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MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST, MOVEMENT, Class 12 HISTORY, , Notes, , Ninja, BLADE LEARNER K12
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Contents, , 1. Introduction, 2. Emergence of Gandhi as a Leader, 3. Gandhiji’s Return to India, 4. Beginning of Satyagraha in India, 5. Non-Cooperation Movement, 6. Gandhiji as a People’s leader, 7. Transformation in Congress, 8. The Salt Satyagraha, 9. The Era of Dialogues, 10. Congress and World War 2nd, 11. The Quit India Movement, 12. Congress vs Muslim League, 13. India’s Independence and Partition, 14. The last days of Gandhiji, 15. Major sources for knowing Gandhi, Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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INTRODUCTION, , “I am not afraid of Hitler, but I am afraid of half naked fakir of India” - Winston Churchill, , ➢ Some nationalistic leaders, known for the making of their, nations:, , ▪, ▪, ▪, ▪, , Garibaldi – Italy, George Washington – America, Ho-Chi-Minh – Vietnam, Mahatma Gandhi - India, , ➢ Objective of this chapter • Analysis of Gandhian Nationalism, • Gandhi’s Connection with people of various classes, • Struggles he was involved in and inspired., , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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Rumors about Gandhiji, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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GANDHI AND AMBEDKAR ON, SEPARATE ELECTORATES, , Gandhi’s View, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Ambedkar’s View, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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Important PYQs, 1. “Wherever Gandhiji went rumours spread of his miraculous powers.” Explain with examples. (All India 2011), Answer: The peasants regarded Gandhiji as their ‘Messiah’ and considered him to be having many beneficial and miraculous powers. Many rumours, were in circulation at various places regarding his miraculous powers. At some places the common masses came to believe that he had been sent by the, king to remove their miseries and resolve their problems and he had such power that he could even reject the orders of all the officials., At some other places it was affirmed that Gandhiji’s power was greater than even the English king and it was claimed that with his arrival the colonial, rulers would run away out of fear., In many villages this rumour was in circulation that the persons criticising Gandhiji got their houses mysteriously caved and their standing crops getting, destroyed without any reason., Gandhiji was popular with many names such as ‘Gandhi Baba’, ‘Gandhi Maharaj’ or ‘Mahatma’ among the peasants. They considered him as their, saviour and believed that only he could save them from the exorbitant rate of land revenue and the oppressive activities of British officials., 2. Explain the ideas expressed by Gandhiji in his address at the time of opening of Banaras Hindu University in February 1916. Did he put his, precepts into practice? Give examples. (All India 2010), Answer: As per the advice of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Gandhiji spent about a year travelling around the various parts of India in order to know about the, India masses. The first major public appearance of Gandhiji was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in February 1916., Gandhiji felt that it was very bad that there was no mention of poor labourers in the speeches of the dignitaries. Therefore, while speaking on the, occasion, he criticised the elite for it.
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While expressing his views he said that the opening of Banaras Hindu University was ‘certainly a most gorgeous show’ but the increasing economic rift, between the richly bedecked noblemen present there and the ‘millions of the poor Indians’ who were not present was really a matter of worry for him., Gandhiji said, “there is no salvation for India unless you strip yourself of this jewellery and hold it in trust for your countrymen in India.” He further said,, “there can be no spirit of self-government about us, if we take away or allow others to take away from the peasants almost the whole of the results of their, labour. Our salvation can only come through the farmer. Neither the lawyers nor the doctors, nor the rich landlords are going to secure it.”, It is worth mentioning that the opening of the Banaras Hindu University was an occasion for celebration because this nationalist university was founded by, Indian money and Indian efforts. But Gandhiji in place of adopting a tone of self-congratulation, wanted to remind those present of peasants and workers, who thought of forming the majority of Indian population and were not present there as audience., Thus, the speech of Gandhiji at Banaras in February 1916 was an indicative of the fact that the Indian nationalism was a creation of elite such as lawyers,, doctors and landlords. Besides it was also the first public announcement of the desire of Gandhiji that he wanted to make Indian nationalism more, properly representative of the Indian people as a whole., 3. How was Quit India Movement genuinely a mass movement? Explain. (Delhi 2009), Answer: The conditions that are responsible for Quit India Movement are as follows:, •, , •, •, , In 1942 Winston Churchill, the conservative Prime Minister of Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India to try and force to compromise with, Gandhiji and insisted that if it was to help the British defend India from the Axis powers, then the Viceroy had first to appoint an Indian as the, Defence Member of his Executive Council., The entry of the Axis power Japan in India during the World War II., Defeat of the British in the World War., , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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The above conditions led Gandhiji to launch ‘Quit India Movement’ against the British rule. The main characteristics of the movement was that it was a, Mass Movement, bringing into its ambit hundreds of thousands of ordinary Indians. It especially energised the young who in very large numbers left their, colleges to join the Congress leaders languishing in jails., After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch his third major movement the ‘Quit India’ campaign which began in August, 1942. Gandhiji was jailed at once, but the young activists organised strikes and acts of sabotage all over the country., 4. Why was salt march notable? Mention any two reasons? (All India 2011), Answer: The salt march was notable because:, •, •, , The choice of salt as a symbol of protest against the colonial rule was a remarkable indicative of Gandhiji’s tactical wisdom., By making the salt as his target he wanted to garner the maximum participation of the masses in the National Movement., , 5. “The salt march of 1930 was the first event that brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.” Explain significance of this movement for, Swaraj. (All India 2015), or, Explain the main events of the Dandi March. What is its significance in the history of the Indian National Movement? (All India 2008), Answer: On 26th January, 1930, ‘Republic Day’ was observed, with the National Flag being hosted in different venues, the patriotic songs being sung, and after the observance of this day, Mahatma Gandhi announced that he would lead a march to break one of the most widely disliked laws in British, Indiq. The law which gave the state a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt., The conditions in the country had become very favourable to launch a widespread movement against the British, the movement was started with famous, Dandi March on 12th March, 1930. Gandhiji along with 78 of his followers began his foot march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village of seashore in, Surat district, about 375 km away from Sabarmati Ashram. The violation of salt law by Gandhiji was a signal of the beginning of Civil Disobedience, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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Movement. Soon, this movement spread like wildfire through the length and breadth of the country., Gandhiji’s Dandi March occupies a very significant place in the history of the freedom struggle of India because of several reasons:, •, •, , •, , This march made Gandhiji a centre of attraction of the whole of the world. The European press and the American press published detailed, accounts of the Salt March conducted by Gandhiji., Undoubtedly it was the first National Movement in which women participated in large numbers. Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay, the renowned, socialist worker advised Gandhiji not to keep the movements limited to men-folk only. A large number of women along with Kamala Devi, violated the salt and liquor laws and courted arrest collectively., As a result of the salt movement, the colonial rulers understood it clearly that their authority was not going to remain permanent in India and, now they will have to give some participation to the Indians in power., , 6. In the history of nationalism Gandhiji was often identified with the making of a nation. Describe his role in the freedom struggle of India., (Delhi 2014), or, Explain how Gandhiji transformed Indian Nationalism by 1922. (Delhi 2010), Answer: The period of 1919-1947 occupies a very important place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was the third and the final phase of the, Indian freedom struggle. It was during the period that a great personality entered the Indian political scene with several weapons like Satyagraha, NonCooperation and Civil Disobedience, based on truth and non-violence and soon became the pioneer of the National Movement. This period is generally, known as the ‘Gandhian Era’, Gandhiji transformed the nature of the National Movement and it became a mass movement., Gandhiji transformed the National Movement of the masses by following his new technique of struggle based on the principle of Satyagraha and Civil, Disobedience. Indian nationalism witnessed a transformation in its nature with the active participation of Gandhiji in Indian National Movement. The mass, appeal of Gandhiji was undoubtedly genuine. His qualities of efficient leadership made a remarkable contribution in making the base of Indian nationalism, wider. It is worth mentioning that the provincial committees of the Congress were formed on linguistic regions and not on the artificial boundaries of the, British India. These different ways contributed greatly to take nationalism to the distant corners of the country., , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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Consequently, the social groups previously untouched by nationalism, now became an important part of it. Thousands of peasants, labourers and artisans, started participating in the National Movement. Similarly, the common masses participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement significantly. In Delhi,, some 1600 women picketed the liquor shop. In the same way, Quit India Movement became genuinely a Mass Movement, hundreds of thousands of, ordinary Indians participated in it., Besides the common Indian, some very prosperous businessmen and industrialists too became supporters of the Indian National Congress. They came, to realise it well that the favours enjoyed by their British competitors would come to them in free India., Consequently, some renowned industrialists such as GD Birla started supporting the national movement openly whereas some others began to do so, tactfully., Thus, the followers and admirers of Gandhiji included both the peasants and the rich industrialists. Thus, under Gandhiji the National Movement was, transformed into a Mass Movement., 7. Describe the different source from which we can reconstruct the political career of Gandhiji and the history of National Movement? (All India, 2014), or, How have the different kinds of available sources helped the historians in reconstructing the political career of Gandhiji and the history of the, national movement that was associated with it? Explain. (Delhi 2013), Answer: Private letters and autobiographies furnish us with significant information about an individual. With these help we can make almost an accurate, estimate of the concerned individual’s ideology and career. For instance, Gandhiji’s letters and his autobiography help us significantly in understanding, Gandhiji and his ideology., Different kinds of sources from which the political career of Gandhiji are as follows:, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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Autobiographies:, They give us an account of the past i.e. rich in human detail. Autobiographies are retrospective accounts written very often from memory. They tell us, what the author would be able to recollect, what he or she saw as important or was recounting or how a person wanted his or her life to be viewed by, others., Private Letters:, They give us a glimpse of the private thoughts of an individual. In letters we see people expressing their anger and pain, their dismay and anxiety, their, hopes and frustrations, in a way in which they may not express themselves in public statements. Gandhiji regularly published in his journal Harijan, letters, written to him during the national movements. Nehru edited a collection of letters called Bunch of Old Letters., Government Records:, The letters and reports written by policemen and other officials were secret at that time, but now they can be accessed in archives. One such sources is, the fortnightly report prepared by the home department from early 20th century. These reports were based on information given to the police by the, localities, but often expressed what the officials saw or wanted to believe, e.g. in fortnightly reports for the period of the salt march, it is noticed that the, home department was unwilling to accept that Mahatma Gandhiji’s actions had evolved any enthusiastic response from the masses., Newspaper Records:, Both Indian and foreign newspapers played an important role while covering the news of Indian National Movement and the political career of Gandhiji., Every detail given in the state reports cannot be accepted as factual statements of the events that had been happening. Often these details acquaint us, with the anxieties and worries of the officials who had been finding themselves incapacitated in controlling the movement and who were much too worried, about its getting momentum. They were unable to take the decision whether they should arrest Gandhiji or not. They were also not able to realise that, what would be the result if Gandhiji was arrested. Thus, it can be concluded that the accounts furnished by private letters and autobiographies differ from, the officials account in several ways., , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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., , AFTER GOING THROUGH BLADE, LEARNER’S NINJA NOTES AND, SOLVING ALL THE IMPORTANT, QUESTIONS, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
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For Complete Chapter One-Shot Video, Click here → https://youtu.be/C50c6gIsswU, For Free MCQ practice on this Chapter, Click here → http://bit.ly/blk12historyquiz6, Any doubts, feel free to ask, Click here → http://bit.ly/doubtblk12, , Click here to follow Blade Learner K12 on YouTube, , Click here for other notes on Telegram, , Click here to follow Blade Learner on Instagram
