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CULTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE, 1. SANSKRITISATION, 2. WESTERNISATION, 3. MODERNISATION, 4. SECULARISATION, SANSKRITISATION, , , , , , , Sanskritisation is a process by which a low caste or tribe takes over, the customs, rituals, beliefs , ideology and style of life of high and in, particular ‘ Twice born’ (Dwija) Caste., The term Sanskritisation was coined by MN Srinivas., Sanskritisation takes place due to the severe discrimination and, ostracisation faced by the lower castes from the upper castes., Studies show that it operated differently in different parts of the, country . In regions where non Sanskritic castes are dominant, their, influence was stronger. This is called de- Sanskritisation.

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, , , , , , , , , , According to Srinivas, Sanskritisation of a group has usually the effect of, improving its position in the local caste heirarchy., The aspiration or the desire to be like the higher castes occurs only when, the people become wealthier., Traditionally, the upper caste punished those low castes which were, audacious enough to attempt it., Kumud Pawade, a dalit women who became a Sanskrit teacher in her, autobiography, gave an account of the mixed reaction she received when, she studied Sanskrit. She mentioned what she heard somewhere “… what, comes by birth, but can’t be cast off by dying _ that is caste …”., Criticism of Sanskritisation, Sanskritisation has been criticised for exaggerating social mobility. For it, leads to no structural change but only positional change of some, individuals., The ideology of Sanskritisation accepts the ways of the upper castes as, superior and that of the lower castes as inferior., Sanskritisation seems to justify a model of inequality and exclusion. And, justify pollution and purity of caste groups., Sanskritisation results in the adoption of upper caste rights and rituals, leading to the practice of secluding women and adopting dowry practices, instead of bride price.

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, , , , , , The effect of Sanskritisation has eroded dalit culture and society. The, labour which the lower caste do is degraded and rendered shameful., Conclusion, With the growth of anti Brahmanical movement and the development of, regional self consciousness in the twentieth Century there was an, attempt in the several Indian language to drop Sanskrit words and, phrases., Recent years have seen Dalits who now take pride in their Identity. They, have gained some pride and self confidence., , WESTERNISATION, Westernisation is the changes brought about in Indian society as a result of, over one hundred and fifty years of British rule occurring at different levels, such as, technology, institution, lifestyle, ideology and values., There are different kinds of Westernisation:,  The emergence of a Westernised sub-cultural pattern through a, minority section of Indians who first came in contact with the Whites or, the Western culture. These Indian intellectuals not only adopted many, cognitive patterns, ways of thinking and styles of life but also supported, its expansion., There has also been the general spread of western cultural traits due to, , the introduction of western education.

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, , , Westernisation does involve the imitation of external forms of culture. The, most vivid example is that of Indian man wearing trousers, Shirts but not, necessarily mean that he adopts modern values of democracy and equality., Apart from ways of life and thinking Westernisation influence Indian Art,, Literature and Architecture as well. Artists like Ravi Verma, Abanindranath, Tagore, Chandu Menon and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhya were all, grappling with the colonial encounter., , Srinivas suggested that while ‘lower castes’ sought to be Sanskritised , upper, sought to be Westernised. We usually refer to the colonial impact to discuss, westernisation. However, today we find new forms of Westernisation increasingly, being Americanisation often called the new Raj., MODERNISATION,  Modernisation refers to improvement in technology and production, processes. It, refers to the path of development that much of West Europe or North America, has taken. And suggested that other societies both have to and ought to, follow the same path of development.,  Modernity assumes that local ties and parochial perspectives give way to, universal commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes. That the truth of utility,, calculation and science take precedence over those of the emotions, the, sacred, and the non-rational base on choice not birth, mastery rather than, fatalism.

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, , , , People are influenced not just by local but universal context. How you, behave, what you think is no longer decided by your family or tribe or, caste or community., What Job you wish to do is not decided by your parents nor by what, your parents does but by what you wish to do., A Scientific attitude gains ground and a rational approach matters., SECULARISATION, Secularisation refers to the transformation of a society from close, Identification with religious values and institutions toward non religious, values and secular institutions. It is a process of decline in the influence, of religion in the society. It has been assumed by all Modernisation, theorists that modern societies become increasingly secular., Undoubtedly, we see radicals and religious fundamentalism on the rise., , , , , Difference between Indian Secularism and Western Secularism., In the West , there is complete separation between the State and, religion. Neither the State nor the religious entities can interfere in, each others respective affairs., On the contrary in India, Secularism implies equal respect for all, religions rather than separation between State and religion. State can, interfere in religious affairs for progress and development, i.e., Progressive interference. Example , Triple Talaq Legislation, Hindu, Marriage Act etc.

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Conclusion, Cultural processes of change brings less deliberate yet decisive changes., Sanskritisation predates the coming of colonial rule whereas, Westernisation, Modernisation and Secularisation is a complex response of, the, people of India to the changes that Colonialialism brought about.