known as Radioisotopes., 1, H-Protium, 2H-Deuterium, 3H-Tritium, 34. Radio pharmaceuticals, Radio pharmaceuticals may be defined as the use of radioisotopes in, field of pharmacy for treatment or diagnosis., 35. Respiratory stimulants, M-17,18, Respiratory stimulants are the agents which increase Pulmonary, , 86

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Definitions, ventilation by their effect on depth and rate of respiration by, stimulating respiratory center in the medulla., E.g.:- Gaseous ammonia, Dilute Ammonia solution, Ammonium, carbonate etc., 36. Saline cathartic, A cathartic are the substance that accelerate the defecation, E.g.:- Magnesium Sulfate., , M-15, , 37. Test for purity, M-18,19/D-14, Test for purity is defined as method investigation or analysis of, chemical substance or drug to find out the amount of active, ingredients present in a sample., This is performed by gravimetric analysis or advanced analytical, techniques such as Spectroscopic determination like UV- Visible, spectroscopy, infrared Spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance, etc., 38. Topical agent, M-15,19/D-17, Topical agents are compounds or preparations applied locally on the, surface of skin or mucous membranes. The compounds have very, less distinct pharmacological properties as they are not absorbed in, systemic circulation., E.g.:- Hydrogen peroxide, Calamine, Alum, Zinc sulphate etc., , 87

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Definitions, , 88

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Chemical Formula Synonyms & Uses, Sr. No., , Chemical name, , Chemical formula, , Synonyms, , Category/Uses, , NH3, , Aqueous ammonia forties, , -, , Preston salt, Bakers, ammonia, , Respiratory stimulants,, Expectorants, , Tartar emetics, , Emetics Expectorants, , 1, , Ammonia, , 2, , Ammonium carbonate, , 3, , Antimony potassium tartrate, , 4, , Boric acid, , H3BO3, , Boracic acid, Orthoboric, acid, , Antibacterial, , 5, , Calcium carbonate, , CaCO3, , Precipitated chalk, , Antacid, dentifrices, , 6, , Calcium chloride, , CaCl2, , 7, , Calcium hydroxide, , Ca(OH)2, , Slaked lime/ Milk of lime, , Dental products, Antacid, , 8, , Calcium Hypochlorite, , Ca(ClO)2, , Chlorinated lime/, bleaching powder, , Disinfectants, , 9, , Calcium oxide, , CaO, , Quick lime, , preparation of bleaching, powder, , 10, , Copper sulphate, , CuSO4, , Blue vitriol, , Fungicide, , 11, , Ferrous sulphate, , FeSO4, , Green Vitriol, , Haematinics, , N2H6CO2, , K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2, , De-ice, , 89, +

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Chemical Formula Synonyms & Uses, , 92, +

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REASONS, 1. Glycerin is used in assay of Boric acid, Boric acid is a weak acid having a pKa =9.19 for the ionization of its first, proton.Hence it must be combined with a polyhydroxy compound, in this case, glycerin is used. Glycerin esterifies the boric acid to produce complex, glyceroboric acid that behaves like a strong monoprotic acid, which in turn, allows the titration to be carried out. Once combined, it can be titrated against, a strong base like sodium hydroxide, which causes change in colour., 2. Dilute nitric acid is used in limit test for chloride, Dil. Nitric acid is added in the limit test of chloride to make solution acidic, and helps silver chloride precipitate to make solution turbid at the end of, process., Explain the role of alcohol, Potassium sulphate Barium chloride and, acetic acid in sulphate Limit test, 3. Alcohol:-To prevent super saturation., 4. Potassium sulphate :- To increase the sensitivity of the test by giving ionic, concentration in the reagent, 5. Barium chloride:- Barium chloride reacts with sulphate in presence of dilute, HCl to form barium sulphate precipitate. The turbidity of test solution is, compared with the standard solution., 6. Acetic acid/ HCl :-To make solution acidic., 7. Ammonia solution and citric acid is used in limit test for Iron, Citric acid and ammonia helps precipitation of iron by forming a complex, with it., 8. Why Lead acetate cotton plug bin Limit test for arsenic, Lead acetate cotton plug is used to trap any hydrogen sulphide which may be, evolved along with arsine gas., Lead acetate cotton plug prevents the interaction of hydrogen sulphide gas and, mercuric chloride paper., , 95

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9. Thioglycollic acid is used in iron limit test., 2M, Thioglycolic acid acts as a reducing agent that reduces ferric ion (Fe+++), impurity (if any) to ferrous (Fe++) ion & then acts as a complexing agent to, form a purple coloured ferrous thioglycolate complex by reacting with ferrous, ion., 10. Mercuric chloride Paperis used in Arsenic limit test., In the Arsenic limit test, Arsine gas reacts with mercuric chloride paper to, produce yellow stain of mercuric arsenide. The stain of test is compared with, standard stain., , 11. Stannous chloride is used in limit test for Arsenic, Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine gas, 12. Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used in limit test for, Arsenic, Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent, 13. HCl is used in limit test for Arsenic, Hydrochloric acid is used to make the solution acidic, 14. Use of Formaldehyde in assay of Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium chloride assay is based on Neutralization reaction. When, Formaldehyde is treated with ammonium chloride it Liberated Acid and then, obtained acid is liberated with Standard alkali solution. Formaldehyde, solution is treated with ammonium chloride solution to liberated HCl., NH4Cl, , +, , Ammonium chloride, , 6 HCOH, Formaldehyde, , (CH2)6 N4 + 4HCl + H 2O, Hexamine, , Hydrochloric acid, , Water, , Liberated HCl is titrated with standard solution of Sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) (, Neutralization reaction), HCl +, NaOH, NaCl +, H2O, Hydrochloric acid, , Sodium Hydroxide, , Sodium Chloride, , Water, , 15. Why KSCN is used in assay of Copper sulphate., Potassium thiocyanate is used to sharpen the end point by making copper, thiocyanate (CuSCN). CuSCN is slightly less soluble than Iodide., 96

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16. Why H2SO4 is used in assay of Hydrogen peroxide., It is necessary to make H2O2 solution acidic. The hydrogen ion take part in, reaction so H2SO4 should be used, Permanganate is powerful oxidizing agent, IfHCl is used in place of H2SO4, permanganate oxidizes chloride to form Chlorine ion., , 97

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Pattern of Question Paper, For, Karnataka State Board Exam, BEAD Pharmacy, , Section –I, , 40, , marks, Total questions 13 (Solve any 10), , 10× 4 =40, , Types of Questions., 1. Synonyms/Chemical name/ Formula uses etc., 2. Definitions, 3. Give reasons, 4. Write preparation of compound, 5. Complete the reaction, 6. Identification tests of anion and cation., 7. Assay principle, 8. Storage conditions, 9. Classification, 10. Official compounds, 11. Write short note, Other types of question may be asked., , Section –II, , 40, , marks, Detailed answer type questions mainly from major chapters, Limit test Quality control, Radiopharmaceuticals, Major intra and extra cellular, electrolyte or topical agents etc., , Question no. 14 is compulsory (Solve any one), (2 choice available), Question 15,16,17, , (Solve any 2), , 98, , 14 Marks, 13×2 = 26

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December -2014, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., a., 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Define Test for purity, Assay and Antacid, Discuss the principle of sulphate limit test with suitable reaction., Write a note on saline cathartics., Give the synonym and uses of Sodiun Hydroxide, Calcium Sulphate, Copper, Sulphate and Sodium Potassium Tartrate., Give the stability and storage condition for potassium iodide and alum., Write a note on quality control., List the official compound of iron. Give their formula and storage, conditions., Give reasons for the use of acetic acid in copper sulphate assay and glycerin, in boric acid assay, Write the identification test for the following compound:, Calcium, b. Carbonate, Write a note on Barium meal., Write a note on Acidifying agent., Discuss the role of fluoride in dental products., Define and classify antidote with suitable example., , Section-II, 14. Explain the principle and reaction involved in the assay of potassium, permanganate, Chlorinated lime, Sodium bicarbonate and Ammonium, chloride., OR, Write the principle, apparatus and procedure involved in the limit test for, Arsenic., (14M), 15. Write the method of preparation and uses of Calamine, alum, Compound, sodium lactate and sodium bicarbonate., (13M), 16. Write a note on:, (13M), a. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis b. Lead limit test I.P, 17. Write a note on sources of impurities in pharmaceutical substance. Discuss the, physiological acid base balance., (13M), , 99

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May -2015, Section-I Solve any 10, , (4×10=40), , Define the terms “ Monograph” and “Pharmaceutical impurity”, Explain the effect of impurities on pharmaceutical substance., Define the following., a. Assay, c. Buffer solution, b. Normality, d. Limit test, 4. Name the official compound of Iron with its use., 5. Define and classify topical agents with example., 6. Balance and complete the reaction, a. 2NaHCO3+H2SO4, b. Ca(OH)2+Na2CO3, 7. Give the formula and uses of hypophosphorous acid and hypo., 8. Explain the role of formaldehyde in ammonium chloride assay and, Potassium thiocyanate in the assay of Copper sulphate., 9. Explain the principle involved in the limit test of arsenic., 10. Explain the role of citric acid and ammonia in iron limit test., 11. Give the definition and two example for:, a. Antacid, b. Saline cathartics, 12. What are electrolytes? Write the electrolytes used for replacement therapy., 13. Write a note on electrolyte combination therapy., 1., 2., 3., , Section-II, 14. A) Give the method of preparation and reactions involved in, a. H2O2, b. Ammoniated mercury, B) Give the principle reactions and procedure involved in the assay of, a. Yellow mercuric oxide, b. Boric acid, OR, 14. A)Explain the sulphate limit test I.P., B)Write a note on dental products, (14M), 15. A) Write a note on metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis., B) Name the official compound of Calcium with its uses., (13M), 16. A) Explain Geiger -Muller counter., (13M), B) Write the stability,storage condition and uses of, i. Ferrous sulphate, iii., Carbon dioxide, ii. Oxygen, iv., Silver nitrate, 17. A) Explain the role of buffers in pharmacy., 1. Explain the limit test for heavy metals., , 100, , (13M)

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December -2015, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., 2., , 3., , 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., , 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Describe the principle and reaction involved in the assay of Hydrogen peroxide., Give the synonym and uses of the following, a. Sodium bicarbonate, c. Potassium hydroxide, b. Ferrous sulphate, d. Calcium oxide, Define the following:, a. Antacid, c. Antiseptic, b. Emetic, d. Purgative, Give any two identification tests for, a. Ammonium, b. Sulphate radicals, What are Anticaries agents? Give suitable examples., Give reasons, a. Lead acetate cotton plug used in arsenic limit test., b. Dilute nitric acid used in the limit test for chloride., What are antioxidants? Classify them with suitable example., What are buffers? Give the pharmaceutical importance of buffers., Give the uses of the following., a. Calcium gluconate, c. Alum, b. Milk of magnesia, d. Zinc oxide, What are protective and adsorbents? Give suitable examples., Give the storage conditions and labeling of Carbon dioxide and Oxygen., What is electrolyte replacement Therapy? Explain., Explain the preparation and assay of chlorinated lime., , Section-II, 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , Write the principle, reaction and procedure involved in the limit test for chloride, and iron., Write the principle, reaction and procedure involved in the limit test for lead. (14M), A) Define and classify gastrointestinal agents with suitable example. Give the, preparation of any one of them., B) Write a note on radio opaque contras media., (13M), Write the principle and reaction involved in the assay of, (13M), a. Ammonium chloride, b.Ferrous sulphate, c. Boric acid, A) What are astringents? Give the method of preparation, assay and storage, condition of any two of them:, B) Write a note on combination of oral electrolyte powder?, (13M), , 101

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May -2016, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., 2., , 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., , 9., 10., , 11., 12., , 13., , (4×10=40), , Write any two identification test for ferrous and sulphate ions., Give the following reason:, a. Citric acid is used in the iron limit test ., b. Glycerol is used in boric acid assay., Write the principle involved in the assay of potassium parmanganate., Write the preparation and uses of milk of magnesia., Write the preparation of ammoniated mercury., Write the formula and category of the following:, a. Bleaching powder, c. Sodiun thiosulphate, b. Borax, d. Sodium citrate, Define and Classify antidote? With suitable example., Give an example with their molecular formula:, a. Emetics, c. Acidifying agent, b. Disinfectant, d. Anticaries, Write a note on role of fluoride in dental products., Define the terms:, a. Bactericide, c. Pharmaceutical aid, b. Protectives, d. Astringent, Write the principle and procedure involved in sulphate limit test., Define the following terms:, a. Normality, c. Equivalent weight, b. Monograph, d. Buffers, Complete and balance the reaction with chemical formula, a. 2Na2S2O3 + I2, b. 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4, , Section-II, 14. Write the principle involved in the limit test for arsenic with suitable reaction. Give, the procedure with neat labelled diagram of apparatus used., OR, Define and classify intracellular and extracellular electrolytes with example., Write their importance. Add a note on ORS., (14M), 15. A)Write the principle involved in the assay of, (13M), a. Aluminium hydroxide gel, c. Magnesium sulphate, b. Zinc oxide, 16. Write a note on radio pharmaceuticals with their biological effects. Add a note on, measurement of radio activity., (13M), 17. A)Define and classify antacid with example., B)Explain the principle and procedure involved in the assay of, (13M), a. Sodium bicarbonate, b. Hydrogen peroxide, 102

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May -2017, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., , 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Give the uses for the following, a. Stannous fluoride, c. Calamine, b. Ferrous sulphate, d. Sodium bicarbonate, Write the preparation with reaction for the following, a. Ammoniated mercury, b. Hydrogen peroxid, Write the principle and reaction involved in the limit test for sulphate., Give any two identification test for, a. Potassium, b. carbonate, Enlist the official compound of iron with their uses., a. Ferrous sulphate, b. Ferrous gluconate, c. Ferrous fumerate, What are radiopharmaceuticals ? Mention the pharmaceutical application of any, two radioisotopes., How the acid base balance of the body is maintained., Define the following with suitable example., a. Antioxidants, b. Astringent, Write the synonym and uses of, a. Sodium potassium tartrate, c. Aqueous iodine solution, b. Sodium carbonate, d. Copper sulphate, Complete the following reactions, a. Lead acetate + Hydrogen sulphide, b. Iron + thioglycollic acid, What are antidotes ? Give the preparation of sodium nitrite., Write the principle and reaction involved in the assay of boric acid., Give the storage condition and labelling of oxygen and nitrous oxide., , Section-II, 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , What are the sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals . Write the principle and, procedure involved in the limit test for arsenic., OR, Define and classify antacid with examples? Write the method of operation and, assay of sodium bicarbonate., (14M), A)Write a note on:, I., Mojor intracellular and extracellular electrolytes, II., Barium sulphate meal, B) Write the preparation and uses of chlorinated lime and calamine. (13M), A)Classify dental products with suitable examples, B) What are respiratory stimulants? Give the preparation of ammonium carbonate., C) Give the preparation of iodine and its importance., (13M), Write the preparation and uses of the following’., (13M), a. Calcium hydroxide, c. Ammonium chloride, b. Potasium permanganate, d. Calcium gluconate, 103

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December -2017, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., , 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Define the following, a. Assay, c. Expectorant, b. Astringent, d. Impurity, Write the principle and reaction of boric acid assay, What are antioxidants? Give examples. Give their mechanism of action., Define and Classify GIT agents with examples., Write the preparation and uses of calcium gluconate., Give reason:, a. Nitric acid is used in chloride limit test, b. Formaldehyde is used in the assay of ammonium chliride., Write the official compounds of iron with their uses, Write a short note on antidotes, Write a note on major intra and extracellular electrolytes, Give the preparation and uses of antimony potassium tartrate, Explain the principle and reactions of heavy metal limit test, Give the storage conditions and labeling of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide., Give the construction and working of GM counter., , Section-II, 14. Explain the principle involved in arsenic limit test I.P. Explain its procedure with, neat labelled diagram., OR, a) Define and classify topical agents., b) Write the preparation, assay and uses of hydrogen peroxide., c) Write a note on acidifying agents., (14M), 15. A) Give the official compounds of iodine with their composition and uses, a. Iodine-I, c. Potassium Iodide-KI, b. Sodium Iodide-NAI, B) Define buffer. Give example .Enumerate their role in pharmacy., (13M), 16. A) Discuss physiological acid base balance, B) Application of radio pharmaceuticals, C) Barium meal, (13M), 17. A) Explain the principle and reaction of iron limit test I.P, B) Write the principle and reactions involved in copper sulphate assay, C) Add a note on dental products, (13M), , 104

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May -2018, Section-I Solve any 10, 1., 2., , 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Write the principle involved in the assay of hydrogen peroxide with a suitable, reaction., Give the synonym and uses of the following:, a., Ferrous sulphate, c., Copper sulphate, b., Sodium bicarbonate, d., Sodium borate, Write the identification test for calcium and carbonated, Discuss the principle of chloride limit test, Write a note on protectives., Discuss the physiological acid base balance, Explain with suitable examples the term “ Dentifrices & Anticarries agents., Give the stability and storage conditions for ferrous sulphate and iodine, Give reasons for the followings:, a. Use a dried lead acetate cotton plug in arsenic limit test, b. Hydrochloric acid in sulphate limit test, With suitable example, define the terms emetics and astringents, Write the formula and category for bismuth subcarbonate and sodium potassium, tartrate, Write a note on antidotes, Define the terms:, a. Assay, c. Buffer, b. Test for purity, d. Normality, , Section-II, 14., , 15., , 16., , 17., , A) List out the saline cathartics and explain their mechanism of action., B) With neat labelled diagram and suitable equations, explain the limit test for, arsenic., OR, A) Write the principle involved in lead limit test I.P., (14M), B) Explain the different sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals., A) What are antacids? List out the inorganic compounds used as antacids.Explain, the preparation of any one with suitable equation., B) Explain handling and storage of radioactive materials., (13M), With suitable reactions, explain the principle of assay of, (13M), a., Chlorinated lime, c., Potassium permanganate, b. Ammonium chloride, With suitable examples, write a note on the following, (13M), a. Astringents, b. Antioxidants, c. Acidifying agents, d. Respiratory stimulants, , 105

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May -2019, Section-I Solve any 10, , (4×10=40), , 1. Mention the chemical formula, chemical name, uses at different doses and storage, condition for ‘Milk of magnesia’, 2. Give the chemical formula, synonym and uses of the following, a. Sodium chloride, c. Antimony potassium tartarate, b. Sodium thiosulphate, d. Calcium carbonate, 3. Write the composition of ORS? Mention its uses and how it is to be used?, 4. Explain the role of Alcohol, Potassium sulphate, Barium chloride and Acetic acid, in sulphate limit test., 5. Define ‘antidote’ Explain in detail the use of sodium nitrite as an antidote., 6. Explain storage, labelling conditions and uses of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide., 7. Define caries. How it is treated? Explain., 8. Mention any two inorganic mercury compounds and two sulphur compound along, with their uses., 9. Explain one test each to identify bicarbonate, chloride, sodium and potassium ions., 10. Define ‘Bronsted acid’ and ‘Lewis acid’ with two example each., 11. Write a note on the combination, method of preparation, storage condition and, uses of barium meal., 12. What are Topical agents? List out 3 topical agents along with their composition, and uses., 13. Give reasons a)Explain the role of lead acetate cotton plug in arsenic limit test., b) Explain the role of citric acid and ammonium in iron limit test., , Section-II, 14. Define antimicrobial agent. Differentiate between ‘disinfectant’ and ‘antiseptic’, with two examples each., What is strength of 20 volumes hydrogen peroxide, solution I.P .Why is it called so? Explain (i) Its storage condition (ii)Assay, procedure and principle with suitable equation (iii)its official uses., OR, A) Define the term ‘assay’ ‘ test for purity and limit test., B) How many methods describe for heavy metal limit test as per I.P. Explain the, principle and reactions involved , emphasizing the role of each reagent used.(14M), 15. A) Explain the importance of quality control in pharmaceuticals. What are the, disinfectant methods used in quality control of a raw material., B) Define error. Write a note on significant error., (13M), 16. What are radio isotopes? Elaborate upon yhe radiations emitted and their, effects.Explain the precautions in their storage and handling. Give the formula,, name and use of any two radiopharmaceuticals., 17. Explain with suitable equation , the principle of assay, a. Ammonium chloride I.P, c. Sodium bicarbonate, b. Calcium gluconate I.P, , 106

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Sample question paper-I, Section-I Solve any 10, , 1., , 3., 4., 5., 6., , 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., , (4×10=40), , Define the following, a. Assay, c. Buffer, b. Normality, d. Impurity, 2. Give the synonym and uses of the following:, a. Antimony potassium tartrate, c. Copper sulphate, b. Sodium bicarbonate, d. Sodium chloride, Give storage condition, labelling conditions and uses of nitrous oxide and Oxygen., Define ‘antidote’ Explain in detail the use of sodium nitrite as an antidote., Write the preparation and uses of Hydrogen peroxide &Sodium bicarbonate., Give reason:, a. Use lead acetate cotton plug in arsenic limit test, b. Formaldehyde is used in the assay of ammonium chloride., Write the official compounds and their uses of iron & calcium, Write a short note on Barium meal, Write identification test of calcium & carbonate ions., Define and classify topical agents with examples., Explain the principle and reactions of Iron limit test, Write the principle and reactions involved in assay of Sodium bicarbonate., Give the construction and working of GM counter., , Section-II, 14. Explain the principle involved in arsenic limit test I.P. Explain its procedure with, neat labelled diagram., OR, Explain the importance of quality control in pharmaceuticals. Explain the different, sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals., (14M), 15. What are radio isotopes? Write biological effects of radiopharmaceuticals effects., Explain the precautions in their storage and handling. Give the formula, name and, use of any two radiopharmaceuticals., (13M), 16. With suitable reactions, explain the principle of assay of, (13M), a. Chlorinated lime, Potassium permanganate, b. Ammonium chloride, 17. Write a note on:, (13M), Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, Write the composition of ORS? Mention its uses, , 107

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Sample question paper-I, Section-I Solve any 10, , (4×10=40), , 1. Define the following, a. Limit test, c. Astringents, b. Monograph, d. Official compounds, 2. Give chemical name, formula and uses of the following:, a. Green vitriol, c. Tartar emetics, b. Epsom salt, d. Alum, 3. Give stability, storage condition, and uses of ferrous sulphate and Iodine., 4. Define and classify Antacid with examples, 5. Write the preparation and uses of Magnesium Hydroxide &Potassium Iodide., 6. Give reason:, a. Role of Citric acid and ammonia in limit test of Iron IP, b. Nitric acid is used in limit test of chloride IP., 7. Write the official compounds and their uses of iron & calcium, 8. Write note on Respiratory stimulants, 9. Write Principle involved in assay of Calcium gluconate and & hydrogen peroxide., 10. Define and classify Antacid with examples., 11. Write a note on Expectorants & emetics, 12. Write the principle & reactions involved in Limit test of Chloride & sulphate., 13. Define protective and Adsorbents & Respiratory stimulants with examples., , Section-II, 14. A) Define buffer solution & write role of buffer in pharmacy., B) Write effects of impurities on pharmaceuticals, OR, What is ORS? Explain physiological acid base balance of body, (14M), 15. Explain the limit test of heavy metals I.P. Explain principle & reaction involved in, limit test of Iron, (13M), 16. With suitable reactions, explain the principle of assay of, (13M), Ferrous sulphate, Boric acid, Sodium chloride, 17. Define dentifrices & explain role of Fluoride in dental product., Explain handling and storage of radioactive materials., ---------All the best----------108