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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Previous HSE Questions and Answers of the chapter “The P-block Elements”, 1. Phosphorus is an essential constituent of both plants and animals., a) Phosphorus is stored under water. Give reason. (1), b) Write allotropic forms of phosphorus. (1½) [March 2008], Ans: a) Phosphorus readily catches fire in air. So it is kept under water., P4 + 5O2, P4O10, b) White (yellow) phosphorus, Red phosphorus and Black phosphorus., 2. Nitrogen and phosphorus belong to group 15 of the periodic table., a) Phosphorus can form 2 series of halides of the type PX3 and PX5. Nitrogen does not form pentahalides, (NX5). Why?, (½), b) Name two oxo acids of Phosphorus and represent their structures., (2), c) Name the compound of phosphorus similar to ammonia., (½), d) Suggest a method for preparing the above compound in the laboratory. Write the balanced chemical, equation. (2), [March 2009], Ans: a) Because of the absence of vacant d –orbitals in N, its maximum covalency is 4. So it does not, form pentahalides., b) H3PO2 [Hypophosphorus Acid (Phosphinic Acid)] and H3PO3 [Orthophosphorus Acid (Phosphonic Acid)], , H3PO2, H3PO3, c) PH3 (Phosphine), d) By heating white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO 2., P4 + 3NaOH + 3 H2O → PH3 + 3NaH2PO2, 3. Elements in groups 13 to 18 in the periodic table constitute the ‘P’ block elements., i), Name the most important oxo acid of nitrogen., (½), ii), How will you prepare the above oxo acid on large scale? (2½), iii), In general, noble gases are least reactive. Why?, (2), [March 2010], Ans: i) HNO3 (Nitric acid), ii) On a large scale it is prepared by Ostwald’s process. It involves three steps:,  The catalytic oxidation of NH3 by atmospheric oxygen in presence of platinum/ rhodium gauge (wire), catalyst., 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) Pt/Rh gauge catalyst, 500K & 9 bar 4NO(g) + 6 H2O(g),  The nitric oxide is converted to NO2, 2NO(g) + O2(g), 2 NO2 (g),  Absorption of nitrogen dioxide in water to get nitric acid., 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l), 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g), iii), Noble gases have completely filled valence shell configuration. Due to this stable electronic, configuration they have very high ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy. So they are the, least reactive., , The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 1

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , 4. Group 16 elements form hydrides with hydrogen., a) Write the order of thermal stability and reducing nature of the hydrides of group 16 elements., (2), b) Why is water a liquid and H2S a gas?, c) Say whether the 1st ionisation enthalpy of 16th group elements is lower than that of 15th group, elements. Why? (1), [March 2010], Ans: a) Thermal stability of the hydrides decreases in the order: NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3, Their reducing nature decreases in the order BiH3 > SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3 > NH3, b) This is due to the presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonding in water., c) Yes, the 1st ionisation enthalpy of 16th group elements is lower than that of 15th group elements. This, is because after the removal of one electron from a 16th group element (ns2 np4), it gets the stable half, filled electronic configuration (ns2 np3)., 5. Discovery of Haber’s process for the manufacture of ammonia is considered to be one of the principal, discoveries of twentieth century., a) Which is the promoter used in the earlier process when iron was used as catalyst? (½), b) What is the temperature condition for maximum yield of ammonia? Justify. (1½), c) Explain how can you convert NH3 to HNO3, on a large scale commercially., (3), [March 2011], Ans: a) Molybdenum (Mo), b) Formation of ammonia is an exothermic process. So, according to Le Chatelier’s principle, low, temperature favours the process. But at very low temperature, the rate of formation of ammonia is, very small. Hence an optimum temperature of 773 K (5000C) is used for the production of ammonia., c) Refer the answer of the question 3 (ii)., 6. Phosphorus of group 15 and Sulphur of group 16 are two industrially important P block elements. Their, compounds are also industrially important., a) 4H3PO3, heat 3H3PO4 + PH3. Show that this is a disproportionation reaction., (1), b) PCl3 fumes in moisture. Give reason., (1), c) Sulphuric acid can be manufactured from sulphur using V2O5 as catalyst., i), Give the name of the method., ii), Outline the principle. (3), [SAY 2011], Ans: a), +3, +5, -3, 4H3PO3, 3H3PO4 + PH3, Here Phosphorus undergoes simultaneously oxidised and reduced. So it is a disproportionation reaction., b) PCl3 reacts with moisture and forms fumes of HCl gas., PCl3 + H2O, H3PO3 + HCl, c) i) Contact process, ii) It involves three steps:, ( i) Burning of sulphur or sulphide ores in air to generate SO2., S(s) + O2(g) → SO2 (g), (ii) Conversion of SO2 to SO3 by the reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst (V2O5), 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3, (iii) Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give Oleum (H2S2O7)., SO3 + H2SO4 → H2S2O7, (iv) Dilution of oleum with water gives H2SO4 of the desired concentration., H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4, 7. a) In the manufacture of sulphuric acid, the final product obtained is oleum., i), What is oleum?, (½), ii), Write chemical equation for the conversion of oleum to sulphuric acid. (1), The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 2

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , b) Important allotropic forms of phosphorus are white phosphorus, red phosphorus and black phosphorus., Among these which allotropic form is more reactive? Why?, (1½), c) Name the halogen which forms only one oxo acid and also write the formula of the oxo acid of that, halogen. (1), d) Which element among inert gases forms maximum number of compounds? Write the formula of one of, the compounds formed by the element., (1), [March 2012], Ans: a) i) Oleum is H2S2O7 (Pyrosulphuric acid), ii), H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4, b) White phosphorus. This is because in white phosphorus, the P-P-P bond angles are only 60°. So it has, greater angular strain and highly unstable., c) Fluorine. The oxoacid of fluorine is Hypofluorous acid (HOF)., d) Xenon (Xe). The compounds of Xe are XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6., 8. i) What are the products obtained when copper reacts with conc. Nitric acid?, (1), ii) Name two important xenon fluorides., (1), iii) Give the structure of the above xenon fluorides. (1), iv) Inter halogen compounds are compounds formed by combination of different halogen atoms. Which, are more reactive – Halogens or Inter halogen compounds? Give reason. (2), [SAY 2012], Ans: i) Copper nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water., Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O, ii), XeF2 and XeF4, iii), , XeF2, XeF4, iv), Interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens. This is because A–X, bond (or, X-X’ bond) in interhalogens is weaker than X–X bond in halogens., 9. a) Nitrogen forms a number of oxides in the different oxidation states. Write the names and structural, formulae of any four oxides of nitrogen., (2), b) Boiling point of H2O (373K) is very much greater than that of H2S (213K). Give reason. (1), c) Suggest a method for the quantitative estimation of ozone (O3). (2), [March 2013], Ans: a) Nitrous oxide (N2O), Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), b) This is due to the presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonding in water, which is absent in H 2S., c) When ozone reacts with an excess of potassium iodide solution buffered with a borate buffer, iodine, is liberated. The liberated iodine can be titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate., This is a quantitative method for estimating O3 gas., 10. a) Name the products obtained when copper reacts with conc. Nitric acid., (1), b) Write down the chemical reaction between conc. HNO3 and aluminium., (1), c) What is the basicity of H3PO3?, (½), d) How do you account for the basicity of H3PO3? (½), e) Write down the main three steps involved in the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process? (1½), f) Write any 2 important uses of noble gas elements., (½), [SAY 2013], The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 3

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Ans: a) Copper nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water., Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O, b) Al does not react with Conc. HNO3 because of the formation of a passive film of oxide on its surface., c) 2, d) In H3PO3, there is only 2 O – H bonds. So it is dibasic., e) Refer the answer of the question no. 6 c (ii), f) Helium is used in filling balloons for meteorological observations. Argon is used for filling in electric bulbs., 11. Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur such as ammonia, phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid are, used in fertilizer industry., a) Describe Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia., (2), b) Write the chemical equation for the preparation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) from orthophosphorous, acid (H3PO3), (1), c) Describe contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid., (2), [March 2014], Ans: a) In Haber process, N2 and H2 are mixed at a pressure of 200 atm and 773 K temperature to produce, ammonia gas. The catalyst used in this process is iron oxide with small amounts of K 2O and Al2O3., N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g), b) Orthophophorous acid (or phosphorous acid) on heating disproportionates to give orthophosphoric, acid (or phosphoric acid) and phosphine., 4H3PO3 → 3H3PO4 +PH3, c) Refer the answer of the question no. 6 c (ii), 12. Ammonia and Nitric acid are two industrially important compounds., a) Write any two uses of ammonia. (1), b) Complete the following equations. (Balancing is not required), i), NH3 + O2 Pt, 500K, 9 bar, ii), Cu + Conc. HNO3, iii), Zn + dil. HNO3, iv), NH3 + excess Cl2, (1 x 4 = 4), [SAY 2014], Ans: a) Ammonia is used to produce nitrogenous fertilizers and in the manufacture of nitric acid., b) i) NH3 + O2 Pt, 500K, 9 bar, NO + H2O, ii) Cu + Conc. HNO3, Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O, iii) Zn + dil. HNO3, Zn (NO3)2 + H2O + N2O, iv) NH3 + excess Cl2, NH4Cl + N2, 13. a) Phosphorus forms a number of oxoacids. Write the name or formulae of any two dibasic oxoacids of, phosphorus. (1), b) Account for the following:, i), PCl3 fumes in moist air., ii), Nitrogen does not form a penta halide., iii), Boiling point of PH3 is less than that of NH3., iv), NO2 undergoes dimerisation., (1 x 4 = 4), [SAY 2014], Ans: a) Dibasic oxoacids of phosphorus are orthophosphorous acid (H3PO3) and pyrophosphorous acid, (H4P2O5), b) i) PCl3 fumes in moist air due to the formation of HCl gas., ii) Nitrogen does not form a penta halide due to the absence of absent d orbitals., iii) Boiling point of PH3 is less than that of NH3. This is because of the presence of inter molecular, hydrogen bonding in NH3, which is absent in PH3., iv) NO2 undergoes dimerisation due to the presence of an odd electron on nitrogen., 14. Some elements in p-block show allotropy., The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 4

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , a) What are the allotropic forms of sulphur?, (1), b) i) How will you manufacture Sulphuric acid by contact process?, (3), ii) What are interhalogen compounds? (1), Ans: a) Rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur, b) i) Refer the answer of the question no. 6 c (ii), ii) These are compounds of halogen with another halogen., 15. a) Name two oxoacids of sulphur. (1), b) i) How will you manufacture ammonia by Haber process?, (3), ii) Write any two uses of inert gases., (1), [March 2015], Ans: a) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and sulphurous acid (H2SO3), b) i) Refer the answer of the question no. 11 (a), ii) Helium is used in filling balloons for meteorological observations. Argon is used for filling in electric, bulbs., 16. a) What are interhalogen compounds? Write any two examples. (2), b) Write a method of preparation of phosphine from white phosphorus. (1), c) Write the name or formula of oxoacid of chlorine, in which chlorine possess oxidation number +7. (1), d) Draw the structures of XeO3 and XeF6. (1), [SAY 2015], Ans: a) These are compounds of halogen with another halogen. E.g. ClF3, BrF3 etc., b) By heating white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO 2., P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O → 3 PH3 + 3NaH2PO2, c) Perchloric acid (HClO4), d), , XeF6, Pyramidal shape, 17. a) Account for the following :, (i) NH3 acts as a Lewis base., (ii) PCl3 fumes in moist air., (iii) Fluorine shows only -1 oxidation state., (3), b) (i) Suggest any two fluorides of Xenon. (1), (ii) Write a method to prepare any one of the above mentioned Xenon fluorides., Ans: a) (i) Due to the presence of lone pair of electron., (ii) Due to the formation of HCl gas., (iii) Due to the absence of vacant d-orbitals., b) (i) XeF2 and XeF4, (ii) Xe (g) + F2 (g) 673K, 1 bar XeF2(s), (xenon in excess), Xe (g) + 2F2 (g) 873K, 7 bar XeF4(s), (1:5 ratio), 18. a) Account for the following :, (i) H2O is a liquid while H2S is a gas., (ii) Noble gases have very low boiling points., The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , (1) [March 2016], , Page 5

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , (iii) NO2 dimerises to N2O4., (3), b) i) What are inrerhalogen compounds? (1), (ii) Suggest any two examples of interhalogen compounds. (1), [March 2016], Ans: a) (i) Due to the presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonding in H2O., (ii) because in noble gases, there is only weak van der Waals force of attraction (dispersion forces), between the molecules., (iii) due to the presence of an odd electron on nitrogen., b) i) a) These are compounds of halogen with another halogen., ii) ClF3, BrF3 etc., 19. Nitrogen shows different oxidation states in different oxides., a) In which of the following oxides, nitrogen is in +4 oxidation state?, (i), NO, (ii) N2O, (iii) N2O3, (iv) NO2, (1), b) Prepare a short write up on Nitric acid highlighting its structure, manufacture and any two properties., (4), [SAY 2016], Ans: a) iv) NO2, b) Structure of Nitric acid:, , Manufacture by Ostwald’s process:,  The catalytic oxidation of NH3 by atmospheric oxygen in presence of platinum/ rhodium gauge (wire), catalyst., 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) Pt/Rh gauge catalyst, 500K & 9 bar 4NO(g) + 6 H2O(g),  The nitric oxide is converted to NO2, 2NO(g) + O2(g), 2 NO2 (g),  Absorption of nitrogen dioxide in water to get nitric acid., 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l), 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g), Properties: It is a colourless monobasic acid. It acts as an oxidising agent., 20. Phosphorous forms oxoacids., a) In which of the following phosphorous is in +1 oxidation state?, (i), H3PO2, (ii) H3PO3, (iii) H4P2O7, (iv) H3PO4, (1), b) Prepare a short write up on Ammonia highlighting its structure, manufacture and properties. (4), [SAY 2016], Ans: a) H3PO2, b) Structure of ammonia:, , Manufacture of ammonia: By Haber process, Here N2 and H2 are mixed at a pressure of 200 atm and 773 K temperature to produce ammonia gas. The, catalyst used in this process is iron oxide with small amounts of K2O and Al2O3., N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g), Properties: Ammonia is a colourless gas with pungent smell. It is highly soluble in water., 21. Nitrogen forms a number of oxides and oxoacids., The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 6

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , ii), When H2SO4 is added to cane sugar, it gets charred. C12H22O11 + H2SO4 → 12C + 11 H2O, iii), Sulphuric acid is used for the manufacture of fertilizers and in petroleum refining., 24. a) Identify the least basic compound among the following:, i) NH3 ii) PH3, iii) AsH3, iv) SbH3, (Score 1), b) i) Halogens have maximum negative electron gain enthalpy in the respective periods. Give reason., (Score 2), ii) Draw the structure of Perchloric acid (HClO4) (Score 1), ii) Write the formula of any two interhalogen compounds., (Score 1), [SAY 2017], Ans: a) SbH3, b) i) Because halogens require only one electron to attain the stable noble gas configuration., ii), , iii) ClF3, BrF3 etc., 25. Write the chemical equation of the following reactions:, (a) Preparation of XeO3 from XeF6. (1), (b) Mixing PtF6 and Xe., (1), Ans: (a) XeF6 + 3 H2O → XeO3 + 6 HF, (b) Xe + PtF6 → Xe+PtF6- (or, XePtF6), 26. (a) What is the formula of phosphine?, (1), (b) How phosphine is prepared in laboratory?, (2), Ans: (a) PH3, (b) In the laboratory, phosphine is prepared by heating white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH, solution in an inert atmosphere of CO2., P4 + 3NaOH + 3 H2O → PH3 + 3NaH2PO2, 27. Assign the possible reason for the following:, (a) Stability of +5 oxidation state decreases and that of +3 oxidation state increases down to 15th group, elements., (1), (b) H2O is less acidic than H2S., (1), (c) H3PO2 acts as a good reducing agent while H3PO4 does not., (1), [March 2018], Ans: (a) Due to inert pair effect, (b) Due to small size of oxygen/due to high bond dissociation enthalpy of O – H bond., (c) This is due to the presence of P – H bonds in H3PO2 which is absent in H3PO4., 28. Suppose you are given a sample of NaCl salt. How will you prepare chlorine gas in laboratory using the, above sample? (Write balanced chemical equations), (2), Ans: By the electrolysis of NaCl solution., The anode reaction is Cl½ Cl2 + e+, Cathode reaction is H +e½ H2, 29. Briefly explain the manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process., (3), The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 8

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Ans: Refer the answer of the question no. 6 c (ii), 30. Explain with the help of equations, preparation of Xenon fluorides., (3), [SAY 2018], Ans: Xe (g) + F2 (g) 673K, 1 bar XeF2(s), (xenon in excess), Xe (g) + 2F2 (g) 873K, 7 bar XeF4(s), (1:5 ratio), Xe (g) + 3F2 (g) 573K, 60-70bar XeF6(s), (1:20 ratio), 31. The weakest reducing agent among the hydrides of group 15 elements is ……………., (1), Ans: NH3, 32. Draw the structure of H3PO2 and account for its reducing character., (2), Ans: a), , Due to the presence of two P-H bonds, it is a strong reducing agent., 33. What are interhalogen compounds? Which interhalogen compound is used to fluorinate Uranium? How is, it prepared? (3), [March 2019], Ans: Interhalogen compounds are the compounds of two different halogens., ClF3 or BrF3 is used to fluorinate Uranium., It is prepared by the direct combination reaction between Cl2 or Br2 with F2. Or the equation:, Cl2 + 3F2 573K 2ClF3, OR,, Br2 + 3F2, 2BrF3, (excess), (diluted with water), 34. Write main differences between the properties of white phosphorous and red phosphorous., (2), Ans: White phosphorus is a translucent white waxy solid. It is poisonous, insoluble in water but soluble in, carbon disulphide and glows in dark. Red phosphorus has iron grey lustre. It is odourless, non-poisonous, and insoluble in water as well as in carbon disulphide. It does not glow in the dark., 35. Explain how nitric acid is manufactured by Ostwald’s process?, (3), [SAY 2019], Ans: Refer the answer of the question no. 3 (ii), 36. The product obtained by the reaction of calcium phosphide with water is, a) Phosphoric acid b) Phosphine (c) Phosphorous acid, (d) Phosphorus trichloride (1), Ans: a) Phosphine, 37. The composition of bleaching powder is Ca(OCl)2.CaCl2.Ca(OH)2.2H2O. Give one method for the, preparation of bleaching powder., (2), Ans: It is prepared by passing dry chlorine gas through dry slaked lime., 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 → Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O, 38. Account for the following:, a) N2 is less reactive at room temperature., b) PCl3 fumes in moisture., c) Cl2 is a powerful bleaching agent., d) H3PO3 is dibasic., (4 x 1 = 4), [March 2020], Ans: a) Because of the high bond enthalpy of N≡ N bond., b) Due to the formation of HCl (g)., The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 9

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , c) Chlorine reacts with moisture and form nascent oxygen, which is responsible for its bleaching action., Cl2 + H2O → 2HCl + *O+, d) Because of the presence of only two –OH groups in H3PO3., , 39. The hydrides of nitrogen family can act as reducing agent. Which one is the best?, (1), (a) NH3 (b) AsH3 (c) BiH3 (d) PH3, Ans: BiH3, 40. Phosphorus forms a number of compounds., (a) Name the hydride of phosphorus used in Smoke Screen., (1), (b) Suggest method for preparing the above compound in the laboratory., (1), Ans: a) PH3, b) By heating white phosphorus with concentrated NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO 2., P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O → 3 PH3 + 3NaH2PO2, 41. (a) Sulphuric acid is known as the ‘King of Chemicals’., (i) Name the process of manufacture of H2SO4., (1), (ii) What will you observe when conc. H2SO4 is added to carbohydrate [C12H22O11] ?, (1), (b) Account for the following:, (i) PCl3 fumes in moisture. (1), (ii) PbCl2 is more stable than PbCl4. (1), [SAY 2020], Ans: (a) (i) Contact process, (ii) It gets charred. C12H22O11 + H2SO4 → 12C + 11 H2O, (b) (i) Due to the formation of HCl gas, (ii) Due to inert pair effect., 42. (i) Name the important Oxo acid of Nitrogen., (1), (ii) Name the method used for the manufacture of this acid., (1), Ans: (i) Nitric acid (HNO3), (ii) Ostwald’s process, 43. Give reason for the following:, (i) PCl3 fumes in moist air., (1), (ii) PCl5 is highly reactive., (1), Ans: (i) PCl3 reacts with moisture and form HCl gas. Or, the equation PCl3 + 3H2O → H3PO3 + 3HCl, (ii) In PCl5, the axial bonds are longer than the equatorial bonds. So the molecule is unstable and hence, it is highly reactive., 44. (i) Give the preparation and structure of XeF2., (2), (ii) Which of the following does not exist:, (A) XeOF4, (B) XeF4, (C) XeO3, (D) NeF2, (iii) Why ICl is more reactive than I2 ? (1), [March 2021], Ans: (i) Excess amount of Xe reacts with F2 at about 673 K and 1 bar pressure to produce XeF2., Or, The equation: Xe (g) + F2 (g) 673K, 1 bar, XeF2(s), (xenon in excess), Its structure is linear as follows:, The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 10

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Join Telegram Channel: https://t.me/hsslive, , (ii), (iii), , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , (D) NeF2, This is because the bond length in ICl is greater than that in I2. Or, the bond length in inter, halogen compounds are greater than that in halogens., , @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@, , The P-block Elements - Prepared by Anil Kumar K L, GHSS Ashtamudi., , Page 11