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5. Name the Japanese cytologist who cultured, 1960 E.C. Cocking demonstrated that naked cells called protoplasts can be obtained through enzymatic degradatiNg, for about 30 years by sub-culturing the root meristems. He also made the first attempt toisolate ovules, auxins and cytokinins. They demonstrated that the cells of callus differentiate to form roots when the culture, 1957 Skoog and Miller performed many tissue culture expeiments using different proportions of phytohormone,, medium was provided with more auxin and less cytokinin. On the other hand, the cells of callus developet, shoot buds when the culture medium was provided with more cytokinin and less auxin. This was a uniqe, 1932 P.R. White successfully cultured roots of tomato. These cultures were kept in actively growing conditio, 1934 Shimakura, a Japanese cytologist, cultured anthers with the objective to understand the physiology of meio, 1952 G. Morel and C.I. Martin in France showed that certain tissues, the meristematic tissues, have the capact, Pradeep's A TEXT BOOK OF, BIOLOGY, II1/136, Further Information..., STRATE, ...., 6. In, tis, (a), culture them under aseptic conditions., (c), 7. Th, pla, (a, (b, 1939 R. Gautheret, P. Nobecourt and P.R. White were successful in raising callus culture, to develop whole plants 'in vitro'., (c, (d, 8. A, discovery which pointed the correlative role of different phytohormones in cellular differentiation, of cell walls., 1964 F.C. Steward and co-workers raised the entire plants of carrot from carrot-root cultures. This ot, established that the nature cells can also be grown in culture and they can be raised to complete plants, establishes the cellular totipotency., Tissue Culture and Germplasm Storage, Tissue culture technique is the best method of storing germplasm and maintaining a specific genetic be, (clone). This technique is generally employed in case of those plants which-(i) produce recalcitrant s, (ii) produce highly variable seed progeny, or (iii) do not produce seeds (banana, sugarcane, arvi, etc.). In, method, the plant parts are isolated, surface sterilized and grown on culture media. The best methode, obtaining large number of propagules by tissue culture is micropropagation or cloning. Micropropagatie, involving shoot tip cultures is the best technique to produce virus-free clonal plants. The shoot tip culture, can easily be regenerated into whole-plants and, therefore, preferred internationally for exchange of germplasn, Now a days, shoot-tip cultures of potato, cassava and banana cultivars are used for exchange of germplasm, world over. The other advantages of tissue culture method of preservation are-(a) A large number of genotypes, can be stored in a relatively small area, and (b) Tissue culture technique provides a safe method of multiplying, endangered plants and reintroducing them into their original habitats., 9., 10., 11., SS, PRACTICE CQUESTIONS, 12., (200, I., Multiple Choice Questions, 13., 1. In hybridisation, the haploids combine the, advantages of, (a) 2, 4-D, (b) NAA, (a) Recombination, (b) Segregation, (c) BAP, (d) PEG, (c) Fixation, 2. Which one of the following is not a secondary, 4. Who gave the idea that every plant cen, totipotent, (d) All of them, metabolite ?, (a) P.R. White, 14., (a) Resins, (b) E.C. Cocking, (c) F.C. Steward, (d) G. Haberlandt, (b) Essential oils, (c) Amino acids, 3. Which one of the following substance is, responsible for callus formation, (d) Tannins, anthers for the first time., 15,, ANSWERS, (a) Hannig, (b) Shima Kura, (c) Sumuki, 1. (d), 2. (c), (d) Yabuta, 3. (а), 4. (d), 5. (b)
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6. In order to obtain disease-free plants through, STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION, III/137, (b) Homozygosity only, tissue culture techniques, the best method is, (b) Anther culture, mdition, les n, (c) Heterozygosity, (d) Heterozygosity and linkage, 16. Dharwar American Variety of cotton is the, product of, (BHU 2000), (a) Embryo rescue, (e) Protoplast culture (d) Meristem culture, 1. The best way to obtain bacteria and viruses free, plants through tissue culture, (a) Micropropagation, (b) Seed germination after gamma-irradiation, (c) Stem or Shoot tip culture, (d) Seed germination under aseptic conditions, 8. A major application of embryo culture is, (a) Production of embryoids, (b) Overcoming hybridisation barriers, (c) Induction of somaclonal variations, meio, (b) Mutual breeding, (a) Mass selection, (c) Clonal selection, capacity, (d) Parasexual hybridization, (Andhra Pradesh EAMCET 2001), mone, cultue, velope, unique, 17. Selection of homozygous plant is, (a) Mass selection, (b) Pure line selection, (d) None of the above, (JK CET 2001), (c) Mixed selection, 18. Triticum aestivum, the common bread wheat is, (a) Triploid with 21 chromosomes, 2 (b) Tetraploid with 28 chromosomes, (c) Hexaploid with 42 chromosomes, (d) Diploid with 14 chromosomes (DPMT 2003), 19. Monosomy and Trisomy can be represented as, adation, (BHU 2000), (d) Clonal propagation, erimen, It alse, 9. The substance used in the tissue culture medium, for induction of shoots in callus is, (b) GA3, (d) Kinetic, (a) ABA, (c) IAA, (b) 2 n - 1, 2 n-2, ic type, seeds, In this, hod of, agation, ultures, plasm., aplasn, otypes, plying, (Andhra Pradesh EAMCET 2001), (a) 2 n + 1, 2 n + 3, 10. In tissue culture medium, the embryoids formed, from pollen grains is due to, (a) Cellular totipotency, (c) 2 n, 2 n + 1, (d) 2 n - 1, 2 n+ 1, (DPMT 2003), (c) Double fertilization, (AIPMT 2002), 20. Most cultivated plants are, (a) Autopolyploids, (c) Aneuploids, (b) Allopolyploids, (d) Haploids, (b) Organogenesis, (d) Test tube culture, 11. Haploid plantlets can be prdouced by, (b) Cotyledon culture, (d) Meristem culture, (КСЕТ 2002), (BVP PMT 2003), 21. Colchicine brings about, (a) Chromosome aberrations, (a) Pollen culture, (c) Embryo culture, (b) Duplication of chromosomes, (c) Gene mutations, 12. The technique of obtaining large number of, plantlets by tissue culture method is called, (a) Organ culture, (d) Quick replication, (J & K CET 2004), (b) Micropropagation, 22. A cybrid is a hybrid carrying, (c) Macropropagation (d) Plantlet culture, (AIPMT 2004), (a) cytoplasms of two different plants, (b) genomes and cytoplasms of two different plants, (c) cytoplasms of two different plants and genome, of one plant, 13. The new varieties of plants are produced by, (a) Introduction and selection, (d) genomes of two different plants, (e) cytoplasms of several plants and genomes of, two plants., (b) Mutation and selection, ol, (c) Selection and hybridization, (d) Introduction and Mutation., 14. Norin gene' of dwarfness in wheat originated, through spontaneous mutation in, (a) India, (Kerala PMT 2004), (AIPMT 1999), 23. India's wheat yield revolution in the 1960s was, possible primarily due to, (a) Increased chlorophyll content, (b) Mutations resulting in plant height reduction, (c) Quantitative trait mutations, (d) Hybrid seeds, cell is, (b) Japan, (c) Mexico, (d) U.S.S.R., (ЛРМER 2000), (AIPMT 2004), Itured, 15. Pure line breeds refer to, (a) Homozygosity and independent assortment, ANSWERS, 15. (a), 14. (b), 11. (а) 12. (Ь), 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c), 13. (с), 10. (a), 9. (d), 19. (d) 20. (b), 6. (d), 7. (a), 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c), 8. (b)
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30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (4), (d) Mutagens penetrate in haploids more effectively, enriched with certain desirable nutrients is, 39. The scientific process by which crop plants are, (b) All mutations, whether dominant or reces, Pradeep's A TEXT BOOK OF BIOLOGY (), II/138, 24. A self fertilizing trihybrid plant forms, (a) 4 different gametes and 16 different zygotes, (b) 8 different gametes and 16 different zygotes, (c) 8 different gametes and 32 different zygotes, (d) 8 different gametes and 64 different zygotes, are expressed in haploids, (c) Haploids are reproductively more stable, diploids, (AIPMT 2008, than in diploids, 33. By which of the following methods, new, better varieties of plants can be formed, (AIPMT 2004), 25. The technique of obtaining large number of, plantlets by tissue culture method is called, (a) Organ culture, (a) Selection, (b) Grafting, (c) Hybridization, (d) Hybridization followed by selection, (b) Micropropagation, (c) Macropropagation (d) Plantlet culture, (AIPMT 2004), 26. Somaclonal variation can, obtained by, (WE JEE, 2009, (a) Application of colchicine, (b) Hybridisation, (c) Irradiation with gamma rays, 34. Which one of the following is the American, poultry breed ?, (a) Australorp, (c) Minorça, (b) Rhode Island Red, (d) Tissue culture, (AIIMS 2004), (d) Aseel, 27. Which one of the following is a viral disease of, poultry ?, (a) Coryza, (WB JEE 2009, 35. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) at suitable temp-, erature converts milk to curd, which inproves, its nutritional quality by enhancing vitamin, (b) B, (b) New Castle disease, (c) Pasteurellosis, (d) Salmonellosis, (AIPMT 2007), (a) A, 28. In maize, hybrid vigour is exploited by, (a) Crossing of two hybrid parental lines, (b) Harvesting seeds from the most productive, plants, (c) Inducing mutations, (d) Bombarding the seeds with DNA, (c) C, (d) D, (AMU Medical 2009, 36. Spirulina is the rich source of, (a) Protein, (c) Minerals, (b) Vitamins, (d) All of these, (Odisha JEE 2009), (AIPMT 2007), 37. Which one of the following has maximum, diversity in India ?, (a) Mango, (c) Tea, 29. In the hexaploid wheat, the haploid (n) and basic, (x) number of chromosomes are, (b) Wheat, (d) Teak, (a) n = 21 and x 21 (b) n = 21 and x = 14, (c) n 21 and x = 7, (d) n = 7 and x 21, (AIPMT 2007), 30. Which chemical is used for induction of, (AIPMT 2009), 38. Somaclonal variation appears in plants:, polyploidy ?, (a) Cytokinin, (a) Growing in polluted soil or water, (b) Exposed to gamma rays, (b) Nitrous acid, (c) Colchicine, 31. In protoplast fusion the enzymes required, (a) Cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, (d) IAA (WB JEE 2008), (c) Raised in tissue culture, (d) Transformed by recombinant DNA technolog, (b) Pectinase, (DPMT 2009), (c) Ligase, hemicellulase, (Odisha JEE 2008), (d) Hemicellulase, 32. Haploids are more suitable for mutation studies, than the dipolids. This is because, (a) Haploids are more abundant in nature than, diploids, called :, (a) crop protection, (c) bio-fortification, (b) breeding, (d) bio-remediation, (NCERT Exemplar), ANSWERS, 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (b), 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a), 28. (а), 38. (c), 29. (c), 37. (a), 39. (c)
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STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION, 50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (b) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (b), I1/139, 47. To isolate protoplast, one needs :, (a) pectinase, t (c) both pectinase and cellulase, (d) chitinase, (b) cellulase, a:, (a) cell to generate whole plant, (b) bud to generate whole plant, (c) seed to germinate, (d) cell to enlarge in size, 11. Given below are a few statements regarding, somatic hybridization. Choose the correcet, (NCERT Exemplar), sctively, 2008, 48. Which one of the followings is a marine fish :, (a) Rohu, (c) Catla, (b) Hilsa, (d) Common carp, (NCERT Exemplar), ew and, (NCERT Exemplar), dwo, 49. Which one of the following products is used in, cosmetics and polishes., (a) honey, (c) wax, statements., () protoplasts of different cells of the same plant, are fused, (i) protoplasts from cells of different species can, (b) oil, (d) royal jelly, (NCERT Exemplar), 2009, erican, be fused, (iii) treatment of cells with cellulase and, pectinase is mandatory, (iv) the hybrid protoplast contains characters of, only one parental protoplast., 50. More than 70% of livestock population is in :, (a) Denmark, (c) China, (b) India, (d) India and China, (NCERT Exemplar), ed, 51. The agriculture sector of India employs, (a) 60% of the population, (b) 70% of the population, (c) 30% of the population, (d) 62% of the population (NCERT Exemplar), 52. 33% of India's Gross Domestic Product comes, from, 2009, temp-, proves, min, (a) (i) and (iii), (c) (iii) and (iv), (b) (i) and (ii), (d) (ii) and (iii), (NCERT Exemplar), 42. An explant is :, (a) dead plant, (b) part of the plant, (c) part of the plant used in tissue culture, (b) Agriculture, (a) Industry, (c) Export, | 2009), (d) part of the plant that expresses a specific gene, (NCERT Exemplar), (10 (d) Small scale cottage industry, 43. The biggest constraint of plant breeding is :, (a) availability of desirable gene in the crop and its, wild relatives, (NCERT Exemplar), 53. A collection of all the alleles of all the genes of a, crop plant is called, 2009), (c) trained manpower, (d) transfer of genes from unrelated sources, (NCERT Exemplar), imum, (b) infrastructure, Tur (a) germplasm collection, (b) protoplasm collection, (c) herbarium, (d) somaclonal collection, 54. Breeding of crops with high levels of minerals,, vitamins and proteins is called, (a) micropropagation (b) somatic hybridisation, (c) biofortification, 44. Lysine and tryptophan are :, (a) proteins, (b) non-essential amino acids, (c) essential amino acids, (d) aromatic and no acids (NCERT Exemplar), 45. Micro-propagation is:, (a) propagation of microbes in vitro, (b) propagation of plants in vitro, (c) propagation of cells in vitro, (d) growing plants on smaller scale, (NCERT Exemplar), 2009), (d) biomagnification, (AIPMT 2010), nology, 2009), 55. The genetically modified (GM) brinjal in India, has been developed for, (a) draught resistance (b) insect resistance, (c) enhancing shelf life, (d) enhancing mineral content, nts are, (NCERT Exemplar), ents is, 46. Protoplast is:, (AIPMT 2010), (a) another name for protoplasm, (b) an animal cells, (c) a plant cell without cell wall, (d) a plant cell, 56. Some of the characteristics of Bt cotton are, (a) high yield and resistance to Boll worms, (b) long fibres and resistance to aphids, (NCERT Exemplar), mplar), ANSWERS, 40. (a) 41. (d), 46. (c) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c), 42. (c), 43. (d) 44. (c), 45. (b)
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73. Which one of the following is not a biofertilizer ?, 65. The most commonly maintained species of bee, Pradeep's A TEXT BOOK OF BIOLOGY, I1/140, (d) Cysteine, (c) Methionine, (c) medium yield, long fibres and resistance to, beetle pests, (d) high yield and production of toxic protein, crystals which kill dipteran pests, (AMU 2010, by bee keepers is, (a) Apis mellifera, (c) Apis indica, (b) Apis dorsata, (d) Apis florea, (AIPMT 2010), 57. An improved variety of transgenic basmati rice, (a) give high yield but no characteristic aroma, (AMU 2010), (b) does not require chemical fertilizer and growth, hormones, 66. Triticale is produced by crossing of, (a) Wheat and rye, (c) Wheat and barley, (b) Wheat and maize, (c) gives high yield and rich in vit. A, (d) is resistant to all insect pests and diseases of, paddy, (d) Rye and maize, (AMU 2010), 67. Lactobacillus mediated conversion of mil, curd results because of, (AIPMT 2010), 58. One of the commonly used plant growth hormone, in tea plantations is, (a) Ethylene, (c) Zeatin, (d) indole-3-acetic acid and IBA (AIPMT 2010), (a) coagulation and partial digestion of milk fats, (b) coagulation and partial digestion of milk, proteins, (c) coagulation of milk proteins and complete, digestion of milk fats, (d) coagulation of milk fats and complete digestion, of milk proteins, (b) abscisic acid, 59. Root development is promoted by, (a) Abscisic acid, (c) Ethylene, (b) auxin, (DUMET 2010), (d) gibberellins, 68. The species of saccharum originally grown in, India was, (AIPMT 2010), 60. During lactic acid fermentation, (a) O2 is used CO, is not liberated, (b) O, is not used CO, is liberated, (c) O, is used, CO, is liberated, (d) 02 is not used, nor CO, is liberated, (a) S. officinarum, (c) S. oulardii, (b) S. barberi, (d) S. munja, (DUMET 2010), 69. Single cell protein refers to, (a) a specific protein extracted from pure culture, of single type of cells, (b) sources of mixed proteins extracted from pure, or mixed culture of organisms or cells, (c) proteins extracted from a single cell, (d) a specific protein extracted from a single cell, (Karnataka CET 2010), 61. The sugar present in milk is, (a) Glucose, (b) Lactose, (c) Fructose, (d) Sucrose, (Karnataka CET 2010), 62. To meet the demands of the society, in vitro, production of a large number of plantlets in a, short duration is practised in floriculture and, horticulture industry today is called.. .. ., (a) somatic hybridisation, (b) micropropagation, (c) hybridoma technology, (d) somaclonal variation, (DUMET 2010), 70. Probiotics are, (a) cancer inducing microbes, (b) safe antibiotics, (c) food allergens, (d) live microbial food supplements, (DUMET 2010), 71. Jaya' and Ratna' developed for green, revolution in India are the varieties of, (a) maize, (Karnataka CET 2010), 63. Micropropagation is a technique, (a) for production of true to type plants, (b) for production of haploid plants, (c) for production of somatic hybrids, (d) for production of somaclonal plants, (b) rice, (c) wheat, 72. 'Himgiri' developed by hybridization a, selection for disease resistance against rus, pathogens is a variety of, (a) chilli, (c) sugarcane, (d) bajra (AIPMT 2011), (WB JEE 2010), 64. Maize hybrids have been developed for higher, (b) maize, amounts of, (a) Lysine, (d) wheat (AIPMT 2011), (b) Leucine, ANSWERS, (a) Agrobacterium, (b) Rhizobium, 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (d), 66. (а) 67. (Ь), 61. (b), 68. (b) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (b), 62. (b), 72. (d), 63. (а), 64. (a) 65. (a)
