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Solution and solute, A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The, substance present in small quantity is called solute and substance, present in large amount is called solvent., Solute + Solvent → Solution, Example:, (i) In Nacl solution, NaCl is the solute and the water is the solvent, (ii) InHCI solution, HCl is the solute and water is the solvent, (iii) NaOH solution, NaOH is the solute and water is the solvent

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Concentration of solutions :- The concentration of solutions, can be expressed in several ways, such as molarity, normality, parts per million etc., :- Molarity of a solution is defined as number of, moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution., Weight of solute in grams per litre of solution, %3D, Molarity, M=, Molecular weight of solute., A molar solution contains one gram molecular weight of solute, per litre of the solution., Normality, N :- Normality of a solution is the number of, gram equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the solution., Weight of solute in grams per litre of the solution, Normality =, Equivalent weight of the solute, A normal solution contains one gram equivalent of the solute, dissolved in one litre of the solution., Parts per million (ppm), When the solute present is in minute quantity, the concentration, is expressed in ppm. It is defined as the number of parts by mass, of the solute per million parts by mass of solution., mass of solute, X 10, ppm, %3D, mass of solution

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Weight of Na,CO, required to prepare 250 ml of the solution, contain, 1., Calculate the Normality of NaOH solution, 96 g NAOH in 600ml solution?, Weight, weight per litre, Equivalent weight, NEV, 0.12x53x250, Normality, %3D, %3D, %3D, molecular weight, 1000, 1000, 40, = 40, 1, %3D, Equivalent weight of NaOH, Acidity, Amount of NaOH present in 600ml =96 g, = 1.59 gm (1litre 1000ml), %3D, 96x1000, the amount of NaOH present in 1000ml (1 litre) =, =160, 600, weight per litre, Equivalent weight, . The Normality of NaOH solution, 160, = 4 N, 40, 2.Calculate the weight of Na,CO, in gm required to prepare 250ml of, 0.12 N solution, weight per litre, Normality x Equivalent weight, Normality of the Na,CO,, = 0.12, molecular weight, Equivanent weight of Na,CO,, 106, = 53, 2, Weight of Na,CO, required to prepare 1 litre of 0.12 N solution, = Normality x Equivalent weight, %3D, =0.12x 53