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SOCIAL MOVEMENT, Social movements involves sustain collective mobilization through informal or formal organization., It is generally oriented towards brining changes in the existing system of relationships or in simple words, social movement often arises with the aim of bringing about changes on a public issues ideology is an imp component of social movement, Social movement is an effort of that dynamic task, which is done individually or collectively to remove social evils, religious superstitious , social cultural discrimination etc, Its objective is to make the life of individual families and groups more healthy and progressive through some aspects of social development in the society., FEATURES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT, Social movement emerges as a reaction to some social problem or social illness, The objective of every social movement is to remove a social evil or solve a social problem to deal with any economic social or political exploitation , so that the social system can be given a healthy base and remove the obstacles in the way of social progress., Some movements are to protect and sustain the existing situation not to change it their objective is to protect their identity and for that they make concentrated efforts to sustain the existing situations, Social movements are initiated by a person a leader or a great man, but when his efforts takes on the nature of a group activity only then it is called a movement. Thus a social movement is a symbol of collective efforts through the means of formal or informal organizations, Each movements has its ideological framework and identity, Social movement is initiated for the achievement of some principles or ideas, Social movement cannot be without a principle, Each movement has its own organizational hierarchy because such movement are not possible without formal or informal organization, These organization are not haphazard, but it is well planned the better planned organization have more chances of its success, DISTINGUISH B/W SOCIAL CHANGES & SOCIAL MOVEMENT, It is imp to distinguish b/w social change and social movement because both impacts on the society., SOCIAL CHANGE, It is a continuous & ongoing process, It reflects the differences b/w a situation it was in the past to what it is in the present, Social changes economic & cultural aspects of the society, In this we see the process of sanskritisation westernization modernization, It started from the very ancient time, SOCIAL MOVEMENT, It keeps changing but not ongoing, It launches with the specific objectives and they often go for a long period of time, It affects the certain aspects of the society, In social movement generally starts to make definite changes in society or protest in society or protest against social change, It started (launched) in the early 19 century to eradicate social evils, SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, Why study of social movements is imp for sociology, In any country social movements aims at changing some aspects of society, French revolution against monarchy when people were suffering depressed and wanted freedom and equality, Industrial revolution (Britain) protest by common man where paid low wages & treated badly, According to Emile Durkheim social movement can lead to disintegration or disorder of society, Society is more imp than individual, He spoke about division of labour, social facts suicide and religion, Social movement usually aims at improving the life of depressed class, sociology helps in the study of society, poor people or depressed section society express themselves through protest as they have no other way of doing so, CONCLUSION:, A social movement is a form of group behaviour, The activity of some individuals who get together to bring about changes in the social behaviour of a crowd, There have been various kinds of social movements such as reformative movements revolutionary movements and protest movement which has helped to enhance the society, Social movements were looked at powerful instruments to create chaos and to well establish out society, Most scholars were influenced by karl marx views where he presented the violent group to endeavour differently, These groups or organizations fully understood the consequences of their actions, The sociologist E.P Thomason has shown that a crowd is not a chaotic tool to break the society nut is a these groups or organizations fully understands the consequences of their actions. He has shown that the poor who protest have solid reason to doing so. The poor & the deprived sections of society get together because that is the only way their voice can be heard .They have no other way to convey their grievances, It often restore public protest as it is a way of expressing anger & resentment against deprivation, THEORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT, Most sociologist have studied social movements within the framework of relative deprivations theory, When people do not have basic necessities of life they struggle to obtain them in other words the differences b/w justified expectations and actual attainment is relative deprivation, Group effort is the precondition for this theory , therefore not all deprivation, Situation can be given the form of relative deprivation because they do not become the cause for social movements, Sociologist have contemplated on the forces that results in social movement, and questions the desire to start a social movement, The theory involves who will find it, how they get political backing and how the media supports them, Social movements is a successful one if one is able to mobilise the resources, TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT, The two way of classifying social movement are:, Old & new movements, By person, Reformist:, This type of social movement strives to change the existing social and political arrangements, through gradual incremental steps, The 1960s movement for recognition of Indian states on the basis of language and the recent “right to information’’ (RTI) campaign are example of reformist, Movements environment, and present movement falls into the reformers try to changes the mindset of the people regarding a particular issue, REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT:, This type of movement attempts to radically change social relations often by capturing state power, Naxalite movement in India, Bolshevik movement / revolution in Russia, are the best examples of revolutionary movement in term of the impact it had on the existing system, It draws the attention of sociologist mainstream society, REDEMPTIVE MOVEMENT: (transformatory movement) (another name), This kind of movement aims at, or aims to bring about in the personal consciousness & action of its individual members, The best examples of redemptive movement in the women movement which fought for the freedom of women in the society, The movement inspired to attain social economic & political rights, Such movement were started to root out corruption as well, OLD AND NEW MOVEMENTS:, Old movements, Most have linked with political parties and they were very important EG. Bolshevik freedom struggle, The main aim was to recognize inequalities, It is usually concerned with the lower or depressed class like women and dabits, The broader term of civil society is used to refer old social movements represented by political parties and trade unions, The old movement experienced a whole array of social movement involving women presents dalits advise & other, NEW MOVEMENTS:, They don’t have link with political parties and sometimes they may oppose the of the gov for eg. Workers movements, Addres new social issues & not the change in the power relationships, They involves economic social, political and cultural in equalities, It is concerned with all the class and cste like workers movement or tribal movement, It used to refer new non- gov organisations, womems group environmental groups and tribal activists, It concerns about social inequality and unequal distribution of resources, ECOLOGICAL MOVEMENT, The process of economic development has exploited the natural resources beyond necessity and capacity, Ecology has an imp place in human society and man the most superior of all creation in responsible for disturbing the ecological balance of nature, Man has been interfering with nature from the very beginning ever the industrial revolution interfaced, In the last few decades there has been a great deal of about the uncheck use of natural resources and a model of development that requires and a model of development that requires more exploitation of the already depleted natural resources, The model of development is also criticized for assuming that the benefit of development will be shared by all section of society, Big dams displace people from their homes and source of livelihood the impact of industrial, The chipko movement is a movement which was not only economic aspects but effects all the aspects, The chipko movement in the Himalayan foothills where the women of the saklana village 1986 hug to the trees to prevent them form the lumberjacks, The economic aspects of ecological movement, When the contractors from the cities came down to cut the trees the women & the children went & hug the trees of the forest, Reasons being they were dependent on forest for their livelihood (grazing fodder) wood for fire food and gatherings, THE POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES:, The villagers were very unhappy with the politicians, The leaders were not concerned about their livelihood, This movement become popular through mass media & people started their own movement in their own states, Chipko movement raised the issue of ecological sustainability, ‘The Red’’ and ‘Green’ issue of interlinked for the village where green is forest and red bloodshed for preserving the ecological balance, Chipko movement concerned about economic ecology & political representation, THE CLASS BASED MOVEMENT:, PEASANT MOVEMENT:, The movement in the period b/w 1858 & 1914, The foundation of peasant movement was laid much before independence during the colonial rule, The various forms of movements emerged under the leadership of local leaders while other were based on the workers grievances, The famous Bengal protest in 1859-1862 concerned with indigo planters who were mainly Britishers, Deccan protest was against moneylenders, Some of these movements joined Gandhi ji national movement for independence, Bordoli satyagroha 1928, joined the nation wide, non cooperation movement, which was against tax & land revenues, The champaran movement 1917-1918 was against the indigo plantation and planters, b/w 1920 & 1940 peasants organisations arose, the first organization to be founded was “the Bihar provincial kisan sabha’’ 1929, BIHAR PROVINCIAL KISAN SABHA 1929, Its started in 1929 & became a powerful widespread organization by 1934 under the leadership of swami shahjanand saraswate, In 1936 it transformed into all indian kisan sabha, The presents demanded freedom from economic exploitations for peasant workers and all other exploited classes, At the time of independence we had the two most classical cases of peasant movements mainly, Tebhaga movement in the year 1946-47 and telangana movement 1946-51, Tebhaga Movement:, this movement took place in the area i.e new in Pakistan, the movement was lead by ‘Bhawani sen’, their slogan was tp give the landowners not half the share of production but ready to give 1/3 as tax., Telangana movement: (1946-51), This movement took place in nalgoda district of Hyderabad, Its was directed against the feudal condition in the princely states of Hyderabad which was led by CPI & supported by kisan sabha, They demanded that their debt should be taken off as a form of subsidy, The peasants fought bravely against the power of jagirdars zamindars and nawabs, It was a revolutionary movements and turned violent also, The period after 1947 was characterized by two major social movements, The naxalite struggle movement, New farmers movement, NAXALITE MOVEMENT., The naxabite movement started form the region of naxalbari in 1967 in bengal, The central problem for the peasants was land, Many of the problems persist in contempory India, The naxal movement is a growing force even tody, NEW FARMERS MOVENENTS., It began in the year 1970 in Punjab and Tamil Nadu, These movement were regionally based and organized where non- party members & farmers were involved rather than peasants, The basic ideology of the movement was strongly anti-state and anti-urban, The force of the movement demanded were price related issues, The Nobel method of agitation were blocking of roads and railways refusing politicians and bureaucrats , entry to the village, It has been argued that farmers movement have brodened their agendas and ideologies & included environment and women issues and so became a part of world wide new social movement, WORKERS MOVEMENT:, It started in 1877 in the express mill in Nagpur, The workers went to strike to demand a rise in wages, In 1882 & 1890 there were strikes in Bombay and madras worker movement was launched after the arrest of lokmanya tilak, trade union act was passed in 1926 which was amended in 1928, 1942 & 1950& 1970, and finally amended in 2001, worker movement have a long sad history in the ages of rising prices and industrial competition, after the first world war, there were workers movement in other countries, including india, the influence of Russian revolution was evident on them, the ILO(international labour organization) was formed at this time, the first trade uncion was established in April 1918 in madras by B.P wadia, in the same year mahatma Gandhi founded the textile labour association, in 1920 all india trade union congrees (AITUC) was formed in Bombay, which was a broad based organization with diverse ideologies, in 1925 the govt set up the royal commission on labour, after the establishment of AITUC the colonial govt payed more attention to the needs of worker and passed the fourth factory act’, the working hours were reduced to 10hrs per day, in 1926, the trade union act was passed in which rules were made to register trade unions and workers welfare, by 1920 nearly 200 labour organization come under the membership of trade union, in 1929 , the Nagpur session there was a difference of opinion among the members which led to the formation of indian national trade union congress (INTUC), attempts were made to crush workers union during the recession period of 1929 and 1930, In 1974 a very big strike was organized by railways employes during the emerged in 1975-77 activities, Soon after the emergency the workers movements gained ground & fought for evil liberties . In the context of globalization they oppose the ‘hire and fire’ policies of the employers, The reort of second national commission is very significant in the context of labour reforms, it levied restrictions on enterprise employing 300 workers bout lock out rues, Workers movement have to change with the changing times and if they failed to do so they become meaningless irrelevant and useless, CASTE BASED MOVEMENT:, A) Dalit movement:, The word dalit refers to the lower caste, Broadly speaking the untouchables of the hindu caste system are officialy known as SC. The same category of the caste is aslo called harijans (the children of god quote by mahatma Gandhi in 1933), They have been deprived of their basic rights, tortured beyond human endurance and treated worse than animals, The biggest problem of the dalits, the oppressed has been untouchability. It was first used in the new context in Marathi by neo- Buddhist activist the followed of baba sahib ambedkar in 1970s, Various efforts have been made to improve the conditions of dalits, under the broad categories:, Backward class and, Regional based, MOVEMENTS BY SAVARANA HINDUS:, Many movement have been intiated by hindus for the abolition of untouchability such as brahmo samaj arya samoj Ramakrishna mission, Many reform committes were formed under the leadership of mahatma Gandhi for the leadership of mahatma Gandhi for the improvement of the harijans conditions, MOVEMENT BY HINDU LEADERS:, Social reforms at all times have been raising their voice against such unjust treatment, Mahatma Buddha ramanj kabirdas, gurunank, namdev tukaram & many more were associated with such movements more recently. Jyotiba phyle & dr B.R ambedhar carried forward these movement many organizations and campaigns are working for the dalits since independence, GOVERMENTS EFFORTS:, Govt started making effort for the reform in the condition of untouchables during the British period, Congress made untouchability, an imp part of its experiments in 1920, After independence the govt has made many efforts for their reforms consequently the dalits organized their disabilities have been reduced and their social and economic position has improved, The satnami movement of ‘chamars’ in chattisgarh plains in the eastern M.P, “Adi dharm’ movement in Punjab . mahar movement in Maharashtra, The social political mobilisation of ‘jatavas’ in agra & the anti Brahmin movement in south india were some of the regional based dalit movement, BACKWARD CLASS CASTE MOVEMENT:, The term backward classes has been in used in different parts of the country since the late 19th century. It began to be used more widely in madras presidency since 1872, These backward classes are behind the upper casre in terms of education govt, jobs, They are at the lowest range of caste stratification, The concept of backward classes acknowledge that there are some forward classes or upward classes, The division of backward class in bihar is an evident that upper caste or forward classes look down upon backward classes, As a result political dyanamism and secularization the backward classes have gained strength to face the upper or forward classes, In 1954, 88 oraganization were counted working for backward classes, These included the united provinces hindus backward classes league all india backward classes league all India backward claases federation all India backward classes league, WHAT WAS THE UPPER CASTE RESPONSES, The upper caste have started feeling insecure because of the concession given to backward classes, They felt that the govt does not pay any head to them because they are numerically not significant enough to make a difference to the vote bank, As sociologist we need to recognize that such a ‘’feeling’’ does exist, We need to scutinise is what extend such an impression is grounded on empirical facts, Now they are minority and are been neglected, They response of the upper cast is not justified , they need to look at the reality as it exist as they would like it to be, By and large the situation today is much better than what it was before independence, The condition of all social group including the lowest caste and tribes has improved considerably, However the discrimation doses not change the social that the majority of those in the highest profession are form the upper caste and those in the menial oceupations belong to the lower caste, TRIBAL MOVEMENTS, The tribal group land a beautiful picture to the unique cultural background of our country, According to 2001 census there are 8.4 crores tribales that forms 8.2% of ‘’banwasi’’ , ‘’tribals’’ or ‘’adivasis’’, After independence according to the article 243 of the indian constitution the scheduled tribes were included in the category of scheduled, There were 427 tribal groups, nearly 85% of them live in central india, in Gujarat , Rajasthan , W.B , Odisha , M.P , Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh Maharashtra & some parts of A.P Kerala and T.N and remaining 15% live in miziram Nagaland , Meghalaya and Manipur and others are scattered in the remote places of our country, Tribal groups have been affected by the socio-ecinimic changes and economic development, In the back drop of such changes the tribal often felt agitated because they were neglected or have been explecited by the mainstream Indians, JHARKHAND MOVEMENTS:, It is more than seven decades old, In 1938, adivasi mahasabha was set up for the social cultural and political reawakening of the tribal in Bihar, Actually , the movement had its beginning in 1895, when ‘’birsa munda’’ and adivasi who led a major uprising work for the freedom of munda tribes, He led a massive protest against British rules and contractors, He is remembered as a great hero, in the folk- lore of Jharkhand, The movement continued for many years demanding a separate state, In 200 a new state of Jharkhand was created from the south Bihar, Some of the issues against which the leaders of the movement in Jharkhand agitated over:, A) acquisition of land for large irrigation project and firing range, B) survey and settlement qperations which were held up, campes closed down etc., C) collection of loana, rents and cooperation dues which were resisted, D) Nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted, NORTH- EAST MOVEMENTS, During the british rule the missionaries brought about many reforms in the educational economic and social conditions of the tribals, They even created a smell of dissatisfaction against the contemporary administration, Consequently the educated youth did not have a sense of belonging patriortism and nationalism, They demanded a separate state and aligned with foreign countries to agitate in india, That is why states of Nagaland, Mizoram , Arunachal Pradesh have been related after the north-east movements, This brings us back to the question of blurring of old & new social movements, WOMENS’s MOVEMENTS:, Women’s movements started in the 19th century and beginning of 20th century, Several social & political thinkers supported personal freedom for all and raised their voices against gender discrimination, When an imperlistic country like great Britain adopted democratic from govt followed by other countries demanded equality for women, This increase in demand raise women’s movement, 19th CENTURY SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMNTS AND EARLY ORGANIZATION:, The social reform movement raised various issues concerning women. It is called feminism, The credit for initiating these reforms goes to Raja Ram Mohan Roy who established Brahma Samaj in 1898, Maharishi devendra nath worried forward this movements, Shri keshav Chandra sen started a women’s magazine ‘’vama botini’’ in 1863 taking the message of equal rights for women to each and every village of Bengal, Annie Beasant established a theosophical society also played an imp role in the struggle for equal rights for women, In the early 20th century women’s organization grew at national and local level, Women’s Indian association (WIA ) in 1917 all India women’s conference (AIWC) in 1926 national council for women in India (NCWI) IN 1925 Came up, Though many of them began with a limited focus but scopes extended over the time, The AIWC began with the idea that women’s welfare and politics should not be mixed, Later on the question came up whether women can be free if the state is slave, The second wave for women’s movement started in the year 1960’s in Britain and U.S.A ‘’the feminist movement’’ was called ‘’neo leftist’’ because they took up arms against discrimination based on gender biasis, Working women in Britain demanded equal wages and went on strike, This second wave of feminist movement laid the foundation of the third wave of women’s freedom movement, The main objective was to achieve equal states respect and opportunities for progress as men enjoyed, The women took up the challenge and fought for greater freedom through the power of pen, They wrote fiery articles and forced the authorities to sit up and take notice of them in which the issues were rape motherhood, popular culture and traditional hindrance, POST INDEPENDENCE WOMEN’s MOVEMENT, After independence women’s movement came to an slow action as some scholars felt that leading ladies that were very active in the national movement felt disappointed with the partition of India. therefore women’s movement in India stopped for some time., However in the mid of 1970’s the women’s movement was revived, It is referred to as the second phase of women’s movement came up, The decade of 1980’s was devoted to the development and 1990’s on women empowerment, The programs of the govt of India beti bachao, Beti padhao Yojana was an imp effort in the actuabisation of gender- just society, In the 21st century maximum debate is on women’s reservation bill which proposes 33% representation of women in the political institutions, Despite of all these in the patriarchal society the incidence of female foetiade domestic violence, sexual exploitation, physical assault, mental torture and rape continued undebated. All this happened because women are exploited as they are considered inferior to men., AGRARIAN STRUGGLE AND REVOLTS:, It is often studied that only middle class educated women are involved in social movement, but it is not true., History stands testimony to the fact that rural & tribal women have played an equally forceful role in women’s inancipation as the educated women., Women participated along with men in struggles and revolts originating in tribal and rural areas in the colonial period, Tebhaga movement in Bengal , the Telangana movement against the bondage in Maharashtra are some eg. of agrarian struggle.