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POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT, , 1. Discuss about Demographic Transition Model., Ans. Demographic transition model is a model which shows the changes in size of population, , with space of time and period. It describes the patterns of population changes through the, historical past. According to Prof. Haggett and others, there are four phases of the demographic, , transition model., i. 1* Phase: This stage is characterized by high birth and death rates and stable or, , slow increase in population. Thus, population growth was almost stationary. It is, the longest phase and almost all countries have passed through this stage. In, the primitive society, there were frequent wars, epidemics and natural, calamities. There was little development of science and culture. Hence,, mortality rate was high and the population growth was low. This stage does not, exist anymore as death rate has been reduced and growth rate has increased., ii. 2™ Phase: This phase is characterized by high birth rate, declining death rates, and rapid growth of population. It was result of advancement of medical science, and technology. Death rate decreased by medical aid, and growth rate, remained as high as earlier. People followed intensive farming on cultivated, land which supported more people than before. This was the period of, maximum population growth. This stage of population growth is observed in, some countries of Africa, southern S-E Asia and Latin America., , 3% Phase: This phase is characterized by decreasing birth rate low death rate, and declining population growth. In some places birth rate runs parallel to the, development of industries and resource creation. This stage is observed in the, countries of Eastern Europe, Latin America and S-E Asia., , 4" Phase: This phase is characterized by low birth rate and low death rate and, the general growth is insignificant. This stage is known as the stage of ‘zero, population growth’. This stage is found in countries having highly urbanized, economy. Generally, this stage is achieved during post industrial economic, conditions. This stage of population is found in countries of Western Europe,, , America, Japan and Australia., , Thus, it can be concluded that Demographic transition bring a coumttry back, to the position of the former phase where population growth was stationary., , 2. What do you mean by overpopulation and under population? Classify rural settlements. What is, , population explosion?, Ans- Overpopulation is the population situation in which number of population exceeds, , the amount of resource production in a country. If population grows further after a level of, optimum population, a situation crops up when country falls under the stage of overpopulation, with the limited amount of resources. On the other hand, under population is the situation in

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which country has low population in consideration to her huge natural resources. It is situation, of lower number of Population for the fullest utilization of natural and cultural resources., , CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTSRural settlements are mainly classified into three types:, |. Clustered or Agglomerated or Nucleated settlement- Compactness is the main characteristic, of this type of settlement. Hut and houses are built ina compact area with winding narrow, streets and pathways. This type of settlement is found in fertile plains., , li Semi-clustered type-in this type of settlement, small but compact villages are grown along a, , street or a river or a railway line or along a river. It looks like linear clustered., , li. Dispersed or Isolated type- |n this type of settlement, small huts or hamlets are scattered all, , Over a vast area. Dispersed settlements are found in mountainous region because of rock, topography, steep slope, lack of transport, linkage etc., , Population explosion is a term used to describe a sudden increase in the number of, Population in a particular country or region. With significant advancement in medical benefits, resulting in decrease of death rates leads the population explosion., , 3. Write the characteristics of age sex pyramid of developing countries. Define optimum population., , Ans- The characteristics of age sex pyramid of developing countries, i.Birth rate is high. Hence, the base of the Pyramid is very wide indicating that infant and young, , Populations are large., ii. The top of the pyramid is narrow indicating that the number of aged population is low and life, , expectancy is also low., , iti. Male population is larger than female Population from the age group of infants to youth., , Afterwards, female population is distinctively larger., , iv. Infant mortality is higher in comparison to developed countries., , v. Young working population is large. It indicates fertility as well as steady growth of population., Optimum population may be defined as the ideal number of people which a country, , should have with due consideration of her resources, In simple terms, it is the ideal man-land ratio., , 4. Discuss two physical factors responsible for the development of clustered settlement. Distinguish, between emigration and immigration. Describe in brief the characteristics of population structure of, developing countries and developed countries., , Ans- i. The fertile plains favorable for agriculture leads to the development of clustered settlement., ii. The richness or resources of land attracts population resulting in clustered type of settlement., , , , , , , , EMIGRATION IMMIGRATION a, I. Emigration comes from Latin word i. Immigration comes from Latin, ‘emigrare’ meaning ‘to move’. ‘immigrare’ Meaning ‘ to go into’., IL 't means movement of people from ii. It means movement of people into the, the country. country., i. People performing emigration are iii. People Performing immigration are, called emigrants. Called immigrants., , , , , , , , The population projection shown by the Demographic Divisions of UNO reveals that World, Population will reach at 8500 millions in 2025 and 8900 millions in 2050. it has been stated in this, projection that the growth rate of population in the developed countries will be low; the rate decrease

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will occur in the European countries. The estimate of the US Census Bureau states that if the rate of, , fertility and mortality remains the same and immigration rate of the people remains almost the same,, te and after 2025, , rate of population growth will not be increased at present rate; it will decrease at low ra, ‘the growth will be virtually zero’., , In the developing countries, the population growth may decrease; but the growth will remain, alarming: Africa will be the continent of fastest population growth and the population of the continent, , will be double. Central and West Africa are expected to be the region of very high population growth., In Asia, population increase will be less as compared to Africa. Birth rate will decline in the countries of, -east Asia. Population growth in Japan will reach at zero level. China will get a declining, , east and south:, of decline does not mean, , birth rate. Declining birth rate will be witnessed in India also. However, rate, , the fall of total population., Define population projection. Differentiate between rural and urban settlement. What is population, , density and man-land ratio. What is linear settlement?, Ans- Population projection is the speculation of the future population on the basis of the past and present, , URBAN SETTLEMENT, Urban settlements depend on, processing of raw materials and, manufacturing of finished goods on, one hand and a variety of services on, the other., Density of population is high., , trends of population., __ RURAL SETTLEMENT, The rural settlements derive their life, support or basic economic needs from, primary economic activities., , , , , , , , Density of population is generally low., Mainly single storied houses made up of, mud or stones are found., , , , Basically multi storied made up of, bricks, cement, wood, steel etc are, found and houses are similar to each, , other., The urban way of life is complex and, , , , , , , , , , Rural people are less mobile and thus, iv., , social relations among them are fast and social relations are formal., , intimate. ath, The population density is a quantitative relationship between man and land. it depends, , upon the number of people and the number of land unit- area .the density of population means, population per unit area. It is the ratio between total population and total land area. The population, density can be obtained easily from the following:, Population Density=Total Population, Total Land Area, Man land ratio is the ratio between the number of men and the carrying capacity of, , land. It gives an idea about the standard of living, standard of production, resource creation and, consumption. It expressed as the ratio between total population and functionable land area:, , Man land ratio= Total population, Total functionable land, , Linear settlement refers to the type of settlement that grows along a line of transport,, say along railway line or a highway or a river way., Define CBD (Central Business District). Classify urban settlement according to their function. What is, conurbation and population explosion? Mention the merits and demerits of population growth., Ans. A Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city., According to the functions, urban settlements can be divided into the following types:, i.Administrative settlement- New Delhi li.;Commercial settlement-Mumbai

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iii. Cultural Urban settl.- Lucknow iv.Military Urban settl.- Kanpur, v.Religious Urban sett!. — Varanasi vi. Residential Urban settl.-Jadavpur, vii.Industrial Urban settl.-Durgapur vili. Recreational towns-Darjeeling., , Conurbation is an extended urban area typically consisting of several towns merging with the, suburbs of a central city., , The rapid growth of population in the world is known as population explosion. in every hour,, about 10,000 babies have been born in the world. Every week more than one million people are added to the, world’s population., , MERITS of POPULATION GROWTH:, , 1). Utilization of land, ii.) Development of mining, iii). Development of industries , iv). Resource, development and v). Economic progress of a region., , DEMERITS of POPULATION GROWTH: |). Shortage of land, _ ii). Dearth of capital, iii).Low standard of living,, iv). Scarcity of resources, v). Poor conditions in education, health and nutrition and vi). Increasing, burden of foreign loan., , 7. Discuss the physical factors related to uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world., , Ans. Two main physical factors which play a dominant role in the distribution and density of population, , are relief and climate. Besides soil, vegetation and availability of minerals influence the concentration of, , population., , t Relief: Relief is the most important physical factor influencing the distribution of population. High, mountains, rugged terrain and some of the plateaus restrict human settlements. Steep slope, does not provide suitable place for population growth. Erosion leaves a very thin cover of soil, which is not much suited to agriculture. Many parts of the Himalayas, Rockies and Andes are, without any population. Some flat areas in plateaus have comparatively better concentration of, population., , On the contrary, plain areas provide better living conditions. The flat nature of surface, permits wider scope for agriculture, industries, transport and urbanisation., , ii. Climate: Climate has a direct influence on human beings. Man prefers to live in normal, conditions of temperature and rainfall. Excessive heat, cold, dryness or wetness restrict the, human population. Hot and humid areas of equatorial region, cold areas of polar and high, altitude zones, and dry areas of hot deserts are not much suitable for population and are almost, empty. Apart from human health, climate affects agriculture as adverse weather conditions, result in crop failure. Monsoon Asia, North- West Europe and eastern part of North America are, areas of dense population due to their better climatic conditions., , iii. Soil : Areas of fertile soil permit high concentration of population because it forms the base for, high agricultural productivity. High degree of population concentration in South- East Asia is, primarily due to fertile soil. Most of the world’s fertile soils are found in the river valleys of, Ganga, Indus, Huang Ho, Mississippi etc. and these are the areas of high density of population., Higher density of population in Java as compared to Sumatra is attributed to the high fertility of, soils., , 8. Define migration. Mention the impacts of migration on population distribution. Give two reasons for, the development of dispersed settlements.

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Ans. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another., , Migration influences the age sex composition of the population structure. Age limit of, migration is generally found in between 15 to 34 years, It has impact on such age group. If, , there is high rate of emigration , there will be a sudden decline of population in this age, , group and vice versa., , i. Migration results in intermixing of diverse cultures and leads to the evolution of composite, culture. It breaks the narrow considerations and widens the mental horizon of the people., , Large scale rural to urban migration leads to overcrowding in the cities and puts, tremendous pressure on the infrastructure. It also results in unplanned and haphazard, , growth of cities in which slums and shanty colonies are very common., , Migration enhances remittances to the source region but there is heavy loss of human, , resources, particularly those of skilled people., , Dispersed settlement is mainly found in mountainous areas. The development of dispersed, , settlement is due to following reasons:, , i., ii., , Rugged topography and steep slopes of the mountainous areas., Lack of transport linkages and unfavourable environment for agriculture and lack of other, , economic activity due to rocky land and enormous height., , 9. Differentiate between compact and dispersed settlements., , COMPACT SETTLEMENT, , , , DISPERSED SETTLEMENT, , , , These settlements are mainly found in fertile plains and, , , , river valleys., , These settlements are mainly found in hills, plateaus,, highlands, arid and semi arid areas., , , , | The main occupation is agriculture., , Animal grazing and lumbering are the main occupations., , , , Houses are built in close vicinity to each other and have, , lesser living space., | Size of field is small., , , , , , Houses are isolated and scattered over the land . They, provide the more space., Fields are large., , “METROPOLITAN CITIES: Metropolitan cities are those cities which have a population of one million and above. E.g, , Jaipur, Agra etc., , “MEGA CITIES: Mega cities are those cities which have population of over 5 million. £.g, Delhi, Bengaluru, Mumbai, , etc., , *STATUT!, committee, etc., so deciared by law., , , , [ORY TOWNS: All places with a municipality , corporation, cantonment board or notified town area, , “CENSUS TOWNS: Places which satisfy the following criteria are considered as town:, , i. a minimum population of 5000;, , li. at least 75% of male working population are engaged in non agricultural pursuits; and, , iii a density of at least 400 persons/sq.km.