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A SIMPLE NOTE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE PREPARED FOR THE, STUDENTS OF GOVT. HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL MOOTHEDAM, , ചുവട്, , POLITICAL SCIENCE - II, , GOVT. HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, MOOTHEDATH, Prepared By:, MUHAMMED RASAK, SUMAYYA U

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 1, CHALLENGES OF NATION BUILDING, , Shaping India as a Unified Nation, THREE, CHALLENGES, , Establishing Democracy, , Ensuring Development and, Well Being, , Important, , OBJECTIVE POINTS, , • The famous speech ‘tryst with destiny’ is associated with?, Jawahar Lal Nahru, • Partition of India – As per the Mount Batten Plan., • Muhammedali Jinnah proposed a plan of Two Nation Theory –, Separate country for Muslims., • Who is known as Frontier Gandhi?, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, • Iron Man of india?, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, • Chairman of State Reorganization Commission?, Fazal Ali, • First State in India created on linguistic basis?, Andra Pradesh, • Person associated with the creation of Andra Pradesh?, Potti Sriramulu, • As per the State Reorganization Act of 1956, 14 States and 6 Union, territories were created.

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ചുവട്, , PARTITION OF INIDA, INDIA, &, PAKISTAN, , Important, , The process of partition faced different kinds of difficulties, , No Belt of Muslim majority was found anywhere in British India, , Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan, , Punjab & Bengal, two Muslim majority provinces had, non-Muslim belt where the Hindus formed the majority., , The Unsolved problems of the minorities on, both sides of the boarder, Important

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ചുവട്, , CONSEQUENCES OF PARTITION, , Tragic transfer of population in the history., Peoples became refugees, Lahore, Amritsar, Calcutta became Communal Zones, The agony and misery of the people fleeing across the boarder, Around 80 Lakhs of people were migrated., 10 Lakhs of people were ruthlessly killed, Indian economy bacame an Amputated Economy, Partition paved way for a demand of Sikh Nation., Mahathma Gandhi killed, , Name of the Nizam’s, Military Force, , Princely States –, NOT ready to join with the Indian Union, , Razakaras, , Hyderabad, Junagarh, Travancore, Kashmir, Manipur, DEMAND FOR NEW STATES, , NEW STATE, , EXISTING STATE, , Goorkha Land, , West Bengal, , Vidarbha, Harit Pradesh, , Maharashtra, Utter Pradesh, , Sourashtra, , Gujrat

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 2, , ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE, , First Election, Commission, Sukumar Sen, Important, , FEATURES OF FIRST GENERAL ELECTION, , Election was conducted between 1951 October 1952 February, Delimitation of the constituencies were conducted, Electoral Roll was prepared, Eligible voters were 17 Crores, More than half of the Electorate casted their votes, Voters had elected 3200 MLAs & 489 Loksabha MPs, Literate voters were only 15%, Election was held on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise, Separate ballot boxes with the symbols of every candidate, , First Chief Minister of Kerala, EMS Namboodirippad

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ചുവട്, , CONGRESS DOMINANCE IN THE, FIRST THREE GENERAL ELECTIONS, Year, , 1952, , 1957, , 1962, , Total Seats, , 489, , 494, , 494, , Congress, , 364, , 371, , 361, , Vote %, , 44.9, , 47.76, , 44.72, , Important, , = Legacy of the congress in the freedom struggle, = Charismatic Leadership of Nehru, , REASONS FOR, CONGRESS, DOMINATION, , = Strong organizational structure., = Nationwide political party., = Ability to accommodate different fractions and, Interest. Ie. Coalition Character., = Advantages of Relative Majority System., , Important, , NATURE OF, CONGRESS DOMINATION, India’s one party dominance was achieved, through Democratic measures and Election, strategies. Free and fair elections were held.

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 3, , POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT, , MIXED ECONOMY, , CAPITALISM, , SOCIALISM, , MIXED ECONOMY, CAPITALISM + SOCIALISM, , • Agriculture, Trade and Commerce, Industries – Private Sector, • Key Heavy industries – Public Sector, (Electricity, Iron & Steel, Refineries, Railway etc..), , Proposal for a Planned Economy, , Bombay Plan

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ചുവട്, , Till 2014, the Five Year Planning had been, under the Planning Commission of India ., • NITI Ayog replaced the Planning Commission., • Prime Minister is the Chairman of NITI Ayog, , Important, , FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN, , SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN, , 1951-56, , 1956-61, , Plan drafted by KN Raj, , Plan drafted by PC Mahalanobis, , Known as Agricultural Plan, , Known as Industrial Plan, , Given priority to agriculture, , Given Priority to Heavy Industries, , Bhakranakal, Hirakud dams were, constructed during this plan, , Huge amounts were allocated in the, sectors like Electricity, Iron & steel,, Refineries, Railway, , ഹരിത വി�വത്തിന്െറ പിതാവ്, എം എസ് സ�ാമിനാഥൻ, , WHITE REVOLUTION, , Important, , ‘Milk Man of India’, , White Revolution, , Varghese Kurian, , ‘Operation Flood’, , Important

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 4, INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS, , Basic Principles of Nehruvian, foreign policy, , = To preserve the hard earned sovereignty., , = To protect territorial integrity., = To promote rapid economic development., , 3, , Important, , INDIA – CHINA, RELATION, , India’s relationship with China started on a very friendly note., , Panchsheel Agreement was signed by, Nehru and Zhou En Lai on 1954, , Important

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ചുവട്, , Panchsheel, , 1. Mutual respect of each other’s territorial, integrity and sovereignty., 2. Mutual non aggression., 3. Non interference in each other’s internal, affairs., 4. Equality and mutual benefit., 5. Peaceful coexistence., , INDO – CHINA WAR IN 1962, , Dalai Lama Issue, , Causes, , Boarder Dispute, , = In 1950 China had annexed Tibet., , = India opposed the suppression of Tibetan Culture by the China., = In 1959 Dalai Lama sought asylum in India. India granted., = China declared that India was engaging in anti Chinese activities

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ചുവട്, , BOARDER, DISPUTE, , Important, , INDO – CHINA WAR IN 1962, , • China claimed and demanded Two areas of India,, Aksai – Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, • China occupied Aksai -Chin, • Discussions between the leaders of the two countries, could not find a settlement., • In 1962 China launched a swift and massive attack on, Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, • China captured key areas in Arunachal Pradesh, • China unilaterally declared ceasefire and, • withdraw its troops

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ചുവട്, , RESULTS OF THE WAR, , •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , The war amounts to humiliation, The war helped to arose nationalism, Top military commanders had to resign., The defence minister VK Krishnamenon had to leave the Cabinet., A No confidence motion was moved against the Govt., The Congress lost some of the by elections to the Lok sabha., Military expenditure increased enormously., War affected India’s Five Year plan., War led to a spilt in the Communist Party in 1964., The central Govt. started to give much attention at North East area, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura were constituted as separate states., War was also influenced the Indo-Pak relationship., , INDO – PAK, RELATIONSHIP, , KASHMIR Placed the central issue between the, relationship of two Countries

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ചുവട്, , WAR IN 1965, , •, •, •, •, •, , The Rann of Kutch area in Gujarat was attacked by Pakistan, Indian troops launched a counter attack on the, Punjab Boarder., UN intervened and the war ended., In 1966 Thashkant agreement was signed by the, two leaders – Lal Bahadur Sasthri and Ayyub Khan., , Important, , BANGLADESH WAR - 1971, Events that took place in East Pakistan led to the war of 1971, , • In 1970 election, Mujeeb Rahman was the victor in, East Pakistan, • The Pakistani Leaders did not accept the people’s verdict, • In 1971 Pak army arrested Mujeeb Rahman., • Peoples of East Pakistan started liberation movement., - A Free Bangladesh, • India extended moral and material support to the, freedom sruggle, • The USA and China rushed to help Pakistan, • To Counter this move India signed a 20 years Treaty of, Friendship with the USSR, • In 1971 a full scale war broke out between India and Pakistan., • Within days Indian army surrounded Dhaka on three sides., • Pakistan army surrendered, • Bangladesh became a free country., • The Shimla Agreement was signed by Indira Gandhi, and Zulfikar Ali Bhuto in 1972

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ചുവട്, , Important, , KARGIL CONFRONTATION, OPERATION VIJAY, , TAHSKANT AGREEMENT, , SIMLA AGREEMENT, , SIGNED BY, LAL BAHADUR SASTRI &, AYYUB KHAN, , SIGNED BY, INDIRA GANDHI &, ZULFIKAR ALI BHUTO, , Important, , NUCLEAR POLICY OF INDIA, , India conducted her Nuclear Test at Pokran, in 1975 & 1998, Important, , • Nuclear Energy for peaceful purpose., India refused to sign discriminatory Nuclear Treaties., • Atom Weapon – No First Use., • India will never use its Nuclear weapons against, Non Nuclear countries., • India did not sign in CTBT

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ചുവട്, , RESULST OF THE ELECTON 1967, Congress had a majority in the Lok sabha, Congress lost its majority in Nine states, Opposition parties improved their position, Coalition govt. came to exist, Defection became normal, Congress faced split, , Vs, INDIRA, , SYNDICATE, , SPLIT IN THE CONGRESS, , CONGRESS (O), ORGANISATION, , CONGRESS (R), REQUESITIONISTS

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 6, , THE CRISIS IN THE DEMOCRATIC ORDER, , BACKGROUND TO EMERGENCY, Important, , Bangladesh War, Oil price sky rocketed, Economic Context, , Industrial grown declined, Unemployment, Price rise, Bihar Protests, , Political Protests, , Gujrat Protests, Protested against rising prices, food shortage,, and corruption, , Conflict with the Judiciary, , The conflicts with the judiciary led to a crisis which, culminated in the Kesavantha Bharati case – Basic, structure of the constitution, , Verdict of the Allahabad, High Court, , The Allahabad High court declared Indira Gandhi’s election, to Lok sabha invalid, , Declaration of the Emergency, On the recommendation of the Prime minister, the President Fakruddin Ali Ahamed, imposed emergency under 352 article of the Constitution on 25 th June 1975

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ചുവട്, , CONSEQUECES OF THE EMERGENCY, , • Leaders and workers of the opposition parties were arrested, • Wide spread arrest took place all over India, • Strikes were banned, • Emergency brought Protests and agitation to a standstill, • Freedom of press were suspended – Censorship imposed, • Fundamental rights were suspended, , Important, , • Preventive detention was restored to in walk of life, • The Parliament passed 42nd amendment of the Constitution, • RSS & Jamait e Islami were banned, • Hundreds of people were compelled for sterilization, •, , Slum at Turkman Gate demolished forcefully, , Emergency, , LESSONS FROM EMERGENCY, , • Emergency brought out the strength and weakness of democracy, • Emergency provision in the constitution had to be rectified or made more clear, • Indians realized the value of civil liberties, only after the Emergency, , Important

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER : 7, RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS, , RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS, Movement, , Chipko Movement, , Anti-Arrack Movement, , Mazdur Kisan Shakthi, Sangasthan (MKSS), , Nature of the Movement, , • Chipko movement was started in Utharkand, • Movement was started initially against, Deforestation, • Leaders like Sunder Lal Bahuguna led the, movement, • People argued that local people should have the, control of natural resources like Land, Water and, Forests., • The women in Nellore district came forward to, protest against arrack trade., • The protest demanded the authorities to impose, prohibition in the area., • The women folk had to bear the brunt of violence, meted out by their male members in family in the, drunken melee., • The campaign increased social awareness about, women’s problems., • RTI was started in 1990s when Mazdoor KIsan, Sakthi Sangatham in Rajasthan demanded records, of famine and relief fund and accounts of workers., • In 1994 & 1996 MKSS organized public hearings, where in the authorities were to explain things., • The movement succeeded in bringing out an, amendment to the Rajastan Panchayathi Raj Act., Important

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 8, REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS, , KASHMIR ISSUE, , • The most important issue that India has been facing with Pakistan is the, Kashmir issue., • Prior to independence Jammu & Kashmir was under a Hindu ruler Hari, Singh., • Hari Singh, had negotiations with India and Pakistan to maintain an, independent state., • In 1947 Tribal infiltrators from Pakistan came to Kashmir and the Maharaja, was forced to get military help from India., • India helped the Maharajah, only after he had signed an Instrument of, Accession with the India., Important, • The Kasnir problem still remain unsolved, , ISSUES OF NORTH EAST STATES, , • Demand for Autonomy, • Movement for Secession, • Oppositions to outsiders, , MOVEMENT AGAINST OUTSIDERS, The Assam movement was, a movement against ‘Outsiders’ – Movement was, against Bangali Muslim settlers from Bangladesh., , Important

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LESSONS FROM REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS, , Regional aspirations are very much mingled with democracy., Democratic negotiation is the best way to respond to regional aspirations., Power sharing is of great importance in dealing with the regional issues., Feeling of regional discrimination result from regional imbalance in economic, development., • The constitution framers were really farsighted in providing for such, Problems of diversity., •, •, •, •, , OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS, , Sheik Abdullah, , Prime Minister of Jammu & Kashmir, , National Conference, , Jammu Kashmir, , Dravidian Movement, , Anti Hindi Agitation, , Dravidian Movement, , EV Ramaswami Naicker, , Special Status to Kashmir, , Art 370, , Akali Dal, , Punjab, , Seven Sisters, , North East States, , Mizoram, , Laldenga Mizo National Front - MNF, , Nagaland, , Angami Zapu Phizo, Important

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 9, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN, INDIAN POLITICS, , 5, , DEVELOPMENTS, , Important, , Defeat of the Congress Party in 1989 elections, The election in 1989 marked as the end of what is called the ‘Congress System’., That means Congress lost its centrality with 1989 elections., , Mandal Issue, The National Front government in 1990 decided to implement the recommendations of, the Mandal Commission. Job in central government should be reserved for OBCs. Violent anti, Mandal protests broke out in different parts of the country., New Economic Policy, Rajive Gandhi in 1991 started new economic reforms to change the direction of Indian, economic policy. (Liberalization, Privatization & Globalization), , Demolition of Babri Masjid, The disputed structures at Ayodhya – the Babri Masjid was demolished in December, 1992. The demolition marked many changes in Indian politics., , Assasination of Rajive Gandhi, Congress leadership changed with the assassination of Rajive Gandhi in 1991. The, change in leadership of the Congress marked various change in Indian politics.

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ചുവട്, , Growing Consensus – 4 Elements, , • NEP: Most political parties support the new economic policies., • Political parties realized that the backward castes and their, claims cannot be ignored., • Regional parties paly quite a prominent role at the national, level., • Ideologies and political differences have given way to, pragmatic considerations, , Bahujan Samaj Party, Kanshi Ram

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 10, THE COLD WAR ERA, , USA, , COLD WAR, , USSR, , Soviet Union & Eastern, Countries, , America & Western Countries, , - Democracy, , -Totalitarian, -Socialism, -Communism, , - Indivdual Freedom, - Capitalism, , COLD WAR, America & Western Countries, , Soviet Union & Eastern Countries, , Capitalism, , Communism, , Goal: Containment of Communism, , Goal: Spread of Communism, , Important

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The term Cold War stands for the competition, tension and confrontation between, the United States and the Soviet Union. Some nations supported United States and, others backed Soviet Union. Fortunately the cold war did not turn into a hot war. The, cold war not limited to power rivalry alone; but it extended to ideological conflicts., ie Capitalism Vs Communism, , Military Alliances, Important, , USA, , USSR, , • NATO, • SEATO, • CENTO, , • WARSAW PACT, , CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, , Cuba was an ally of the Soviet Union, Soviet Union wanted to turn the Cuba into a Russian Base., With this intension Soviet Union placed Nuclear Missiles in Cuba in 1962 ., A clash between the USSR and USA was imminent., People all over the world became nervous over it., Everybody knew that any war between these super powers would affect, the entire world., • This is called Cuban Missile Crisis., •, •, •, •, •, •, , Important

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ചുവട്, , CAPITALIST BLOC, , COMMUNIST BLOC, , NON - ALIGNED COUNTRIES, , USA, , USSR, , INDIA, , BRITAIN, , HUNGARY, , EGYPT, , FRANCE, , POLAND, , INDONASIA, , ITALY, , ROMANIA, , YUGOSLAVIA, , PORTUGAL, , CUBA, , GHANA, , PIONEERS OF NON ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT, , • Jawahar Lal Nehru, , -, , India, , • Gamal Abdul Nazer, , -, , Egypt, , • Josip Broz Tito, , -, , Yugoslavia, , • Sukarno, , -, , Indonesia, , • Nkrumah, , -, , Ghana, , Important, , NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER - NIEO, , The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 1972, (UNCTAD), •, •, •, •, , Should give the LDCs control over their natural resources., LDCs should be given access to western markets to all products., Cost of technology from western countries should be reduced, LDCs should be given greater role in economic institution, (LDC – Least Developed Countries)

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ചുവട്, , Non Alignment Movement came into exist, At Belgrade conference in 1962, , RELEVANCE OF NAM TODAY, • With the disintegration of the USSR and the end of the Cold war in, 1991, the policy of non alignment became politically irrelevant., • But on the Economic front, MAN’s relevance is very much on the, increase., • Non aligned countries have to remain united in resisting the, economic exploitations of developed countries., • So also they have to put up a bold front in matters of racism, world, terrorism, environmental degradation, arms race etc, • The Non-aligned counties of the world play a vital role in these, major issues., Important, , Arms Control Treaties - Expansion, , LTBT, NPT, SALT, START, CTBT, , Limited Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, , Expansion, , NAM, NIEO, NATO, USSR, , Non Alignment Movement, New International Economic Order, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, Important

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 11, THE END OF BIPOLARITY, , DISINTEGRATION OF SOVIET UNION - REASONS, , The Economy remained standstill for many years –, Stagnant Economy, Economic Reasons, , Shortage of Consumer goods, The USSR used the lion’s share of its budget to build and, maintain military and nuclear arsenal, Stagnant political Administration, Rampant Corruption, , Political Reasons, , Centralized administration –, Little Accountability to the people, Absence of democracy, Glasnost (Openness), , Reforms of Gorbachev, , Perestroika (Restructuring), , Emergence of Nationalism, , The rise of nationalism and desire for sovereignty in the, different republics of the Soviet Union also the reason for, the disintegration, , REFORMS OF GORBACHEV, , GLASNOST, , PERESTROIKA, , (Openness), , (Restructuring), , Important

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ചുവട്, , CONSEQUENCES OF THE DISINTEGRATION, , World became, Unipolar, , Cold War Ended, , Emergence of New, Republics, , USA became sole, super power, , Common Wealth of, Independent Counties, came to exist, , Shock Therapy, , Important

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ചുവട്, , SHOCK THERAPY, Important, , Transition of the Russia, Central Asia and East Europe from a Totalitarian Socialist, system to Democratic Capitalist system, , Totalitarian, Socialist system, , Transition, , Democratic, Capitalist system, , Important, , Establish Private Ownership, , 3, , Foreign Direct Investment and Free Trade, , Changes, , Bring into the world economic system all those countries, which were in Soviet Bloc

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ചുവട്, , SHOCK THERAPY - CONSEQUENCES, , State controlled industrial Complex collapsed, Largest Garage Sale in History, The value of the Russian Ruble fell miserably low, Inflation skyrocketed & People lost their savings, Collective farming gave way to private farming, Withdrawal of Govt. subsidies, Destroyed Social Welfare System, The Academic and Intellectual manpower migrated, Increased economic inequality, Influence of IMF & World bank increased, The constitutions of the new republics were drafted in a hurry, Civil wars & Uprising also reported, Important, , First President of Russia, BORIS YELTSIN

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 12, US HEGEMONY IN THE WORLD POLITICS, , Important, , Operation Desert Storm, , First Gulf War, , Operation Infinite Reach, , Cruise missiles strikes came on Al-Queda, terrorist targets in Sudan & Afghanistan, , Operation Enduring Freedom, , Military operation against the terrorist, attack 9/11 – Global War on Terror, , Operation Iraqi Freedom, , The Iraq Invasion, , US HEGEMONY, , Hegemony as Soft, Power, , Hegemony as Hard, Power, Hegemony as Structural, Power, , Important

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ചുവട്, , US HEGEMONY, , Hegemony as Hard Power, , • Military Power, • Us military power is absolute, • The Lion’s share of American budget for, Defence – Research and Development, , Hegemony as Structural Power, , • US role in providing global public goods, (SLOCs) , Internet, • Dominance of US Dollar, • US share in world trade, • The world Bank, WTO, IMF are the, products of US hegemony, • MBA, , Hegemony as Soft Power, , • Ideological and Cultural dimension, • The US establishes its predominance, through soft skills and cultural values., • Blue Jeans, , Important, , OVERCOME HEGEMONY - STRATEGIES, Bandwagon Strategy, , Hide Strategy, , Cooperation with the, Hegemonic Power, , Stay away from super, powers

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 13, ALTERNATIVE CENTRES OF POWER, CHINA’S STRENGTH, , Fastest Growing Economy., Military Strength – Nuclear Power, Population., Land Mass., Natural Resources., Strategic Location.,  Political Influences (Permanent Member in UNO), , , , , , , , FOUR MORDERNISATION – ZHOU, , EN LAI, , MORDERNISATION IN AGRICULTURE, , 4, , MORDERNISATION IN INDUSTRY, , MODERNISATION IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, , MODERNISATION IN MILITARY, , Important, , OPEN DOOR POLICY - 1978, , DENG XIAO PING

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 14, CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA, , India & Pakistan, COOPERATION, , • Regarding India & Pakistan relations much improvement has, been noted recently. Confidence building measures to reduce, the risk of war will be taken by both countries., • Summit meetings try to find solutions to major problems of, the two nations., • Trade between the two parts of Punjab has substantially, increased., • Visas are issued with greater ease., , CONFLICTS, , Arms race between the two countries went on uninterrupted., The Indian side says that Pakistan is helping the Kashmir militants, with arms, money and training., The Pakistan had helped the pro Khalistan militants., East., , Pak spy agency got involved several anti India campaigns in North, , Sharing of water is another bone of contention between India and, Pakistan., Another issue between two countries is about the demarcation line, in the Rann of Kutch

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India & Bangladesh, , COOPERATION, , Economic relation between two countries, improved considerably, Bangladesh is today part of India’s Look, East Policy that hopes to create a link with, Myanmar, Cooperation on disaster management &, Environmental Issues., Cooperation on exchange of prisoners, Important, , CONFLICTS, , Sharing of Ganga and Brahmaputhra river waters., Illegal immigration to India from Bangladesh., Supporting anti-India Islamic fundamentalist group., Did not allow India to move the troops through Bangladesh territory, towards North eastern India., It refused to send natural gas to India., It did not allow India to bring natural gas from Myanmar via, Bangladesh., Boarder dispute in some areas.

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India & Nepal, , COOPERATION, , Both countries allows their citizen, to travel through and work in their, countries without passport and visa., The relationship is fairly stable, one., Cooperation in sharing common, natural resources and electricity, generation., India has recently allowed Nepal, to use Indian paths for sea trade, , CONFLICTS, , issues, , Dispute regarding trade-related, , India cannot tolerate the warm, relationship between Nepal & China, India is unhappy about the anti, Indian elements in Nepal, The Maoist movement in Nepal, , India & Srilanka, , COOPERATION, , In 1987 India sent peace keeping, forces to Srilanka - IPKF, India signed free trade, agreements with Srilanka, India’s help in post tsunami, reconstruction in Srilanka has brought, two countries closer., , Important, , CONFLICTS, , India cannot remain neutral when the, Indian originals experience difficulties., , LTTE – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Srilanka

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India & Bhutan, , COOPERATION, , • India enjoys a very good relationship with Bhutan, • India & Bhutan are cooperating in a major hydroelectric project, • Bhutan gets maximum economic aid from India, , SAARC, , SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION, , SAARC started functioning in 1985, Headquarter: Katmandu, MEMBER COUNTRIES, , PAIN MBBS, , Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, , Important

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CHAPTER: 15, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, , ORGANS OF UNO, General Assembly, Security Council, , UNO, , Economic & Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, , Important, , Secretariat, , UNO – SUGGESTED RECOMMENDATIONS, , • Increase in the number of permanent and non permanent members of the UN, Security Council, • Membership is to be increased from Asia, Africa & South America, • US & other western countries demand an increase in the budgetary allotments, , First Secretary General, Trygve Lie, Present Secretary General, Antonio Gutterres, , UN Headquarter, New York

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POST COLD WAR WORLD, The Soviet Union has collapsed, The USA became sole super power, The relationship between Russia and the US is far better, China & India are growing rapidly, Asian economies are growing at an unprecedented rate, Many new countries have joined in the UN, The new set of challenges include genocide, civil wars, ethnic conflict,, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change, environmental degradation and, epidemics, , PERMANENT MEMBERSHIP: CRITERIA, , A major economic power, A major military power, A substantial contributor to the UN budget, A big nation in terms of population, A country that gives more value to democracy and human rights, A country have diversity in terms of geography, economic system and culture, , PERMANENT MEMBERS, , VETO, POWER, , •, •, •, •, •, , USA, RUSSIA, BRITAIN, FRANCE, CHINA

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PERMANENT MEMBERSHIP:, INDIA’S CLAIMS, , Important, , • Fastest growing economy, • A major military power., • A substantial contributor to the UN budget., • A big nation in terms of population., • Largest democratic country & Value to human right., • Diversity in terms of geography, economic system and culture., • India has actively participated in all UN initiatives

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ചുവട്, , CHAPTER: 16, SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, , SECURITY NOTIONS, , TRADITIONAL NOTIONS, , EXTERNAL, , NON TRADITIONAL NOTIONS, , INTERNAL, Human Security, Global Security, , The military threats from, other countries against the, Core Values of, sovereignty, Independence, & territorial integrity, , Civil Wars,, Ethnic Conflicts,, Communal Riots,, Caste conflicts., , FACTORS OF TRADITIONAL SECURITY, , Deterrence, Defense, Balance of Power, Alliance Building, , Poverty,, Epidemics, Natural, Calamities, Terrorism,, Climate Change

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Disarmament, , Arms Control, , FORMS OF TRADITIONAL SECURITY, , Confidence Building Measures, , NEW SOURCES OF THREATS, , Human Right, Violation, , Terrorism, , 9/11, , Climate Change, , Political,, Economical, Social, , Global Poverty, , Migration, , Global Warming, , Environmental, Degradation, , Epidemics, Covid19, HIV,, H1N1, Important

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CHAPTER: 17, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES, , RIO CONFERENCE, , Agenda 21, , GLOBAL COMMONS, , Earth’s Atmosphere, The Antarctica, Ocean Floor, Outer Space, , Important, , Common but Differentiated Responsibility, • Developed countries are responsible for the damage and degradation to the, environment, • The developing countries are in the process of industrialization. They cannot be, forced to impose restriction like others., • Environment law should be take into account the needs of developing, countries, before imposing control.

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KYOTO PROTOCOL, , United Nations Convention, on Climate Change, , The Kyoto Protocol had asked the developed, counties to CUT DOWN their emission of, Greenhouse gases., , UNFCCC, , United Nations Framework, and Convention on Climate, Change, , Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Hydro-fluoro Carbon, Are responsible for Global warming, , Important, , INDIA’S STAND ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, , India’s Natural Auto-Fuel Policy insists on clearer fuels for vehicles, The Electricity Act of 2003 encourages the use of renewable energy, Import of Natural gas to reduce emission, Land have been set aside for bio diesel production, Adopted clean coal technologies, India have keen interest in the fight against global warming

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CHAPTER: 18, GLOBALIZATION, , Globalization denotes the integration of a country’s economy with, World economy, , POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES, , • Globalization erodes into the state capacity., • Today the duties of the state seem to have shrunk to the minimum of, keeping law & order. It does not perform welfare functions., • Uncontrolled Multi National Corporations., • Globalization sometime increases state capacity., Eg: E-governance, , Important, , ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, , • Economic globalization brings us to International Financial markets like World, Bank, IMF and WTO., • Competitive Labour Markets., • Exploitation of Natural Resources., • Brain Drain., • Sweat Shop will be a common phenomenon., • Domestic industries, Small business and retail outlets have been ruined., • Agricultural sector of third world will face challenges.

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CHAPTER : 3, POLITICS OF PLANNED DEVELOPMENT, , In the 1960s food crisis became acute. As a results of the acute food, shortage, Bihar famine the Govt. was forced to take some, initiatives in the agricultural sector., GREEN REVOLUTION, Land Reforms – Land were given to Tenants, who worked on other’s land, Better irrigation facilities were introduced, Introduced High Yielding Verity Seeds, Fertilizers and Pesticides were also introduced, The Govt. declared support price to farmers, Provision for Agricultural Loans, Free Electricity introduced, Encouraged mechanization in agriculture, , CONSEQUENCES OF GREEN REVOLUTION, The beneficiaries of the schemes were rich farmers and Land lords, Ignored other sectors of economy, This led to Polarization. Punjab, Haryana, Western Utter Pradesh, became prosperous, Increased the contrast between the poor peasants and, the prosperous land lords, Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides spoiled the land, – Ecological Degradation, Important, , Important

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CHAPTER : 4, INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS, FEATURES OF, INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY, , • Opposition to Colonialism and Imperialism, • Opposition to Racialism., • Emphasis on foreign assistance., • Trust in United Nations Organization., • Peaceful Co-existence., • Non Alignment, • Afro-Asian Unity, , NUCLEAR POLICY OF INDIA, , India conducted her Nuclear Test at Pokran, in 1975 & 1998, Important, , • Nuclear Energy for peaceful purpose., India refused to sign discriminatory Nuclear Treaties., • Atom Weapon – No First Use., • India will never use its Nuclear weapons against, Non Nuclear countries., • India did not sign in CTBT, , Important

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CHAPTER: 5, CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF THE, CONGRESS SYSTEM, PRESEDENTIAL ELECTON 1969, , On President Zakir Hussain’s death a new President had to be elected, The Syndicate Congress nominated N Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, as the Presidential Candidate, Indira Gandhi asked the Vice President VV Giri to file his nomination as an, independent candidate, The Congress president issued Whip asked to vote for Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Indira Gandhi called for conscience vote and supported VV Giri, In this election VV Giri elected as the President of India, Sanjeeva Reddy, the official candidate of the Congress was defeated, The Congress party had split, The Congress led by the Syndicate came to be known as Congress (O) &, Indira Gandhi group to be called Congress (R)., Important, , Privy Purse, , The Princes were given a grant or allowance in proportion to the, revenue of the state joining the Indian union. This amount is called, Privy Purse., , • Indira Gandhi abolished Privy Purse

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GENERAL ELECTION OF 1971, , GRAND ALLIANCE, , CONGRESS (R), & CPI, , SSP, PSP, JANA SANGH,, SWATHANTRA PARTY,, KRANTHI DAL, , INDIRA HATAO, , GARIBI HATAO, , ELECTION RESULTS - 1971, CONGRESS (R) - 352, CPI – 23, CONGRESS (O) – 16, , The state assembly election held in 1972 had a stunning victory to the, Indira Congress

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CHAPTER: 6, , THE CRISIS IN THE DEMOCRATIC ORDER, , Congress (O), , Jana Sangh, , Jantha Party, ELECTION 1977, , Baratiya, Socialist Party, , Lok Dal, , JANATHA GOVT., , The Janatha Party scored 295 seats, Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister, , Failure of Janatha Experiment, • The Janatha Party had nothing to keep them united. They had no, direction, no leadership and a common programme., • It seems to be continuing the policies of Congress Govt., • The inner party conflicts and split.

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CHAPTER: 7, RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS, , RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS, Movement, , Nature of the Movement, , Dalit Panthers, , • Dalit Panters was a militant dalit, organization formed in Maharashtra, • They fought against caste based, inequalities and injustice against the, dalits, , Bharathiya Kisan Union, , Important, , National Fish Workers Forum, , Narmada Bachao Andolan, , • Farmers protested against govt. policies, under Baratiya Kisan Union, • Farmers protests were stared in Uttar, Pradesh, • The farmers demanded floor price, free, interstate movement of farm produce,, electricity at lower rates, waiving of loan, repayments etc., • NFF stood for the rights of fisher folk, who used country boats and nets to earn, their lively hood, • NFF wanted to protect the interest of the, fisher folk, • NBA movement opposed to Sardar, Sarovar Project, • The NBA demanded that the affected, people should be properly rehabilitated, • The local people should have effective, control over natural resources

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LESSONS FROM POPULAR MOVEMENTS, , • Popular movements help us to understand better democratic politics., • Represented people’s problems more effectively, • Reduced social conflicts and discontentment among people, • Broaden the participation of people in Indian democracy, Important, , CHAPTER: 8, REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS, , Important, , OPERATION BLUE STAR, • In 1970 some of the Akalis began to demanding separate country for, Sikh. ie Khalistan., • They passed Ananthapur Sahib Resolution., • The radicals among the Akalis got ready for an armed insurgency., • The Golden Temple in Amritsar became their headquarters., • The central govt. ordered for military operation and launched ‘Operation, Blue Star’., • The army successfully flushed out the militants from the shrine., • Hundreds of militants were killed, • Operation brought about irreparable damages to the Temple, • The military operation was inflicted deep wounds on the Sikh minds

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ANTI SIKH RIOT, , • The Punjab problem was complicated by the assassination of Indira, Gandhi in 31 October 1984., • Violence broke out in many parts of North India against the Sikh community., • 2000 Sikhs lost their lives in Delhi alone., • Once again the government seemed to be hurting the Sikh sentiments by, delayed actions to restore normalcy., , RAJIVE GANDHI – LONGOWAL ACCORD, , Important, , • Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab, • A separate Commission will look into the border dispute between Punjab and, Haryana., • A tribunal will decide the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab,, Haryana and Rajasthan., • Compensation would be provided to those affected by the Militancy., • Armed Forces Special Powers Act in Punjab would be withdrawn., , LESSONS FROM REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS, , • Regional aspirations are very much mingled with democracy., • Democratic negotiation is the best way to respond regional aspirations rather, than suppression., • Power sharing is of great importance in dealing with regional issues., • Feelings of regional discriminations result from regional imbalance in economic, developments., • The constitution framers were really farsighted in providing for all problems of, diversity., , Important

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DRAVIDIAN MOVEMENT, , Anti-Hindi agitation, , CHAPTER: 12, , US HEGEMONY IN THE WORLD POLITICS, , CONSTRAINTS ON AMERICAN POWER, , NATO, , Institutional architecture, of America, Clear division of power and, check and balances among, the organs of Govt., , The Open nature of, American Society, , The allies in the NATO, bring about moderation in, the US hegemony, , Strong internal public, opinion, Important

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CHAPTER: 13, ALTERNATIVE CENTRES OF POWER, , The European Union was formed in 1992, , EURO, Currency of European Union, , POWER OF, EUROPEAN UNION, , World’s biggest economy, , The Euro poses a threat to the US Dollar, ECONOMIC INFLUENCE, , World trade share is the three times that, of the US, Important, , Economics power makes it influential with, Asia and Africa, European Union has powerful political, influence, , POLITICAL INFLUENCE, , Britain and France are permanent members of, UN Security Council, , The members of EU can influence, US policies, Armed forces are the second largest in the world, MILITARY INFLUENCE, , Defence expenditure is second only to the US, Britain and France have nuclear weapons

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CHAPTER: 14, , CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA, , ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN SRILANKA, , •, •, •, •, •, •, , •, •, •, , Sinhalese were hostile to the Tamils who had migrated from India., The Sinhalese believed that Sri Lanka belonged to them., Neglect of Tamil interest led to the formation of LTTE., Sinhala became official language., LTTE started fighting against Sri Lankan army demanding a separate, region for Tamils., In 1987 Indian government signed an accord with Sri Lankan government, and sent troops to stabilize the relation between the Tamils and the Sri, Lankan government., The Sri Lankan Tamils did not appreciate the presence of the Indian army, on their soil., They considered it an attempt on the part of India to interfere im Sri, Lankan internal problem., The Sri Lankan crisis is still going on., , Important

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CHAPTER: 16, SECURITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD, , INDIA’S SECURITY STRATEGY, , Strengthening the, Military, , Ensuring, development and, wellbeing, , Preserve Unity, through democratic, political system, , Strengthening, International Norms, and Institutions, , Important

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CHAPTER: 18, GLOBALIZATION, , CULTURAL CONSEQUENCES, , Cultural Homogenization, , Dominance of western culture, , McDonaldisation, , Important, , Movement against Globalization, , World Social Forum