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NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER, , (NIEO), , What do you understand by the new, ew international economic order ?, , Most of the countries involved in the non, non-aligned, aligned movement had, the status of underdeveloped countries., These countries were poor, economical, economically, ly backward and weak, countries., The main challenges before them was to make economic, development and to get their people out of poverty., , NOTE :-, ,  Without economic development, these coun, countries were, in danger of being enslaved again.,  This understanding gave birth to the notion of a new, international economy., 4

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 The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries.,  A majority of them were categorised as the Least Developed CountriesCountries, (LDCs).,  The challenge for most of the non-aligned was to be more developed, economically and to lift their people out of poverty.., ,  Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new, countries.,  Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free.,  It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial, powers from which political freedom had been achieved., , The idea of a New Inter - national Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this realisation., 5

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 The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), brought out a report,  in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development.,  The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to:, , 1. give the LDCs control over their natural resources exploited by the, developed Western countries,, 2. obtain access to Western markets so that the LDCs could sell their products, and, therefore, make, ake trade more beneficial for the poorer countries,, 3. reduce the cost of technology from the Western countries, and……., and, 4. provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions., , 6

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, , Gradually, the nature of nonalignment changed,  to give greater importance, nce to economic issues., ,  In 1961, at the first summit in Belgrade, economic issues had, mid-1970s,, 1970s, they had become the most important issues., NAM became an economic pressure group., ,  By the late1980s,, 1980s, however, the NIEO initiative had faded,, mainly because of the stiff opposition from the developed, countries who acted as a united group while the non-aligned, non, countries struggled to maintain their unity in the face of this, opposition., , 7

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INDIA AND THE COLD WAR, , 8