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1., , Reproductive Heath-Problems and Strategies, Reproductive health, , means a, , total, , well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical. emotional,, , behavioural and social., , Problemns, ), , There is little, , knowledge of personal hvgiene, , and, , hygiene, , of, , reproductive, , organs. This, , sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)., , ) Early marriages lead to high maternal and infant mortality rates., in) Due to lack of awareness, there has been a rapid increase in population size, (), , People, , encourage beliels in, , myths, , and, , misconceptions, , about sex-related issues., , causes
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Strategies, 'Family planning' programmes were initiated as early as 1951., "Reproductive and Child Health Care' (RCH) programmes were launched in 1997 for, , ) creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects., (i) providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society., With the, , help, , of audio-visual aids and, , print-media,, , both government and non-government, , agencies are engaged in creating awareness among people about reproduction-related aspects., , Encouraging sex education in schools to give the right information to young minds and save them, from myths and misconceptions about sex-related aspects., Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic, sexual practices and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) should be given., people about available birth control options, care for pregnant mothers, post-natal care of, the mother and child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for the male and female child., Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled population growth and social evils like sex-abuse and, sex-related crimes, etc., , Educating, , Statutoryban on amniocentesis (a foetal sex-determination test based on the chromosome pattern, found in amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo) for sex-determination to, in the cels, check, female, , legally, , increasing, , foeticides.
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2. Population Explosion, The tremendous increase in size and, , of population, , is called population, The world population was about 2 billion in 1900 and it was 6 billion in 2000., , Population, May 2000., , of India at the time of, , growth, , rate, , Independence, , was, , explosion., , about 350 million and it crossed 1 billion in
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Reasons for High Popuiation Growth, i) Rapid decline in death, , rate., , (i) Decline in maternal mortality rate (MMR)., , (iii) Decline in infant mortality rate (IMR)., , (iv) Increase in number of people in reproductive age., According to 200I census report, the population growth rate was about 1.7 per cent, i.e.,, , 17/1000/year in India-a rate at which our population could double in 33 years., , Steps, (i), , to Curb, , Population Growth, Raising marriageable age of girls to, , () Incentives should be, , given, , to, , 18 years and, , couples, , with small, , of boys, family., , to, , 21 years.
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3. Birth Control, The, , most, , important step, , to, , control, , population growth, , is, , to, , nmotivate smaller families, , various contraceptüve methods., , A n ideal contraceptive should be:, , ) user-friendly, (ii) easily available, , (7i) effective and reversible with no or least side-effects, (i) non-interfering with the sexual drive/desire and/or the sexual, , Methods of Birth Control, The contraceptive methods are divided, ), , Natural/traditional methods, () Intra uerine devices (IUDs), () Injections and implants, , into, , act, , of the, , following categories:, (i) Barrier methods, , (iv) Oral contraceptives, (vi) Surgical methods., , user., , by using
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) Natural methods, I h e s e are, , natural methods that work, , on, , the principle, , of avoiding the meeting, , of, , ovum, , and, , sperm., , (a) Periodic abstinence is a method in which a couple avoids o r abstains from coitus from, day 10-17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected to occur., 6) Coitus interruptus o r withdrawal is a method in which male partner withdraws his, penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination., (c) Lactational amenorrhea is based on the principle that during the period of lactation, after parturition, ovulation does not occur., , (i) Barrier methods, These methods prevent the contact of sperm and ovum with the help of barriers. Such, , methods are available for both males and females., (a) Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath used to cover the penis in the, male or vagina and cervix in females. It prevents the deposition of ejaculated semen into, the vagina of the female., , (6) Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults are the barriers made of rubber that are inserted, into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix, during coitus. They prevent the, of, cervix., entry sperms through, , (c), , Spermicidal, , creams,, , jellies, , and foams, , their con1raceptive efficiency., , are, , used, , along, , with these barriers, , to, , increase
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(ii) Intra, , uterine devices, , (IUDs), , These devices are inserted by, , doctors in the uterus through, vagina., three, There, types of IUDs available:, (a) Non-medicated 1UDs: These increase phagocytosis of, are, , sperms within the uterus,, , Lippes loop, , E8, , (6) Copper releasing IUDs: Along with phagocytosis of sperms, the copper 10ns released, Suppress Sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms, e.g., CuT, Cu 7, Multiload 375., , (c) Hormone releasing IUDs: These make the, cervix hostile, , to, , sperms, t.g.,, , Progestasert,, , uterus, , unsuitable for, , implantation, , and the, , LNG-20., , (iv) Oral contraceptive, This involves, , uptake, , of hormonal, , preparations, , of either, , estrogen combinations in the form of pills by females., They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the, , progestogens, , or, , progestogen-, , quality of cervical mucus to prevent, entry of sperms., Saheli', an oral contraceptive for females containing a non-steroidal, preparation was developed, by scientists at Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow., Pills have, , high contraceptive value and few side effects.
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(v)Injectionsand implants, Progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combination can also be used by females as injectuons, or implants under the skin., , Their mode of action is similar, , to, , that of pills but their effective, , periods are longer., , (vi) Surgical methods (Sterilisation), These, , are, , terminal and permanent methods which block the transport of gametes., , thereby, , preventing conception., vas deferens is removed and tied, males, a small part, up through a small incision on, In, the scrotum. This is called vasectomy., In females, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up, through a small incision, in the abdomen or vagina. This is called tubectomy., , ofthe
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4. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP), intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term., MTP was legalised by Government of India in 1971 under strict conditions to avoid misuse., , I t is defined, , as, , MTP is done in the, , following situations:, , i) Failure of contraceptive used during coitus or rapes., (i) When continued pregnancy is harmful or fatal to either mother or foetus or both., I t is safe, , during first trimester, i.e.,, , up, , to, , 12 weeks of pregnancy.
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5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Infections ordiseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexual, transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RT). Thes, include gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis,, , hepatitis-B,, , HIV., , Early symptoms: Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain and swellings, , in the, , genital region., , Complications due to chronic STDs: Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births,, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, or even cancer of the reproductive tract., Transmission of hepatitis-B and HIV occurs by the, following ways:, ) Sharing of injection needles or surgical instruments with infected, persons;, , (i) transfusion of infected blood;, (n)transfer from infected mother, , the foetus, , through placenta., prevented:, () Avoid sex with unknown, partners/multiple partners., (n) Always use condoms, during coitus., )Contact a qualified doctor for any doubt, in, early stage of infection., to, , By following simple principles, STDs, , can, , be
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6. Infertility, I t is the inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation., , The, , reasons, , of infertility, , could be physical, congenital diseases,, , drugs, immunologica,, , or even, , psychological., , Specialised health-care units called infertility clinics could help in diagnosis and corrective treatment, of some of these disorders., , The infertile, , couples, , could be assisted, , to, , have children through certain, , special techniques, , called, , assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which are given below., , ) Test Tube Baby Programmes, husband/donor, In this method, ova from the wife/donor (female) and the sperms from the, the laboratory., (male) are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in, This process is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF)., The zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (process, is, is called zygote intra fallopian transfer or ZIFT) and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres, transferred into the uterus (process is called intra uterine transfer or IUT)., , In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes in another female (called, in vivo fertilisation), , ii), , Gamete Intra, , are, , transferred., , Fallopian, , Transfer (GIFT), , I t is the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further, , development of the embryo.
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(iii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm injection (ICSI), I t is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directdy injecting the sperm into an ovum., , (iv) Artificial Insemination (Al), In this nmethod, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is, introduced into the vagina o r into the uterus (intra uterine insemination or IUI)., , artificially, , This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the temale, , reproductive tract or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.
