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Chapter 1, Introducing Indian Society, Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Prior Knowledge in, Sociology -Learn to unlearn, 2. Self- reflexivity, 3. Social Map and Commonsense Map, 1. Prior Knowledge of the society, Sociology studies social relationships and it studies all about society. So, every person is already know something about society. In the process of, growing up, knowledge about society acquired “naturally”., Advantages and Disadvantages, Advantage: Students are generally not afraid of sociology – they feel that, it can’t be a very hard subject to learn, Disadvantage: Prior knowledge can be a problem – in order to learn, sociology, we need to “unlearn” what we already know about society, 2. Self-Reflexivity, • Sociology teach us, ‘how to look at yourself from the outside’., This is called “self-reflexivity”. It is the ability to reflect upon, yourself, to look at you from outside, 3. Social Map and Commonsense Map, Social Map: Sociology helps to know your location in society through a, “social map”. Social map is useful to know one’s position in society in, relation to others., Commonsense Map: It is a version of map which is already provided us, in childhood through socialization. This is commonsense map. But this, kind of map can be misleading. This is only partial and we must unlearn, this and learn how to develop a social map with a sociological, perspective, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 2

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Chapter 2, The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society, Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Demography –Formal and Social, 2. Theories of Demography-Malthusian and, Demographic Transition Theory, 3. Common concepts and Indicators, 1. What is Demography?, Demography is the systematic study of population. It studies the trends, and processes associated with population including Changes in, population size, Patterns of births, Deaths and migration, Structure and, composition of population such as the relative proportions of women,, men and different age groups, Origin of demography,  The term demography is taken from two Greek words – demos, and graphein,  ‘demos’ means ‘people’ and ‘graphein’ means ‘explain or, describe’. Thus ‘demography’ means “description of people”, Types of demography, 1. Formal demography: It concerned with the Measurement and analysis, of the components of population change. It focus on quantitative analysis, of changes in the composition of population., 2. Social Demography: It focuses on the social, economic or political, aspects of populations. It also studies the causes and consequences of, population structures and change, 2. Theories of Demography, a).The Malthusian theory of population growth,  This theory was propounded by Thomas Robert Malthus. It is, explained in his book – ‘Essay on Population’ (1798),  The main theme in this theory is: Human populations tend to, grow at a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 3

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human subsistence (especially food, other agriculture-based, products, shelter, clothing) can grow.,  The growth of agricultural production will always be overtaken, by population growth. So humanity is destined to live in poverty.,  He argues that, population grows in Geometric progression (i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 etc.) but agricultural production can only grow in, Arithmetic progression (i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.), He suggested two ways for controlling population growth:, (i).Preventive checks: To voluntarily reduce the growth of population, such as postponing marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or celibacy., (ii).Positive Checks: To control population by natural ways. It is in the, form of famines and diseases. It is inevitable because these are the, nature’s way of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and, increasing population., Criticism of Malthusian Theory,  The critics argue that economic growth will outstrip population, growth. Based on the experience from European countries, this, theory was proved wrong. In 19th century, the pattern of, population growth in Europe began to change. Birth rates had, declined and epidemic diseases were being controlled.,  Malthus’s predictions were proved false because both food, production and standards of living continued to rise despite the, rapid growth of population,  Malthus’s argument of ‘poverty was caused by population, growth’ also criticized by liberal and Marxist thinkers,  The critics argued that problems like poverty and starvation were, caused by the unequal distribution of economic resources rather, than by population growth, The Theory of Demographic Transition,  Kingsley Davis propounded this theory in 1940’s,  This theory suggests that population growth is linked to overall, levels of economic development i.e. this theory has connections, between population growth and economic development, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 4

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, , There are three basic phases of population growth. These are:, , Stages Technology ad Society, Stage, 1, , Underdeveloped and, technologically backward, countries, , Stage, 2, , Developing societies like, India, , Stage, 3, , Developed society like, European Countries, , Reason, , Result, , High birth, rate and high, death rate, , Low, growth rate, , High birth, rate and low, death rate, Low birth, rate and low, death rate, , High, growth rate, Low, growth rate, , 3.Common concepts and Indicators, 1. Birth rate: It is the number of live births per 1000 population, 2. Death rate: It is the number of Death per 1000 population, 3. Growth rate: The difference between the birth rate and death rate., 4. Replacement level: When the difference between the birth rate and, death rate is zero the population reached the replacement level., Negative growth rate: When the fertility levels are below the, replacement rate, it becomes negative growth, Fertility Rate: It refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the, child-bearing age group, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years, Total fertility rate: The total number of live births, a hypothetical women, have if she lived through the reproductive age group., Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR): The Age-Specific Fertility Rate, (ASFR) is the number of live births per 1000 women in a specific age, group for a specified geographic area and for a specific point in time,, usually a calendar year, Infant mortality rate: It is the number of deaths of babies before the age, of one year per 1000 live births., Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): It refers to the number of women who, die in child birth per thousand live births., Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 5

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Life Expectancy: It refers to the estimated number of years that an, average person is expected to survive. It is calculated on the basis of data, on age-specific death rates in a given area over a period of time, Sex ratio: It refers to the number of females per 1000 males in a given area, at a specified time period. In India, 2011 Census – 940, Kerala -1084,  Sex ratio at birth is biologically favourable to females. There are, two reasons:, 1. Female babies have grater disease resistance than male babies, 2. Death rate among male is higher than that of females, Ageing of population: More people are found in the older age groups, compared to younger Age groups. This is called the ageing of the, population, Dependency Ratio: It is a measure comparing the number of dependent, persons with the number of people belonging to working age group (15, to 64). Below 15 and Above 64 – are dependent age groups, Demographic Dividend: A falling dependency ratio shows economic, growth and prosperity due to larger proportion of workers relative to, non-workers or smaller number of non-earning members. This is known, as Demographic Dividend.,  By the estimate of 2026, the birthrate will be falling and the, working population (middle aged) becomes increasing. Those, people below 0-15 and 64+ are considered as dependent people., So the comparison between the age groups of 15-64 with the, dependent population (i.e. age group of 0-15 and 64+) is, considered as demographic dividend.,  So middle of the pyramid grows wider and wider as its share of, the total population increases. This creates a ‘bulge’ in the middle, age groups. This is referred to as the ‘Demographic dividend’.,  The demographic dividend is increasing in India as well as in, Kerala. Demographic dividend shows that we have large number, of working age people and the number of old people is, comparatively small, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 6

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Chapter 3, Social Institutions: Continuity and Change, Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Caste in the past, 2. Caste in the present, 3. Classification of tribal societies, 4. National development versus tribal, development, 5. Family –Types of family, Caste, tribe and family are three institutions central to Indian society., Caste System: Caste is an ancient social institution in Indian society,, which is part of Indian history and culture for thousands of years. Caste, existed in Past and present Indian Society, 1. Caste in the past,  Caste is a unique social institution in the Indian Sub-continent. It, is mostly associated with the Hindu Community during ancient, times. But now, caste spread to non-Hindu communitiesMuslims, Christians and Sikhs,  The word ‘Caste’ is borrowed from Portuguese word ‘casta’ =, meaning ‘pure breed’, The word Caste in Sanskrit means = Varna and Jati, , , Varna means ‘colour’ and refers to the Four-fold division of, society such as Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra, , , , There is a fifth category called Panchamas includes, ‘outcastes’ i.e., Foreigners, slaves, conquered people, , , , Jati refers to species or kinds of anything. Jati is commonly used, to denote caste in Indian languages. Now, the word ‘Caste’ itself, is used to denote ‘Jati’ in India, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 7

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Difference between Varna and Jati, , , , Varna, Broad Classification, , , , Four Varna classification, is common to India, , , , Includes hundreds or, thousands of castes and, sub-castes, , , , Jati hierarchy has local, classification, , , , Varna Hierarchy is, common in India, , , , No variations in regions, , Jati, Regional or local sub, classification, , Characteristic features of Caste System, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , Caste is determined by birth, one is born into the caste of parents, It is a closed system, Restriction on marriage: Endogamous marriage system, Restrictions on food habits and sharing, Caste hierarchy –based on rank and status, Caste has segmental organization i.e. sub-castes existed, Traditional occupation: Hereditary in nature, Restrictions on social mobility, , Two Principles of Caste:, 1. Difference and Separation,  Each caste is separated and distinct from others. So they are, different and nothing common between the two,  These rules prevent mixing of caste rules in marriage, occupation,, social interaction and food sharing, 2. Wholism and Hierarchy,  Different castes have no individual existence. They exist in, relation to larger whole,  Also there is a hierarchical system, with ranking from highest to, lowest. This is based on purity/pollution. Pure caste are higher, and impure caste have lower status, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 8

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, , The material power is with high castes and the people who suffers, are in lower caste, 2. Caste in the Present, Role of Social Reformers: Caste played major role in nationalist, movement. Various movements were organized by ‘depressed classes’, and untouchable castes. The upper caste and lower caste reformers, organize lower caste people for these movements., , , , , Ayyankali, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule who Founded Sathya, Shodak Samaj – 1873, Savitri Bai Phule, Periyar E.V. Ramasami, Naickar and Sri Narayana Guru were the major social reformers, of this period., Anti-untouchability movement were organized by congress., Mahatma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar organized protests, against untouchability from 1920s. They demanded upliftment of, lower castes, abolition of untouchability and other caste, restrictions., , Caste in Post-Independence India, After independence, the new government committed to the abolition of, caste and untouchability and included it in the Constitution. The various, measures are taken by government are:, 1. Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: Even, though the State abolished untouchability (Article 17), it did not, implement radical reforms. Only people from SC and ST got the, benefits from reservation. So the government could not effectively, deal with the problem of inequality between the upper castes and, lower castes in economic and educational terms, 2. Development of private industry: There was no caste rules in, private jobs in modern industries. People from upper and lower, castes were permitted in private industries not based on their, caste basis, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 9

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3. Urbanization: The city life of people reduced caste segregation., The people from both higher and lower castes were worked, together in factories and industries. This reduced the caste based, inequalities, 4. Higher Education: The educated higher castes follows, individualism and meritocracy. The educated people assess, people not based on their caste but based on their merit., 5. Cultural sphere: Endogamy is remained unaffected and marriage, between an upper caste and scheduled caste remain rare, 6. Political change: Democratic politics has been conditioned by, caste and it remains central to electoral politics. Caste-based, political parties emerged since 1980s., In this context, Sociologists and social anthropologists coined, many new concepts to understand these processes of change., Sanskritisation, M. N. Srinivas (1916-1999): An Indian Sociologist and Anthropologist, Coined the terms Sanskritisation and Dominant Caste in his book ‘The, Remembered Village’., , , Sanskritisation is the process whereby the low caste takes over the, beliefs, rituals, style of life and other cultural traits from those of, the upper castes, especially the Brahmins., , , , Practices include: Adopting vegetarianism, wearing of sacred, thread and performance of specific prayers and religious, ceremonies, Sanskritisation accompanies or follows a rise in the economic, status of the caste. It claiming a prohibited ritual privileges by, lower castes, , , , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 10

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Dominant Castes, , , It refers to “those castes which had a large population and were, granted land rights through land reforms after independence., , , , Previously land rights vested with the ‘absentee landlords’, who, played no part in agricultural economy. They only claiming the, rent of the land, , , , These rights then granted to the intermediate castes, (agriculturists), who managed the cultivation. After the land, reforms, the middle castes who managed the land got the land, rights and soon they became economically powerful. They are, called as Dominant castes., , Characteristics of Dominant Castes, , , , , , , , , Intermediate castes, Have land rights, Economically powerful, Large in number, Political power, Part of regional politics, Agrarian economy, , Examples of dominant castes:, , , , , , , , Yadavas, Vokkaligas, Reddys & Khammas, Marathas, Jats, Patidars, , - Bihar & Uttar Pradesh, - Karnataka, - Andhra Pradesh, - Maharashtra, - Punjab, Haryana, Western U.P., - Gujarat, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 11

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Transition in caste system at present, , , , , , , , , , , Upper castes, Caste is invisible, Decline significance of, caste, Benefits, from, development, education, and jobs, State-sector jobs, No, competition, from, others, Caste is limited to religious, practice,, marriage, &, kinship, Differentiated group-some, are poor, , , , , , , , , , Lower castes, Caste is visible, Lost individual identities, No, educational/social, capital, Compete with upper, castes, Caste identity is the only, asset, Suffer discrimination, Reservation system as a, savior, , 3. Classification of Tribal Societies, , , , , The term tribe was introduced in colonial era. It is used to, describe the oldest inhabitants of the sub-continent. They are, generally defined in terms of what they were not., They did not practice religion with written text, did not have a state, or political form, did not have sharp class divisions, they did not, have caste and were neither Hindus nor Peasants, , They are classified based on their permanent traits and acquired traits:, Permanent Traits, Acquired Traits, Region, Language, Physical characteristics,, Based on two criteria:, Ecological habitat, Mode of Livelihood, Incorporation into Hindu Society, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 12

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Permanent Traits, (a). Based on Region: The tribal population of India is widely dispersed,, but there are also concentrations in certain regions., , , , Tribal concentrated middle India: 85% of tribals lives in middle, India., North-Eastern States: Remaining 15%, over 11% in North-Eastern, states and over 3% in rest of India, , (b). Based on Language-Four groups: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Austic,, Tibeto-Burman, ©. Based on Physical-racial: Five Groups: Negrito, Australoid,, Mongoloid, Dravidian, Aryan, (d). Based on Ecological Habitat: Hills, forests, rural and urban areas, Acquired Traits, The acquired traits can be classified on two criteria, 1. Mode of Livelihood: Fishermen, food gatherers & hunters,, shifting cultivators, peasants, plantation & industrial workers, 2. Extent of Incorporation into Hindu Society: Degree of, assimilation. It can be seen in two views:, , , Tribes‘ point of view: tribe’s attitude towards Hindu society,, some are supportive /resisting Hinduism, , , , Mainstream point of view: Status given to them in Hindu society, ie. high status to some and low status to most people. Most of the, tribes get a low status in Hindu society., , 4. National Development V/S Tribal Development, , , During the period of Nehru, several development schemes were, implemented like large dams, factories, mines in tribal areas. But, Tribals paid price for the development of the nation by, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 13

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, , , , , , Dispossession of tribals’ land. They have faced exploitation of, minerals and natural resources by outsiders and loss of forests, Private property rules in land - Community-ownership to private, ownership, Construction of large dams leads to development of mainstream, society and undermine the tribal people. E.g.: Narmada Dam, In-migration of non-tribals to tribal areas leads to destruction of, tribal culture and community. Thus they demand for separate, states – Jharkhand and Chattisgarh, North-Eastern states like Manipur and Nagaland- lost their civil, liberties and don’t have the same rights as other citizens of India, because their states have been declared as ‘disturbed areas’, , 5. Family-Types of Family, What is family?, , , , Family is the simplest form of society and is a basic unit of society, Family is a group of people united by blood, marriage and, adoption,  The word family is derived from the Latin word Famulus which, means Servant, Types of family, 1. On the basis of number of members in the family, it can be divided, into 3 types, a. Nuclear family –father, mother and unmarried children, b. Extended family – one or more families of same generation with, parents, c. Joint family – it is a group of people who lived together under, common roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold, property in common and who are participated in common family, worship, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 14

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2. On the basis of the structure of family, (a).On the basis of residence, family can be divided into 3 types, a. Patrilocal: After marriage, the newly married couple lives in, man’s house with their parents, b. Matrilocal: After marriage, the newly married couple lives in, girl’s house with their parents, c. Neolocal: It look for a new residence, (b).On the basis of authority, family can be divided into 2 types, a. Patriarchal family: It is a type of family in which the eldest male, member of the family exercises power and dominance, b. Matriarchal: It is a type of family in which the eldest female, member exercises power and dominance, ©.On the basis of inheritance, family can be divided into 2 types, a. Patrilineal: It is a type of family in which inheritance through, father, b. Matrilineal: It is a type of family in which inheritance through, mother, Family of orientation and Family of Procreation, Family of Orientation: It is a type of family in which the child was born, Family of procreation: Family formed through marriage, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 15

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Chapter 4, Market as a Social Institution, , Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Commoditization and Consumption, 2. Globalization of market, 3. Virtual market, 4. Debate on Liberalization (Market versus State), What is market and Market as Social Institution?, , , , , Market is the place where things are bought and sold. Market, refers to the entire spectrum of economic activities and, institutions. Thus Market is ‘equivalent to the Economy’, Market is an economic institution and a ‘social institution’ and it, has organized by social groups in society, , 1.Commoditization and Consumption, Commoditization: It occurs when things that were earlier not traded in, the market become commodities. Examples are:, Commodification of labour, Labor or skills become things that can be bought and sold, Sale of kidneys by the poor to rich, Earlier, human beings themselves were bought and sold as slavesnow it is immoral, 5. Things that earlier were not part of market exchange become, commodified ie. commodification of education like Private owned, schools, colleges and coaching classes, 6. Bottled water, 1., 2., 3., 4., , Consumption, , , It is an important feature of capitalist society. It has economic, reasons and symbolic meaning, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 16

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, , , , Consumption is a way in which social distinctions are created and, communicated, Consumer conveys their socio-economic status by buying and, displaying certain goods, Companies sell goods by appealing to symbols of status/culture, , Max Weber –Status Symbol, , , He said that the goods that people buy and use are closely related, to their status in society. He coined the term ‘Status Symbol’ to, describe the attitude of the people in buying and using goods., , Eg: the brand of cell phone or the model of car that one owns are, important markers of socio-economic status, 2. Globalization of market,  In 1980s India started to change its economic policies to, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG),  The world is becoming increasingly interconnected not only, economically but also culturally and politically, Trends in globalization, 1. The increase in international movement of commodities, money,, information and people, 2. Development of technology (computers, telecommunications,, transport), 3. Infrastructure development, 4. Increasing extension and integration of markets around the, world. Due to this, changes in a market in one part of the globe, may have profound impact in other place,  Eg: 9/11 attacks on World Trade Centre in New York leading to, loss of software business and jobs in India, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 17

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3.The Virtual Market, Under globalisation, money, goods, people, cultural products, images, and elements of culture are exchanged around the world. They entered, in the new circuits of exchange, and create new markets. The growing, market of international tourism shows that culture itself will become a, commodity., Eg: Annual fair in Pushkar, Rajasthan, , , , Pastoralists and traders come from distant places to buy and sell, camels and other livestock, It exchanging not only livestock and money but also cultural, symbols, , 4.Debate on Liberalization: Market versus State, , , Globalization of Indian economy has been started in late 1980s, with the policy of liberalization, , Liberalization includes policies such as:, , , , , , , Privatization of public sector enterprises, Removing government regulations on capital, labor and trade, Reduction in tariffs and import duties, Allowing easier access for foreign companies to set up industries, All these changes termed as Marketization. It refers to the use of, markets or market-based processes to solve social, political, or, economic problems, , Positive changes due to liberalization:, , , , , , Stimulated economic growth, Opened up Indian markets to foreign companies, Increasing foreign investment to help economic growth and, employment, Privatization of public companies, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 18

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Negative changes due to liberalization:, , , , , , , Some sectors benefits but some sectors lose, Indian Farmers faced competition from farmers in other countries, The support prices and subsidies to the agriculturists reduced, Small manufacturers face global competition as foreign goods, and brands have imported to markets, The privatization led to loss of employment in some sectors and, growth of unorganized sector employment, Chapter 5, Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion, , Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Social inequality and exclusion, 2. Untouchability, 3. OBC, 4. Adivasi struggle, 5. Struggle for women’s equality and rights, 6. The struggles of the disabled, 1. Social inequality,  Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly, called social inequality. These social resources can be divided into, three forms of capital: Economic capital: Material assets and income,  Cultural capital: Educational qualifications and status,  Social capital: Networks of contacts and social associations, These three forms of capital overlap and one can be converted into, the other. For example:, , A person from a well-off family (economic capital) can afford, expensive higher education, and so can acquire cultural or, educational capital, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 19

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, , Social inequality is not the outcome of innate or ‘natural’, differences between people. It is produced by the society in which, they live., , Social Stratification?,  It refers to a system by which categories of people in a society are, ranked in a hierarchy., There are three key principles of social stratification:, 1. It is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual, differences, 2. Social stratification persists over generations, 3. Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief or ideology, Prejudices,  It refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members, of one group towards another. It means ‘Pre-judgment’ and is, based on stereotypes, Stereotypes,  Stereotypes are fixed and inflexible characterization of a group of, people. It is often applied to ethnic and racial groups, Discrimination,  It refers to actual one-sided behavior towards another group or, individual, Social Exclusion,  It refers to the ways in which individuals may become cut off, from full involvement in the wider society,  Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic. It is the result of, structural features of society,  Social exclusion occurs when one is denied access to the basic, facilities in society,  Social exclusion is involuntary i.e. exclusion is practiced, regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded,  Exclusion is preventing access to something desirable, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 20

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2. Untouchability, , , , , , Untouchability is an extreme and particularly vicious aspect of, the caste system, It is based on purity-pollution. The untouchable castes are outside, the caste hierarchy and considered to be ‘impure’ that their mere, touch severely pollutes members of all other castes, Notions of ‘distance pollution’ existed in many regions of India,, especially in south-even the mere presence or the shadow of an, ‘untouchable’ person is considered polluting, , Three main dimensions of untouchability:a. Exclusion, • One group is subjected to forced inclusion to a subordinated role, • E.g.: Dalits have no civil rights. They are prohibited from sharing, drinking water sources or participating in collective religious, worship, social ceremonies and festivals., b. Humiliation-subordination, • Dalits were ill-treated, humiliated and had only subordinated, position, c. Exploitation, • Economic exploitation, receiving low wages and were forced to, unpaid labour, 3. Other Backward Classes (OBC’s), • The third category of backward people were constitutionally, termed as “Other Backwards Classes” (OBCs), • OBCs are neither included in forward castes nor in Dalits or lower, castes, • They are socially, educationally and economically backward, classes., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 21

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Features:,  They were service and artisanal castes. Their major occupations, are agriculture, artisan works and trade.,  Their place in caste hierarchy was below the forward castes and, above the Dalits.,  The Other Backward Classes were also subjected to various, discriminations except untouchability, Initiatives of state for the welfare of OBCs, Backward classes commission, 1. Kaka Kalekkar Commission: Nehru appointed First backward, classes commission i.e. Kaka Kalekkar Commission, to look in, the welfare measures of the OBCs. The commission submitted, its report in 1953., 2. In 1950s, the issues of OBCs got national attention, 3. In 1970, government appointed Nettoor Commission for OBCs, 4. B.P. Mandal Commission: The Second Backward Classes, Commission headed by B.P. Mandal, appointed after Emergency.,  Only in 1990, the central government decided to implement the tenyear old Mandal Commission report, that the OBC issue became a, major one in national politics.,  Since 1990s, several lower caste movements emerged in North, India by OBCs and Dalits.,  About 41% of the OBC population in India got influence in politics, and power. There are large disparities between the upper OBCs, and the lower OBCs., 4. Adivasi Struggles, Adivasis/Tribals: The adivasis are specially marked by poverty,, powerlessness and social stigma. The ‘jana’ or tribes were actually, ‘people of the forest’. Their habitat in hills and forest areas shaped their, economic, social and political attributes., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 22

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Problems among tribes, Several factors which led to impoverishment of tribals: Colonial exploitation by British,  Accelerated resource extraction by British and independent, India,  Govt. monopoly over the forest-timber production,  Loss tribals’ right to gather forest produce and cultivation,  Liberalization policy,  Mining and building dams,  Denied access to forest and land for cultivation, Post-Independence problems among Tribals,  The government monopoly over forests continued.,  The policy of capital-intensive industrialization adopted by the, Indian government required mineral resources and powergeneration capacities, concentrated in Adivasi areas,  Adivasi lands used for mining and dam projects. It leads to, Adivasi displacement without rehabilitation,  Development projects in the name of national development and, economic growth. Eg: Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada River,, Polavaram Dam on Godavari River in AP,  These processes become powerful since 1990s due to economic, liberalization policies,  Corporate firms acquire large areas of land by displacing adivasis, Adivasi struggles: Causes, , , , , , , Impoverishment and exploitation, The British monopoly over the forests, Mining and Displacement of tribals, without rehabilitation, Losing culture, language and tribal identity, So they started struggle for separate state –Jharkhand,, Chattisgarh, Nagaland, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 23

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5. Struggles for Women’s Equality and Rights, , , The inequalities between men and women are social rather than, natural. There is nothing biological about the social inequality of, women,  Gender is also a form of social inequality and exclusion like caste, and class. But it has its own specific features,  Eg: Only a few women are found in positions of public power.,  Women generally receive a smaller or no share in family property, in most societies. There are matrilineal societies in India, The social reformers and struggles for women’s equality, a) Raja Ram Mohun Roy in Bengal organized Anti-sati campaign, b) M.G.Ranade organizedtThe widow remarriage movement in the, Bombay Presidency, c) Jyotiba Phule Struggled against caste and gender oppression, d) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan led social reform movement in Islam, e) Tarabai Shinde wrote ‘Stree Purush Tulana’ in 1882. It is against, the male domination in society, f) Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain wrote ‘Sultana’s Dream’ in, 1905. It is a short story, earliest science fiction writing in India., She is the first women author in the world., Women’s role in Nationalist Movement,  In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress, issued a declaration on the Fundamental Rights of Citizenship. It, assured women’s equality,  It provide voting rights, to represent and the right to hold public, offices to women,  Women’s issues re-emerged in the 1970s,  In 19th century, its emphasis on:- Sati, Child marriage and ill, treatment of widows,  In the 1970s, the emphasis on:- Modern issues like rape of women, in police custody, Dowry murders, Representation of women in, popular media, Gendered consequences of unequal development, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 24

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, , , In the 1980s, its emphasis on law reforms to women’s rights, In the 21st century, the emphasis on new gender injustices like, social bias against girl child, , 6.The Struggles of the Disabled,  The differently abled are disabled because society is built in a, manner that does not cater to their needs.,  Anita Ghai activist and scholar of disability, argues that this, invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the Invisible Man’, of Ralph Ellison.,  The term ‘disabled’ draws attention to the fact that public, perception of the ‘disabled’ needs to be questioned., Common features central to the public perception of disability are:, 1. Disability is understood as a biological given., 2. The problems confront by disabled person is taken for granted,, that the problems originate from her/his impairment., 3. The disabled person is seen as a victim., 4. Disability is linked with the disabled individual’s self-perception., 5. The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help., Socio-Cultural conception about the Differently Abled, 1. Culture, gives importance to bodily perfection, all deviations, from the perfect body signify abnormality, defect and distortion., 2. Impaired body is a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit,, and disabled people are the victims., 3. Disability is seen as retribution for past karma, 4. The disability as a characteristic of the individual., There is a close relationship between disability and poverty., Malnutrition, mothers ill-health due to frequent childbirth,, inadequate immunization programmes, accidents in overcrowded, homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among poor people., Disability creates poverty by increasing isolation and economic, strain., Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 25

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Chapter 6, The Challenges of Cultural Diversity, , Chapter Focus Areas, 1. Nation and Nation-states, 2. Cultural diversity and India, 3. Communalism, 4. Secularism and the Nation State, 1. Nation and Nation-states, , , , , A nation is a sort of large-scale community. It is a community of, communities. Nations are communities that have a state of their, own., Members of a nation share the desire to be part of the same, political collectivity. This desire for political unity leads to the, formation of a state, , State,  A state consists of a set of political-legal institutions claiming, control over a particular geographical territory and the people, living in it.,  Max Weber defines a state as “body that successfully claims a, monopoly of legitimate force in a particular territory”., Nation-States,  Nations are communities that have a state of their own. That is, why the two are joined with a hyphen to form the term nationstate., 2. Cultural Diversity and India,  The Indian nation-state is socially and culturally one of the most, diverse countries of the world.,  It has a population of 1.21 billion people, according to 2011, Census, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 26

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, , , , , , Indians speak about 1,632 different languages and dialects, 22 of, these languages have been officially recognized, Regarding religion, Hindus (80%), Muslims (14.2%) Christians, (2.3%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%) and Jains (0.4%)., India follows the policy of National integration, The Constitution declares the state to be a secular state., India can be considered as a good example of a 'nation-state'., , 3. Communalism, , , , , , The word communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism based, on religious identity, It is an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate, or worthy group, and other groups as inferior, illegitimate and, opposed, Communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to, religion., , Characteristics of Communalism, 1. It claim that religious identity overrides everything else, 2. It has been a recurrent source of tension and violence, 3. During communal riots, people kill, rape & loot members of other, communities to redeem their pride, 4. Every religious community has faced this communal violence, E.g.: The anti-Sikh riots of Delhi in 1984 under Congress regime, The anti-Muslim violence in Gujarat in 2002 under BJP Govt., 4. Secularism and the nation-state, In Indian Context,,  Secularism in India means equal respect for all religions. A, secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular, religion over others. It is opposite to religious chauvinism or, communalism,  Secularism implies equal respect for all religions, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 27

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, , India is a secular state and there is no state religion of its own and, give equal consideration to all religions in India, In Western Context,,  Secularism means the separation of church and state. It is marked, by the separation of political authority and religious sphere.,  This separation is known as the process of ‘secularisation’ or the, progressive retreat of religion from politics, Difficulties due to these two views:, , , , , , , , , , Both these views are in conflict with each other and the, supporters of one group will be upset when government uphold, the other one, There are problems arises when government gives subsidies for, pilgrimages, ban on cow slaughter and not banning pig slaughter,, or allowing Sikh soldiers to have long hair etc…, All these issues are arise due to passion to one religious, community over another, Another problem is giving protection to minorities. Indian, constitution gives safeguards to minorities if they are in, disadvantaged condition, Thus government has to safeguard secularism in Indian, constitution and have proved effective in handling communal, issues, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 28

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Chapter 8, Structural Change, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Urbanisation and Industrialisation in, colonial experience, 2. Urbanisation and Industrialisation in, Independent India, What is colonialism?, , , , Colonialism means the establishment of rule by one country over, another., Western colonialism has had drastic impact on India, which, characterized by the entry of several European powers at various, times in India, , 1.Urbanisation and Industrialisation in colonial experience, , , , , , , Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production,, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or, electricity., A prime feature of industrial societies is that a large majority of, the employed population work in factories, offices or shops rather, than agriculture., Urbanization refers to the movement of population from rural to, urban areas, where most jobs are found, , Impact of Industrialization in India, , , , In India, industrialisation led to deindustrialisation in some, sectors. It leads to the decline of old urban centers in India, Decline of traditional exports of cotton and silk from India. It also, leads to the decline of cities such as Surat and Masulipatanam, while Bombay and Madras grew., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 29

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, , , , , , , , , British took over Indian states and towns and lost their courts,, artisans and court gentry, Introduction of mechanized factory industries, Urban population increased rapidly, In India, Industrialisation led to more people moving into, agriculture rather than to urban industrial jobs, Industrialization is not just about new machine based production, but also a story of the growth of new social groups in society and, new social relationships., Coastal cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were benefitted., Indian Industrialization began with the introduction of Tea, industry in India in 1851., , 2. Industrialisation in Independent India, , , , , , , , , Under British colonialism, India become impoverished and, Indian nationalists considered the economic exploitation by the, British is a central issue, So they found the solution to this issue is industrialisation of the, economy for growth and development, Development of heavy and machine-making industries,, expansion of the public sector and holding of a large cooperative, sector were considered important., Jawaharlal Nehru visualised an industrial India with steel plants, and big dams, The Five year plans introduced by the government gave prime, importance to industrialisation of Indian economy, , 3. Urbanisation in Independent India, , , Considering urbanisation, sociologist M.S.A. Rao argued that,, many villages all over India are becoming increasingly subject to, the impact of urban influences. But the nature of urban impact, varies according to the kind of relations a village has with a city, or town., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 30

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 He describes three different situations of urban impact, 1) Large number of people migrated from villages to town for, Employment. They emigrate to Indian cities as well as to, overseas towns, 2) The urban impact is seen in villages which are situated near an, industrial town. The industrial town like Bhilai comes in a village, and people were uprooted from their houses and new immigrant, workers were come and stay in those villages, 3) The growth of metropolitan cities in surrounding villages. The, land were acquired by the government for urban development, Chapter 9, Cultural Change, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Sanskritisation, 2. Westernisation, 3. Modernisation, 4. Secularisation, 1. Sanskritisation, , , , , , , , The term sanskritisation was coined by M.N. Srinivas, It is the process by which a ‘low’ caste or tribe or other group takes, over the customs, ritual, beliefs, ideology and style of life of a high, and, in particular, a‘twice-born (dwija) caste’., The impact of Sanskritisation is many-sided. Its influence can be, seen in language, literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, style, of life and ritual., Sanskritisation is operated differently in different parts of the, country., , ‘De-Sanskritisation’, , , In areas where a highly Sanskritised caste was dominant, the, culture of the entire region underwent a certain amount of, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 31

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, , , Sanskritisation. In regions where the non-Sanskritic castes were, dominant, it was their influence that was stronger. This process is, termed as ‘de-Sanskritisation’., Srinivas argued that, “the Sanskritisation of a group has usually, the effect of improving its position in the local caste hierarchy., In India there were and still are obstacles to any easy taking over, of the customs of the higher castes by the lower., , Criticism of Sanskritisation, , , , , , , , , It is exaggerating social mobility or the scope of ‘lower castes’ to, move up the social ladder. It leads to no structural change but, only positional change of some individuals., The ideology of sanskritisation accepts the ways of the ‘upper, caste’ as superior and that of the ‘lower caste’ as inferior., It justify a model that rests on inequality and exclusion., It results in the adoption of upper caste rites and rituals. But it, leads to practices of secluding girls and women, adopting dowry, practices instead of bride-price and practising caste, discrimination against other groups, The key characteristics of dalit culture and society are eroded., Eg.labor of lower caste is considered as degraded and shameful., , 2. Westernization, , , M.N. Srinivas defines westernisation as “the changes brought, about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years, of British rule, the term subsuming changes occurring at different, levels, technology, institutions, ideology and values”., , Different kinds of westernisation, , , Emergence of a westernised sub-cultural pattern through a, minority section of Indians who first came in contact with, Western culture., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 32

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, , , , , , , The people who adopted western life styles or were affected by, western ways of thinking., Westernisation involve the imitation of external forms of culture., The west influenced Indian art and literature. Eg:- Ravi Varma,, Abanindranath Tagore, Chandu Menon and Bankimchandra, Chattopadhya, In the contemporary context, conflicts between generations are, seen as cultural conflicts resulting from westernisation, M.N. Srinivas suggested that while ‘lower castes’ sought to be, Sanskritised, ‘upper castes’ sought to be Westernised., , 3. Modernisation, , , , , , In the early years, modernisation referred to improvement in, technology and production processes. It referred to the path of, development that much of west Europe or North America has, taken., In India, modernisation is distinct from their growth in the west, because it started in India during colonial period, The processes of modernisation and secularisation are linked, together and are part of modern ideas, , The characteristics of Modernisation, 1. Modernisation denied local ties and parochial perspectives. It, give emphasis on universal commitments and cosmopolitan, attitudes, 2. It give prominence to truths of utility, calculation and science, than emotions, the sacred and the non-rational things, 3. Modernisation prioritises individual rather than society and, politics, 4. The associations in which men live and work should be based on, choice, not by birth, 5. The attitude towards the material and human environment could, be led by mastery rather than fatalism, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 33

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6. The identity of an individual should be chosen and achieved, not, ascribed and affirmed, 7. In a bureaucratic organisation, the work should be separated, from family, residence and community, 4. Secularisation, , , , In the western countries, secularisation means ‘a process of, decline in the influence of religion’, The modern societies become increasingly secular, , The indicators of secularisation, , , , , The levels of involvement with religious organisations, The social and material influence of religious organisations, The degree to which people hold religious beliefs, , What is Secularisation of caste?, , , , , , , , In traditional India, caste system operated within a religious, framework. Belief systems of purity and pollution were central to, its practice, Now it functions as political pressure groups, Contemporary India has seen such formation of caste associations, and caste based political parties, They pressed the state for achieving their demands, This kind of changed role of caste has been described as, secularisation of caste, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 34

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Chapter 10, The Story of Indian Democracy, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Ideals of Panchayati raj, 2. Powers and responsibilities of Panchayat, 3. Panchayati raj in tribal area, 4. Political parties, Pressure groups and democratic, politics, 1. Ideals of Panchayati Raj, , , , , , , , Panchayati Raj means ‘Governance by five individuals’., It ensures the village or grassroot level functioning of democracy, Panchayat system did not include in Indian Constitution in the, beginning due to various reasons, Ambedkar argued that, the local upper caste people are very, powerful and they will continue their exploitation of the, downtrodden sections through local self-government, But Gandhiji supported local self-government and he envisioned, that each village as a self-sufficient unit, conducting its own, affairs. He saw gram-swarajya to be an ideal model after, Independence, , Introduction of Panchayati Raj-Features, , , , , , Panchayati Raj democracy has been introduced only in 1992, through 73rd Constitutional Amendment. This act provide, constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs), The PRIs consists of Grama Panchayat, Block Panchayat and, District Panchayat, The representatives in rural and municipal areas to be elected, every five years, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 35

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, , , , , , , , The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution ensured the, reservation of one third of the total seats for women in local, bodies in both rural and urban areas, From this, 17% seats are reserved for women belonging to the SCs, and STs, One third of the seats in local bodies, grama panchayat, village, panchayat, municipalities, city corporations and district boards, are reserved for women, Thus the women empowerment through local self-government, institutions were fulfilled in 1992-93, The 74th Amendment of Indian Constitution includes the local, self-governance of urban areas. It is known as Nagarapalikas. It, came into force on 1st June, 1993, , 2. Powers and responsibilities, There are powers and responsibilities to the Panchayats:, , , , , , To prepare plans and schemes for economic development, To promote schemes that will enhance social justice, To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees, Help in the devolution of governmental responsibilities,, especially that of finances to local authorities., , Social welfare responsibilities:, , , , , , , Maintenance of burning and burial grounds, Recording statistics of births and deaths, Establishment of child welfare and maternity centres, Control of cattle pounds, Propagation of family planning and promotion of agricultural, activities., , The development activities:, , , Construction of roads, public buildings, wells, tanks and schools, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 36

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, , , Promote small cottage industries and take care of minor irrigation, works, Government schemes like the Integrated Rural Development, Programme (IRDP) and Integrated Child Development Scheme, (ICDS) are monitored by members of the panchayat, , Right to Information, , , , The income of the panchayats is from tax levied on property,, profession, animals, vehicles, cess on land revenue and rentals., It ensures the ‘Right to information’ of the people to scrutinise the, allocation of money to the panchayats, , Nyaya Panchayats, , , , Some states constituted Nyaya Panchayats in India, They possess the authority to hear some petty, civil and criminal, cases. They can impose fines but cannot award a sentence. They, are effective in punishing men who harass women for dowry and, perpetrate violence against them, , 3. Panchayati Raj in Tribal Areas, , , , , , , The tribal areas have grassroot level democratic functioning for, several years, In Meghalaya, the Khasis, Jaintias and Garos have their own, traditional political institutions, These institutions were functioning at various tiers, such as, village level, clan level, and state level, For Khasis, each clan had its own council known as ‘Durbar Kur’,, which presided by clan headman, But many tribal areas did not come under 73rd Amendment, because policy makers did not wish t interfere with the traditional, tribal institutions, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 37

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Van Panchayats, , , , , , , , Van Panchayats were setup in Uttarakhand by women, Due to deforestation in this mountain region, women faced, difficulties to collect firewood and fodder for their animals, To overcome this problem women have set up Van Panchayats, Members of the van-panchayats develop nurseries and nurture, tree saplings for planting on the hill slopes., They also police nearby forests to keep an eye on illegal felling of, trees., The Chipko movement beginning in this area, where women, hugged trees to prevent them from being cut, , 4. Political parties, Pressure group and democratic politics, Political Party:, , , , , , , , Political parties are a key factor in a democratic form of, government, It is defined as ‘an organisation oriented towards achieving, legitimate control of government through an electoral process’, Political party is an organisation established with the aim of, achieving governmental power and using that power to pursue a, specific programme, Political parties are based on certain understanding of society, The interests of different groups are also represented by political, parties, , Pressure Groups:, , , , , There are some interest groups will influence the political parties, When some groups feel that their interests are not being taken up,, they may form a pressure group, who lobby with the government, Interest groups are organised to pursue specific interests in the, political arena, operating primarily by lobbying the members of, legislative bodies, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 38

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Chapter 11, Change and Development in Rural Society, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. The Impact of Land Reforms during Colonial, period, 2. Green revolution and its consequences, 3. Circulation of labour, Rural Society in India,  The majority of Indian population lives in rural area ie.64% as per, 2001 census, 1. Impact of Land Reforms: Colonial period, Zamindari System,  In the colonial period, the British ruled many areas through local, zamindars. British granted property rights to the zamindars.,  When British imposed heavy taxes on agriculture, the zamindars, collect more product and money from the cultivators,  Due to this zamindari system, agriculture production stagnated, or declined, peasants fled from oppressive landlords.,  The zamindari system was introduced in the states of Bengal,, Bihar, Orissa, Raiyatwari System,  Some areas were directly ruled by the British. There existed the, raiyatwari system of land settlement. Raiyat means cultivator,  The actual cultivators were responsible for paying the tax under, this system. There is no intermediary between British, government and cultivators,  The British government directly deal with the farmers or, landlords,  Under this system, the burden of taxation was less and cultivators, are more interested to invest in agriculture. So these areas become, more productive and prosperous, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 39

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2. Green Revolution,  Green Revolution was started by the Government of India during, 1960s and 1970s to introducing agricultural modernisation. It is, initiated with the help of international agencies, who provided, high yielding varieties of seeds in agricultural system.,  They also provided pesticides and fertilizers along with proper, guidance to farmers. The cultivation of high yielding varieties of, seeds needed plenty of water.,  So green revolution were introduced only in those areas that had, proper irrigation facilities. The regions were green revolution, started have sudden social and economic changes and developed, agriculture in a speedy manner., Social consequences of green revolution,  The green revolution had both positive and negative impacts upon, the society. The areas where green revolution introduced has, flourished but at the same time it widened the gap between rich, and poor in the society. Some of the social consequences of green, revolution are:, Positive Impacts, a) Agricultural productivity increased rapidly because of new, technology, b) India become self-sufficient in foodgrain production, c) Green Revolution has been considered a major achievement of the, government, Negative Impacts, a) Green revolution has benefitted the medium and large, agricultural farmers, not the poor landless people. Because the, agricultural inputs were expensive. Only the farmers who, produced surplus for market, were benefited from the GR, b) Increasing inequalities in rural society. It led to the displacement, of tenant cultivators, c) It led to the displacement of service caste groups due to the, introduction of machineries such as tillers and tractors, Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 40

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d) It leads to the process of ‘differentiation’. The rich grew richer and, poor were stagnated and again poorer, e) Worsening of regional inequalities in society., f) The payment in kind replaces payment in cash and it worsened, the economic condition of rural workers, g) Reducing the prices of food grains and crop failure led to financial, crisis of farmers, 3. Circulation of labour,  Due to decline in agriculture and inequalities in society,, thousands of agricultural labourers were migrated to other areas, for employment.,  The seasonal demand for agricultural labor increased in, prosperous areas like Punjab,  During agricultural seasons, the agricultural labourers, temporarily migrate to other prosperous villages for work and, returned to their villages after the season. This is called circulation, of labour. It is a seasonal migration of labour and they will get a, higher wage during this time,  This is due to the commercialisation of agriculture in rural areas., , Chapter 12, Change and development in Industrial Society, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Globalisation, Liberalisation and Changes in, Indian Industry, 2. Home-based work, 3. Strikes and Unions, 1. Globalisation and liberalisation and Changes in Indian Industry, , , Liberalisation policies started in India during 1990s. Private, companies, especially foreign firms, are encouraged to invest in, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 41

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, , sectors earlier reserved for the government, including telecoms,, civil aviation, power etc. Licenses are not required to open, industries., Due to this policy, some Indian companies are brought by, multinational companies. Also some Indian companies are, becoming multinationals companies. Eg: Coca Cola, , Disinvestment, , , , The government is trying to sell its share in several public sector, companies. This is known as disinvestment., Many government workers lost their job due to disinvestment of, various sectors., , Outsourcing, , , , , Modern companies reducing the number of permanent, employees and outsourcing their work to smaller company in, developing countries like India which providing cheap labour., This is called outsourcing, Now almost all the companies, even government industries are, now practicing some form of outsourcing and contracting. They, keep wages low and have poor working conditions., , 2. Home-Based Work, , , , , , Home-based work is an important part of the economy., This includes the manufacture of lace, sari or brocade, carpets,, bidis, agarbattis and many such products. This work is mainly, done by women and children., An agent provides raw materials and also picks up the finished, product. Home workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, depending, on the number of pieces they make. Eg. Bidi industry., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 42

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3. Strikes and Unions, , , , , , , Trade unions are active in many firms and industries. Many, workers are part of trade unions., Trade unions in India face a number of problems, such as, regionalism and casteism., When working conditions become harsh, the workers go on strike, but the management will try to break it and declares lock-out and, shuts the gate and prevents workers from coming., To call a strike is a difficult decision. Workers also find it hard to, sustain themselves without wages., , Chapter 13, Globalisation and Social Change, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Different dimensions of, globalisation, 2. Globalisation of culture, 3. Gender and culture, 4. Culture of consumption, Globalisation: Globalisation involves global interconnections. It, includes changes in the capitalist system of production and, communication, organisation of labour and capital, technological, innovations and cultural experiences, ways of governance and social, movements, 1. Different Dimensions of Globalisation, 1.1 Economic Dimensions, a). The Economic Policy of Liberalisation, , , In India, the changes in economic policy in 1991 termed as, liberalisation policy, which open up the Indian economy to the, world market., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 43

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, , , , , From July 1991, Indian economy has undergoing various reforms, in all major sectors of the economy like agriculture, industry,, trade, foreign investment and technology, public sector etc., This integration of economy into world market was beneficial, Taking of loans from International Monetary Fund (IMF), starting, structural adjustment programme, and influence of World Trade, Organisation on Indian market were remarkable changes, , b). The Transnational Corporations (TNCs), , , , , The TNCs is one of the important economic factors behind, globalisation. TNCs are companies that produce goods or market, services in more than one country, These are small firms with one or two factories outside the, country in which they are based and also some are big, international companies, Eg: Coca Cola, Kodak, Mitsubishi etc.., , c). The Electronic Economy, , , , , Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are, able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. This, is a new ability to move ‘electronic money’ and also have some, risks involved in it, Eg: Rise and fall in the stock market, , d). The Weightless Economy or Knowledge Economy, , , , , , , The global economy is now based on a weightless economy. It, refers to the economy in which, the products have based on, information technologies such as computer software, media etc., Knowledge Economy: It refers to an economy in which much of, the workforce is involved not in the physical production or, distribution of material goods, but in their design, development,, technology, marketing, sale and servicing, Eg: Event Management, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 44

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e). Globalisation of Finance, , , , , , Information technology revolution leads to globalisation of, finance. Globally integrated financial markets undertake, transactions of billions of dollars within seconds in the electronic, circuits. There is a 24-hour trading in capital and security markets., Cities such as New York, Tokyo and London are the key centers, for financial trading., In India, Mumbai is known as the financial capital of the country, , 1.2 Global Communications, , , Advances in technology and telecommunications infrastructure, have led to revolutionary changes in global communication.,  It includes telephones (land lines and mobiles), fax, machines,, digital and cable television, electronic mail and the internet.,  Digital Divide: Digital communication facilities may not be, available in all places of the country. They are available in some, places. But some places do not have these facilities. This disparity, is called digital divide.,  The Government of India has initiated a programme in the form, of ‘Digital India’, to transform India into a ‘digitally empowered, society’ and a ‘knowledge economy’., 1.3 Globalisation and Labour,  New international division of labor has emerged. Here the, manufacturing production and employment is done in the Third, World cities. Large firms began to follow outsourcing and, contract works.,  When a unit is shifted from one location to other, the workers lose, their jobs. The workers have no job security in such units. It makes, the labouring population very vulnerable and insecure. This, flexibility of labour is advantageous to producers.,  Fordism: Mass production of goods at a centralised location., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 45

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, , Post-Fordism: A system of flexible production at dispersed, locations. The change from fordism to post-fordism helps, companies to make huge profits., , Globalization and Employment, , , , Globalization and the IT revolution have opened up new career, opportunities for the middle class youth from urban centers., People learnt computer courses and took up jobs at call centers or, Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) companies. They began to, work as sales persons in shopping malls or various restaurants., , 1.4. Globalisation and Political Change, a).The collapse of the erstwhile socialist world, , , , , It gives specific economic and political approach to the economic, policies that underpin globalisation, These changes are often termed as neo-liberal economic measures, The liberalisation policies reflect a political vision of free, enterprises which is based on the belief that free economy, , b). Growth of international and regional mechanisms for political, collaboration, , , , , , The European Union (EU), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Regional Conference (SARC), South Asian Federation of Trade Association (SAFTA) etc., , c). The rise of International Governmental Organisations (IGOs) and, International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs), , , An intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) regulating and, overseeing activities having transnational scope. Ex: (WTO), , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 46

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, , , , INGOs differ from IGOs in that they are not affiliated with, government institutions. They are independent organisations,, which make policy decisions and address international issues., Eg: Greenpeace, The Red Cross, Amnesty International etc.., , 2. Globalisation of culture, , , , , , There are many changes in culture due to globalisation. India, welcomes cultural influences from outside and enriched its, culture, There are changes in clothes, styles, music, films, languages, body, language etc and these changes are part of cultural changes, The cultural changes also brought by 19th century social reformers, and nationalists, who debated about the culture and tradition of, Indian society, , Homogenisation: All cultures will become similar ie homogeneous, Glocalisation: It refers to the mixing of the global with the local. It is not, spontaneous, but it is linked from the commercial interests of, globalisation, Globalisation of Culture: It is a strategy by foreign companies to deal, with local traditions in order to enhance their marketability. The foreign, firms produce their products based on the requirements of the local, culture of the society., Eg: Foreign TV channels using Indian languages, McDonald sells only, chicken and veg items and avoid beef products etc.., Thus globalisation leads to a new global culture rather than local, traditions, 3. Gender and Culture, , , Globalisation oppose all kind of unjust practices against women,, but it is actually a practice against women, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 47

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, , India able to retain and develop a democratic tradition and, culture that allows us to define culture in a more inclusive and, democratic fashion, , 4. Culture of Consumption, , , , , Globalisation promotes the culture of consumption. Now culture, of consumption (of art, food, fashion, music, tourism) shapes to a, the growth of cities. This is evident in the growth of shopping, malls, multiplex cinema halls, amusement parks and ‘water, world’ in every major city in India., Most significantly advertisements and the media in general, promote a culture where spending is important than saving, money., Chapter 14, Mass Media and Communications, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Globalisation and the media, 2. Print media, Television, Radio, Mass Media, , , , Mass media includes variety of forms. It includes television,, newspaper, films, magazines, radio, advertisements, video games, It referred as ‘mass’ media because they can reach mass, audiences, includes large number of people. These are also, referred as ‘mass communications’, , 1. Globalisation and the Media, , , , Globalisation have close connection with the communication, systems and mass media, Now media industry was differentiated into distinct sectors like, cinema, print media, radio and television broadcasting etc.., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 48

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, , , , But there were profound transformations taken place within, media industry, National markets transformed to a fluid global market and new, technologies have led to fusion of forms of media, Eg: Musical form and global music industry, , 2. Influence of Mass Media, Mass media have influences by various mediums like print media,, television, radio etc., Print Media, , , , , , , , , , Print media had a significant influence among people during, freedom movement, But with the growth of television and the internet, the print media, would be side-lined, There are many Indian language newspapers growing in India, due to increasing number of literate people who migrate to cities., The needs of the readers in villages and cities are different, because it cater to the needs of the people. Thus local language, newspapers were fulfilled this needs, With the rise of electronic media, there is no decline in the, circulation of print media. This is expanded with reducing prices, and increasing sponsors of advertisements., The print media have now used advanced printing technologies, and have great influence upon the people, , Television, , , , , In India there was only one television channel ie. Doordarshan in, 1991. But by 1998, there were almost 70 channels in India, The growth of private satellite television has been developing, The coming of transnational television companies like Star TV, influenced Indians but some people worried about its negative, impact upon youth and Indian culture, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 49

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, , , , Most TV channels worked throughout the day and their news, telecast is lively and informal. TV channels fostered public, debates and tried to expand its reach every year, Television is a realm of entertainment and has increasing, popularity in recent times, , Radio, , , , , , , , , , Radio broadcasting started in India in Kolkata and Chennai in the, 1920s. The AIR programmes consisted of news, current affairs,, discussions on development etc, The advent of privately owned FM radio stations in 2002, provided a boost to entertainment programmes over radio, As FM radios were not permitted to broadcast political news,, they have specialise in ‘particular kinds’ of popular music for, entertainment, The popular films were also used radio as an active medium of, communication, The privately owned radio stations and privatisation of existing, radios lead to the growth of radio stations in India, Thus radio has still influenced the people with new entertainment, , Chapter 15, Social Movements, , Chapter Focus Point, 1. Features of social movement, 2. Sociology and social movements, 3. Types of social movements: Reformative,, Redemptive, Revolutionary, 4. The Dalit Movement, 5. The Tribal Movements, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 50

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1. Features of Social Movement, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , Sustained collective action over time, Organization, Bring about changes on a public issues, Counter movement may come up. Eg: Dharma Sabha, Collective action, Shared understanding, A specific way of achieving the goal, Leadership, , 2. Sociology and Social Movements, , , , , , , , Sociology has been interested in the study of social movements. They, studied the impact of social movements like French Revolution,, Industrial Revolution etc., The French Revolution of 1789 created great social changes in France, and Industrial revolution leads to social changes in Britain., The poor workers and artisans protested against the inhuman living, conditions in factories. The elites considered these protests as a major, threat to the existing order of society., Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx etc. were the Sociologists who studied, these social changes and give different interpretations, , 3. Types of social movements, Social movements can be classified into three:, 1. Redemptive or transformatory social movement: Redemptive, social movement aims to bring about changes in the personal, consciousness and actions of its individual members. Eg: Sree, Narayana Guru tried to change Ezhavas in Kerala to change their, social practices., 2. Reformist social movement: It tries to change prevalent social and, political arrangements. This is a gradual process and not through, , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 51

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sudden reaction. Eg: movements for states reorganisation, right to, information act etc., 3. Revolutionary social movement: The movements that seeks to, radically transform social relations by capturing state power are, called revolutionary social movements. Eg: Bolshevik Revolution, in Russia, Naxalite movement in India., Social Movements in India, , , Social movements in India is mainly organised due to social, inequality and the unequal distribution of resources faced by, women, peasants, dalits, adivasis, and others., , 4. The Dalit Movement, Social movements of Dalits are mainly aimed at:, 1. It is a struggle to be recognized as fellow human beings., 2. It is a struggle for self-confidence and space for selfdetermination., 3. It is a struggle for abolishing the stigma of untouchability. It can, be called a struggle to be touched.,  The term Dalit is generally used to describe poor and oppressed, persons. It was first used by the followers of Babasaheb Ambedkar, in the early 1970s.,  They used the term Dalit refers to those people who have been, broken down deliberately by their superiors.,  There is no unified Dalit movement in the country. Different, movements have highlighted different issues related to Dalits,  Dalit movements share some common objectives like craving for, equality, self-respect and eradication of untouchability.,  Eg. Satnami Movement of the Chamars in the Chattisgarh, Adi, Dharma Movement in Punjab, the Mahar Movement in, Maharashtra, the socio-political mobilisation among the Jatavas of, Agra and the Anti Brahman Movement in south India., Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 52

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, , , , The Dalit movement has now accompanied by a growing body of, Dalit literature. The Dalit literature is sharply opposed to the, Chaturvana system and caste hierarchy., Dalit literature gives a call for social and cultural revolt., , 5. The Tribal Movements,  The various tribal groups in India have common issues. Several, tribal movements took place in the ‘tribal belt’ in middle India.,  This region belongs to the newly formed tribal state of Jharkhand., The tribal movements in this region were organized by tribal, groups such as the Santhals, Hos, Oraons, Mundas., Jharkhand Movement, , , , , , , , , , , Jharkhand is one of the newly formed states of India in 2000. It was, formed as a result of a long struggle led by an adivasi leader, Birsa, Munda, The tribals first fought against the British and then against the, Indian government., Christian missionaries working in south Bihar were responsible for, spreading literacy in this area. The literate adivasis began to, research and write about their history and myths. This created a, unified ethnic consciousness and a common identity as, Jharkhandis., Several educated adivasis got government jobs. Gradually a, middle-class intellectual leadership emerged among the adivasis., They demanded a separate state for the tribals. The adivasis in, south Bihar had a common hatred of dikus who were migrant, traders and money-lenders who had settled in the area and, exploited the adivasis., The adivasis were alienated from their land and marginalised due, to in-migration of other people. They created a tribal identity based, on this and inspire for a collective action. This eventually led to the, formation of a separate state of Jharkhand., , Alphonsa Joseph, HSST Jr Sociology, GVHSS Payyoli, , 53