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Reforms:-, , 14, , These developments were accompanied by a rapidly escalating crisis within the USSR, that hastened its disintegration., Gorbachev initiated the policies of economic and political reform and democratisation, within the country., A coup took place in 1991 that was encouraged by Communist Party hardliners., , The people had tasted freedom by then and did not want the old-style, style rule of, the Communist Party., Boris Yeltsin emerged as a national hero in opposing this coup., The Russian Republic, where Yeltsin won a popular election, election,, began to shake, off centralised control., Power began to shift from the Soviet centre to the republics, especially in the, more Europeanised part of the Soviet Union, which saw themselves as, sovereign states., NOTE:-, , The Central Asian republics did not ask for independence, and wanted to remain with the Soviet Federation., , The reforms were, opposed by, leaders within the, Communist Party.

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Central Asian republics, 15, , *, , In December 1991,, under the leadership of Yeltsin, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, three, major republics of the USSR, declared that the Soviet Union was disbanded.

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16, , The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was banned., And, , Capitalism and democracy were adopted as the bases for the post, post-Soviet, Soviet republics., , CIS, , Again Russia after 1991, ,  The declaration on the disintegration of the USSR and the formation of the, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) came as a surprise to the other, republics, especially to the Central Asian ones.,  The exclusion of these republics was an issue that was quickly solved by making, them founding members of the CIS, CIS.,  Russia was now accepted as the successor state of the Soviet U, Union., nion.,  It inherited the Soviet seat in the UN Security Council.,  Russia accepted all the international treaties and commitments of the Soviet Union.,  It took over as the only nuclear state of the post, post- Soviet space and carried out some, nuclear disarmament measures with the US.,  The old Soviet Union was thus dead and buried.

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WHY DID THE SOVIET UNION DISINTEGRATE?, 18, , How did the second most powerful country in the world, suddenly disintegrate ?, Neither is a polity broken for the first time nor, for the last time in the form of the Soviet union., , This question is, necessary to, understand the, collapse of any, political system., , While there are unique features of the Soviet collapse:, collapse:1. There is no doubt that the, internal weaknesses of Soviet, political and economic institutions,, which failed to meet the, aspirations of the people., , Reason:, Reason:- Political,, Economic, conomic and Cultureal…, Role of Gorbachev’s, reforms and people, impact…., , Q. Why did the system become so weak and why did the economy stagnate?, Ans:- The Soviet economy used, much of its resources in, At the same time,, maintaining a nuclear and, ordinary citizens became more, knowledgeable about the, military arsenal and the, economic advance of the West., development of its satellite states, They could see the disparities, in Eastern Europe and within the, between their system and the, Soviet system (the five Central, systems of the West., Asian Republics in particular)., ,  After years of being told that the Soviet system was, better than Western capitalism, the reality of its, backwardness came as a political and psychological, shock.

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