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Sociology, Class 12th, Demography &Society, UNIT - II, Topics covered:, > Demography: concept, variables (indicators) and trends, Theories of population: Malthusian Theory; demographic transition theory, National Population Policy of India (2011), > Population composition of J&K, Objectives:, V To achieve knowledge about the size, composition, organization and distribution of the, population., V To understand the trends of population growth which describe the future changes in the, population of an area., V To gain knowledge about population theoretically by Malthusian theory and 4 stage, demographic transition, theory of population., V To understand the concept of population policy of 2011 (India)., V And to get knowledge about the population composition of J&K., INTRODUCTION, Demographic behavior is the part of the individual's whole social psychological behavior, which has, a decisive effect on the possibility of some demographic event or another happening., The science of population, as demography is otherwise called, represents fundamental approach to, the understanding of human society, The study of population size, composition and distribution and the patterns of change therein are the, primary concerns of demography. The narrowest conception of demography views it as the study of, vital statistics (birth and death rates and related statistics)., composition and distribution include not only such variables as fertility, mortality, age and sex, but, also marriage, divorce, family size, race, education, illiteracy, unemployment, distribution of wealth,, occupational distribution, crime rate, density of population, migration, life expectancy, dependency, ratio, rural urban composition, maternal mortality and infant mortality etc., In the broadest view population, Population itself is not a problem, but if the size becomes unmanageable, the same population invites, unwanted problems. It not only halts economic progress but also poses innumerable challenges to, the social system.

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Sociology, Class 12th, The word is defined in the United Nations multilingual Demographic Dictionary and as "The, scientific study of human population, primarily with respect to their size, their structure and their, development". The term Demography is of Greek origin and is composed of two words,demos, DEFINITIONS OF DEMOGRAPHY, Guilliard "demography is the mathematical knowledge that studies the same features,, material, social, intellectual and moral conditions of population and in its broadest, sense it is natural and social history of human race", Donald Bogg, “ demography is mathematical and numerical study of size of human, population, organization, local distribution and changes which occur in it due to birth, and death rate, marriage, migration and processes of social mobility", Hivipal “Demography is the numerical study of human life", (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people. It was first used by the, Frenchman A Gulliard in his textbook "Elements de statsique humaine". Thus demography is the, study of two way relationship between social structure and demography. Demography studies the, trends and processes associated with population including changes in population size patterns of, birth, deaths and migration and the structure and the composition of the population such as the, relative proportions of women, men and different age groups., There are different varieties of demography, including formal demography which is a largely, quantitative field and social demography whichfocuses on the social,economicor political aspect of, populations. Thus all demographic studies are based on processes of counting or enumeration such, as the census or the survey which involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing, within a specific territory., HISTORY OF CENSUS IN INDIA, To count the number of people who were born, who died, who resided within a geographic area, (territory) is very old., Few references found in the collection of data about population:, • Mauryan Empire – Chanakya's (350-263BC), Kautaliya in his book "Arthashastra" collection of population statistics as a measure of the, state policy for the purpose of Taxation (revenue) – population, economy and agricultural, census., Abu – Fazal – Reign of Akbar (1542-1605) “Aini Akbari" (contains data on population,, wealth and characteristics of population)., DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOGRAPHY DURING THE BRITISH PERIOD., In India censuses began to be conducted by the British Indian Government between 1867-72 and, Regular ten yearly or (decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881 (Kingsly Daris – in his, monumental work. "The population of India and Pakistan"), DEMOGRAPHY IN INDEPENDENT INDIA (AFTER BRITISHERS), Independence of India opened ways for the growth and development of the discipline and continued, the practice and seven decennial censuses have been conducted since 1951, the most recent being in, 2011. The exercise for the Eight decennial census i.e. 2021 can begin from April 1, 2020 to 30th, September 2020 in India (Greater Kashmir – Census 2021), Thus the Indian census (count of population) is the largest exercise in the world.

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Sociology, Class 12th, 1* post Independence Census – 1951, Report of the first post-independence census in 1951 prepared by Gopalswamy (the Census commissioner)., An important contribution of Gopalswamy was the introduction of the rural - urban dichotomy in census, tabulations, The 1st Five year plan, National sample survey (NSS) collected data on birth, death rates and the rate of population growth 1958-, 1959, India hosted 1" Asian Population Conference in New Delhi in 1963, an important event in the history of, demographic Research in India., IASP-1972, (Indian Association for the study of population) as a landmark in the history of population studies in India, Demography (study of human, population), known by two terms, Population, Demography, studies, is taken to mean a mathematical and, statistical study of size, composition,, distribution of human population and, changes therein., 1. commonly taken to, mean a study of, population variable, such as births, deaths,, migration, marriage, and relationships, between population, change and other, variables such as socio, economic, political,, biological, genetic and, geographical etc., two basic subdivisions, Demographic, Demographic, processes, structures, 1. Age, 1. Fertility (Birth), 2. Mortality (Death), 3. Migration (Movement of people), 2. Size, (composition of, population), 2. pop. studies or, socioal demography, enquires into the, wider causes and, consequences of pop, structures and change, 3. Sex ratio, (male-female, composition), 3. Resional, composition, 4. Social, composition, 1. Formal Demography, 2. Social Demgraphy, Demography is a field of special importance to sociology. In fact the emergence of sociology and its, successful establishment as an academic discipline owed a lot to demography. Two different, processes happened to take place at roughly the same time in Europe during the latter half of the, eighteenth century.

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Sociology, Class 12th, The formation of nation states as the principal form of political organization., The beginnings of modern science of statistics. The modern state had begun to expand its, role and functions. It had begun to take an active interest in the development of early forms, of public health management, policing and maintenance of law and order, economic policies, relating to agriculture & industry, taxation and revenue generation and the governance of, cities. The new and constantly expanding sphere of state activity required the systematic and, regular collection of social statistics or quantitative data on various aspects of the population, and economy., Thus the practice of the collection of social statistics by the state is in itself much older, but it, acquired its modern form towards the end of the eighteenth century., The American census of 1790 was probably the first modern census and the practice was soon, taken up in Europe as well in the early 1800s., Demographic data are important for planning and implementation of state policies, especially, those for economic development and general public. The importance of demography lies in its, contribution to helping government and society better prepare to deal for the issues and demands of, population growth, aging and migration. The statistics and predictions resulting from demographic, studies can, for instance, aid in the development of adequate school systems, estimate the required, funding for senior services and develop workable healthcare systems. A wide variety of social, outcomes are impacted by demographic processes distributions. Demographics are important in the, marketing and planning product lines and end users. For instance, a company that makes shoes need, to know the demographies, if 90% of the people needing shoes have just been born, then they will, make baby shoes., It is an essential tool for governments and other types of organizations in the decision making, process because it helps to "forecast" potential problems in the future and implement more relevant, politics., Main sources of Demography, Population census, National sample surveys, Registration of vital events, Adhoc demographic studies, (Vital events – Birth, Death, migration& marriage), Adhoc (Temporary surveys), COMMON CONCEPTS AND INDICATORS, Most demographic concepts are expressed as rates or ratios, they involve two numbers., The particular statistics that has been calculated for a specific geographical – administration, unit., The other number provides a standard for comparison., Birth Rate is the total number of live births in a particular area (an entire country, a state, a district, or other territorial unit) during a specified period (usually a year) divided by the total population of, that area in thousands. In other words, the birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 population,

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Sociology, Class 12th, Death Rate is a similar statistics, expressed as the number of deaths in a given area during a given, time per 1000 population. These statistics depend on the reporting of births and deaths by the families, in which they occur. In fact, in most countries including India, people are required by law to report, births and deaths to the appropriate authorities. The local police station or primary health center in, the case of villages, and the relevant municipal office in the case of towns and cities. The rate of, natural increase or the Growth rate of population refers to the difference between the birth rate and, death rate. When this difference is zero (or in practice, very small). Then, we say that the population, has stabilized, or has reached the 'replacement level' which is the rate of growth required for new, generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. Sometimes, societies can experience a, negative growth rate -, many countries and regions in the world today, such as Japan, Russia, Italy and Eastern Europe. On, the other hand, some societies experience very high growth rates, particularly when they are going, through the demographic transitions., that is, their fertility levels are below the replacement rate. This is true of, The Fertility rate refers to the number of live births per 1000 women in the child bearing age group,, usually taken to be 15 to 49 years. But like the other rates (the birth and the death) this is a "crude", rate – it is a rough average rate for an entire population and does not take account of the differences, across age groups. Differences across age groups can sometimes be very significant in affecting the, meaning of indicators. That is why demographers also calculate age specific rates., The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) refers to the total number of live births that a hypothetical woman, would have if she lived through the reproductive age group and had the average number of babies in, each segment of this age group as determined by the age specific fertility rates for that area. Another, way of expressing this is that the total fertility rate is the average number of births to a cohort of, women up to the end of the reproductive age period ( estimated on the basis of the age specific rates, observed during a given period) (Vesaria and visaria 2003)., The Infant Mortality rate is the number of deaths of babies before the age of one year per 1000 live, births., The Maternal Mortality rate is the number of women who die in child birth per 1000 live births., High rates of infant and maternal mortality are an unambiguous indicator of backwardness and, poverty, development is accompanied by sharp falls in these rates as medical facilities and levels of, education, awareness and prosperity increase., Life expectancy refers to the estimated number of years that an average person is expected to survive., It is calculated on the basis of data on age specific death rates in a given areas over a period of time., Demographers consider it as one of the best indicators of a country's level of development and the, overall health status of its population., Life expectancy shows that people are living longer, and they have a right to a long life in good, health, rather than one of pain and disability. Health policy makers need to plan for prevention and, control of diseases associated with old age.