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E Plus Kerala in Youtube, , 10. THE COLD WAR ERA, FOCUS AREA 2022, COLD WAR, The Allies led by United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and, France defeated the Axis powers led by Germany, Italy and Japan in World War II, (1939-1945). After the end of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union, became the two super powers in the world., The two powers ended their friendly relations during the war and, a rivalry began. Under the leadership of the United States, the Western European, states were formed Capitalist Bloc and the Soviet Union the Eastern European, countries formed Communist Bloc. Most of the states were members either of power, bloc. The conflict and rivalry between the two groups is known as the Cold War. The, term "cold war" was given because it fought with ideologies instead of weapons., The two powers were not ready for a direct war for fear that a direct war between the, nuclear powers would destroy the whole world. Yet the arms race between the two, blocs was fierce., , MILITARY ALLIANCES, As part of self-defense, the two blocs formed military alliances. The major, military alliances formed by the US-led Western bloc are NATO, SEATO and, CENTO, 1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) -NATO was formed in 1949 to, protect Western Europe., 2. SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) - SEATO was established in, 1954 to protect countries in South East Asia., 3. CENTO (Central Treaty Organization)- The CENTO was established in 1955, to protect West Asia., In 1955, the Soviet Union signed the Waraw Pact with members of, Communist Bloc to counter American military alliances., , WHY DID SUPER POWERS HELP SMALLER STATES?, During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union provided, economic and military aid to countries that were members of their own bloc. The, factors that motivated the major powers to provide such assistance are given below., 1., Gaining access to oil and other natural resources available in the member, states., 2., Possibility of using member states' territory for the deployment of armies and, weapons., 3., Possibility of using the territory of member countries as a spy center., 4., Possibility of receiving financial support for military spending from, smaller countries., , WHY DID SMALLER STATES JOIN IN POWER BLOCS ?, 1., 2., 3., , Member states were protected by the super powers., Super powers supplied arms to the member states., Member nations were financially supported by super powers.

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E Plus Kerala in Youtube, , FOCUS AREA 2022, CHALLENGES TO BIPOLARITY – NAM, NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT, After the end of Second World War, colonialism came to an end, and many independent countries were formed in Asia, Africa and Latin America. At, that time the world was divided into two blocs. Most of the states were members of, power blocs for economic and military benefit. These countries surrendered their, independence and sovereignty to the super powers for military and economic, support. A number of newly independent states in Asia, Africa and Latin America ,, which did not want to give up their hard-earned independence and sovereignty, before the super power, formed the Non-Aligned Movement. The first meeting of the, movement was held in Belgrade in 1961. Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Josip Broz Tito, (Yugoslavia), Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Sukarno (Indonesia) and Kwame, Nkrumah (Ghana) are the founding leaders of the Non-Aligned Movement., The main factors behind the formation of NAM are given below., 1., Cooperation among India, Egypt, Yugoslavia, Indonesia and Ghana., 2., Growing cold war tensions., 3., Entry of newly independent African countries to international politics., The NAM, an organization of third world countiries aimed at combating, racism and all forms of foreign domination, currently has 120 members and 17, observer countries., , NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER, Most of the members of the non-Aligned Movement are Least Developed, Countries (LDCs). Ensuring economic development while maintaining independence, and sovereignty is essential for these countries. The United Nations presented a report, entitled ‘'Towards a New Trade Policy for Development' to ensure the sustainable, development of these countries. Below are the main suggestions in the report., 1., Give Least Developed Countries control over their natural resources., 2., Provide opportunities for the Least Developed Countries to trade in the West., 3., Western states should transfer advanced technology at low cost to the Least, Developed Countries., 4., Provide greater financial assistance to the LDCs from the World Bank and the, International Monetary Fund., , INDIA AND THE COLD WAR, During the Cold War, India was careful to stay away from the two blocs. India's, policy was not to run away from international issues. India has taken the stand that it, should be actively involved in world affairs to solve the Cold War-related problems., The stand taken by India to end the Korean War was internatioanlly noted. But India's, foreign policy during cold war period has been met with fierce criticism. There are, two main allegations against India., 1., India refused to take a strong stand on many international issues to protect the, interests of the country., 2., India signed a 20-year Treaty of Friendship with Soviet Union., , PREPARED BY MATHEW JOSEPH / GHSS KOZHICHAL