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Political Science Class 12th, Chapter 1, Challenges of Nation Building Notes, , HEMRAJ SIR, M.A. (Pol. Sci.) , B.Ed. ,, , ©) India became independent in August, 1947 immediately after independence,, there were three challenges in nation, building, , G The first and the immediate challenge, was to shape nation that was united, yet, accommodative of the diversity existing in, the society and eradication of poverty and, unemployment., , © The second challenge was to establish, democracy., , @ The third challenge was to ensure the

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development and well-being of the entire, society and not only of some sections., , © On 14th to 15th August, 1947, two nationstates India and Pakistan came into, existence. Lakhs of people from both, sides lost their homes, lives and, properties and became victim of, communal violence., , © On the basis of Muslim majority belt West, and East Pakistan was created which, were separated by a long expanse of, Indian Territory., , © Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also known as, ‘Frontier Gandhi’ was the undisputed, leader of the North-West Frontier, Province (NWFP). Despite his opposition, NWFP was merged with Pakistan., , © The portion of Punjab and Bengal caused, the deepest trauma of partition.

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(©) The year 1947 was the year of one of the, largest, most abrupt, unplanned and, , tragic transfer of population of human, history as known., , © Minorities on both sides of the border fled, their home and secured temporary’, shelter in ‘refugee camps’., , (©) Women were often abducted, raped,, , attacked and killed. They were forcefully, converted to other , religion., , © Political and administrative machinery, failed on both sides., , © There was huge loss of lives and, , property. Communal violence was on its, culmination., , ©) There were two types of provinces in, British India—

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G The British Indian Provinces (directly under, the control of the British Government), , (Princely states (governed by Indian, princes)., , © Immediately after independence there, were almost 565 princely states. Many of, them joined Indian Union., , (©) Travancore, Hyderabad, Kashmir and, , Manipur initially refused to join Indian, Union., , © The interim government took a firm steps, against the possible division of India into, small principalities of different sizes., , (©) The government's approach was guided, by three considerations, , © The people of most of the princely states, clearly wanted to become part of the, Indian Union.

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(© The government was prepared to be, flexible in giving autonomy to some, regions., , © Consolidation of the territorial boundaries, of the nation had assumed supreme, importance., , © The rulers of the most of the states, signed a document called the ‘instrument, of Accession’ but accession of the, Junagarh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and, Manipur proved more difficult than the, rest., , © After initial resistance, in September, 1948, Hyderabad was merged with Indian, Union, by a military operation., , © The Government of India succeeded in, pressurising the Maharaja of Manipur into, signing a Merger Agreement in, September, 1949.