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13. Human Health and Diseases, Health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being not merely an, absence of disease called health., Disease: Lose of ease/without ease/uneasiness. The function of body is disturbing called, disease., Etiology:- Scientific study of causes of disease is known as etiology., Pathology:- A branch of medicine that deals with scientific study of causes ,effects, mechanism, and nature of disease called pathology., Concept of immunology- immunology is science which deals with the study of immune, system, immune response to foreign substances and their role in resistance infection. The study, of structure and function of immune system is called basic immunology. The immune system, consist of lymphoid organ, tissue widely distributed cells and molecules like antibodies., Antigen-Any foreign substance invading body and capable of stimulating an immune response, is called antigen. Antibodies- It is protective chemicals produced by immune cells in response, to antigen are called as antibodies. It provide defense against infectious agents., Types of immunity- 1. Innate immunity. 2. Acquired immunity, (1). Innate immunity.- it is called as natural immunity it is present from birth or inborn, immunity. It is does not depend on previous foreign substances. Hence called non-specific, immunity. It consists of following barriers- Anatomical, physiological phagocytic,, inflammatory barriers., 1. Anatomical/ physical barrier - It prevents entry of microorganism in to body. They includes, skin, mucous membrane etc. Mucous membrane secrete mucous in inner epithelial lining of, respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinogenital tract to help in trapping microbes entering the, body., 2. Physiological barrier- like body temperature pH and body secretion prevent growth of, pathogenic micro organism. Acidity of gastric juice in stomach kills micro organism , Lysozyme, is bacteriolytic enzyme present in tears which digest bacterial cell wall., 3. Inflammatory barrier:- Infectious tissue causes redness, swelling, pain and production of, heat results in fever, such manifestation called inflammatory response. This response release, some chemicals such as histamines and prostaglandin by damage mast cells .this chemicals, dilute blood and fluid come out from blood vessel, this fluid contain serum protein which kills, bacteria., 4. Phagocytic- /Cellular barrier:- It invading microbes, The neutrophils and monocytes are, phagocytic leucocytes which engulf and destroy invading microbes and cellular debries. eg., Kupffers cell of liver.
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(2). Acquired immunity- Ability of body to defend itself against invading foreign agents like, bacteria, viruses, toxins and transplanted tissue. This individual acquires during life called, acquired immunity. It requires several days to become activated., Unique feature of acquired immunity1. Specificity- Its ability to differentiate various foreign molecules in specific type., 2. Diversity- It recognize a vast variety of diverse pathogen., 3. Discrimination between self and non self- It is differentiate between own body cell and, foreign cells, 4. Memory- The immune system retains memory of this encounter to results, at second, encounter same pathogen bring about quicker and stronger immune response., *Types of Acquired immunity- It is Active and Passive type, 1. Acquired active immunity- The resistance developed by individual an antigenic stimulus of, invading pathogen to production of antibodies. It is two types, i) Natural Acquired active immunity - Immunity acquired due to infection .It develop after, entry of pathogen in the body. eg. Measles, ii) Artificial Acquired active immunity- it acquired artificially by vaccination .Vaccine is, introduce into the body to stimulate formation of antibodies. Polio-vaccine, BCG vaccine etc., 2. Acquired passive immunity- When ready made antibodies are received by body, passive, immunity can be acquired by naturally /artificially., i) Natural Acquired passive immunity-Before birth maternal antibodies are transferred from, mother to foetus through placenta (colostrums)the antibodies received by child from mother, remain in the body for short time., ii) Artificial Acquired passive immunity- The immunity develops by injecting previously, prepared antibodies using serum eg. Rabies pathogen., Cells of acquired/ specific immune system, The two major groups in immune system (a) Lymphocytes (b) Antigen presenting cells, 1) Lymphocytes : It is 2 types T(Trilion)–lymphocytes & B- Lymphocytes, it is produced by, bone marrow called as ‘Haematopoiesis’., 2) T-lymphocytes produce by clone of T cells having different functions. B- Lymphocytes, produce specific plasma cell to produce antibodies., a) Mechanism of action of T-lymphocytes: lymphocytes perform different functions , The, clone has 4 types lymphocytes, (a) Helper T-cell:- it synthesized lymphokinase to proliferation of T cells stimulation, and attraction of macrophages.
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b), , c), , (b) Killer T-cell :- It is directly attack and destroy invading microbes and cancerous cells, release the killing substances in cells., (c) Suppressor T cells: it suppresses the entire immune system to attack on own body, cells., (d) Memory T cell:- It is sensitized and retain the future., Mechanism of action of B-lymphocytes to antigen: it is synthesized both directly by, antigen as well as T-helper cells. Plasma cells produce specialized glycoprotein called, antibodies. Which passes through the body fluid like lymph., Antigen presenting cells: B lymphocytes and dendrieis cells presentinting to engulf, invading pathogen and process the antigen. These cells signals for helper T cell, activation, , Structure of antibody: Antibodies are glycoproteins which highly specific antigen. They are, known as immunoglobulin’s. Antibodies are produce by plasma cells which in turn are form B, lymphocytes. The plasma cells produce 2000 molecules of antibodies per second. Antibody is, ‘Y’ shaped structure, it consist of polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light they are held, together by disulfide bond. Each chain consists of variable and constant region. Variable region, has antigen inveding site. This part of antibody binds with specific antigen to form antigen, antibody complex. It binds with lock & key manner., , Fig. Structure of HIV, , Antigen on blood cells: There are several known antigen present on human blood cells. They, are determines by different blood group system i.e. ABO, Rh, Lewis etc., ABO blood group:-, , Genotype, , Antigen, surface, RBCs, , A, , IAIA, , A, , Antibody b, , A,AB, , A,O, , B, , IBIB, , B, , Antibody a, , B,AB, , B,O, , AB, , IAIB, , A&B, , -, , AB, , A,B,AB,O, , O, , IOIO, , -, , Antibody a, Antibody b, , A,B,AB,O, , Universal, donar, , Blood, group, , on Antibody in Can donate, of serum, blood to, , Can receive, blood from
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Pathogen and parasite:, Pathogen includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeast, protozoa, & insects. Parasites are an organism, that lives in its nourishment from another organism., Amoebiasis:- It is an parasitic disease infected by Entamoeba histolytica. It is transmitted by, faeco oral route. Symptoms of amobiasis can ranges from mild diarrhea to dysentery, with blood and mucus in the stool. Prevention- Wash hand with soap and running bath,, clean bathroom and toilet often. Avoid raw vegetable growth using human feaces as, fertilizer, drink boiled water. Avoid eating unhygenically prepared food. Sedimentation, or filtration of water supplies are necessary to reduce the infection, Maleria:- It is mosquito born disease of human caused by protest plasmodium known as, parasite. Some species transmitted disese to human by P.falciparim, P.vivax , P.ovale,, and p.malariae. The life cycle of malaria involved by 2 host i.e human and female, Anopheles mosquito. Symptom of malaria includes fever, shivering, arthelgia,, vomiting, hemoglobinuria, retinal damage. Prevention- prevents mosquito bite by nets, and insect repellants. Spraying insecticides by drainage water and mosquito larvae, controlled by release of Gambusia fish., Filariasis:- (Elephantasis) It is tropical parasitic disease caused by filarial nematodes, (roundworm)Lymphatic filariasis is caused by worm Wuchreria bancrofti, Brugia, malayi and Brugia timori., Life cycle- Filarial nematode consist of five stages. The microfilariae taken by vector, insects toform worms. Symptoms-thickening of skin and underlying tissue. Elephantasis, affect on lower extrimities on legs, arms, vulva, breast, and scrotum., Ascariasis- Ascariasis is disease caused by parasitic round worm Ascaris lumbricoids The life, cycle is completed only one host. Man is definite host and adult worm live in lumen of, small intestine. Female worm reproduce 2lakh of eggs per day. After infection of eggs it, hatches to larvae. And penetrate into alveolar wall the adult worm live in 1 to 2 years., Symptoms- gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting and fever. Prevention- use of toilet, facilities, safe excreta disposal, protection of food from dirt and soil. washing of hand., Typhoid- It is coined by Louise in 1829. Its acute infection disease caused by bacteria, Salmonella typhi.It is rod shaped, motile and peritrichous flagella. It has received in, various names such as gastric fever, abdominal typhus, infantile intermittant fever, slow, fever, nervous fever, pathogenic fever etc. It is water born disease., Source of infection: faecess of urine of typhoid patient. Incubation period : 7-14 days, Mode of transmission: 1. It transfers through faeco-oral rout or urine-oral rout. 2. Food, contaminate by vector like house flies. 3. Handling of food and domestic worker. 4. Risk, in bacteriology laboratory. 5. Inadequately pasteurized milk and milk product., Symptoms of typhoid: 1.Daily increase in fever, 2.Headatch and chills., 3.Mild, hepatomagaly, and splenomegaly., 4.Rose spot appearing as small, pale red spot on
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chest., Persistent high fever, sever anorexic, weight is loss. Dignosis: it is diagnosis by, Widal test.Preventive measure: control sanitation water supply, control of reservoir,, Immunalizatiom,, Pneumonia:-(Home work), Common cold:- It is also known as nasopharyngitis, acute viral rhino pharyngitis, acute coryza., Symptom- cough, sore, throat, running nose & fever.some time it may be accompained, by pink eye, fatigue, headaches,shivering and loss of appetite., , Cancer, It is the uncontrolled growth of cells resulting in to harmful tumour is called as cancer., Tumours: It is an abnormal mass of cells called tumour/neoplasm, Oncology: It deals with study of tumours called as oncology., Types of tumours: Benign tumour & Malignant tumour, Types of cancer: cancer are classified according to embryonic origin of the tissue from the, tumour, a) Carcinomas: It is the cancer of epithelial tissue.It arises from ectodermal or endodermal, tissue. eg.skin cancer , colon,breast,prostat ,lung cancer etc., b) Sarcoma: These cancers are arises from mesodermal connective tissue and muscles. eg.bone, cancer,cartilage cancer, fat connective tissue etc., c) Lymphomas: The cancer is arising from lymphoid tissue called lymphomas. Eg. Non, Hodgkins lymphoma, d) Leukemias: It is develop from haematopoeiotic cells of bone marrow. It is commonly called, bone cancer. It accuminate into blood stream., e) Adenomas: It arise from thyroid, pituitary gland and adrenal gland., Cancer spread from 1)chemical carcinogen: 2) Radiation: Ultraviolet ray, x-ray, alpha, beta, and gamma rays, radioactive isotopes 3) Biological agent: Some viruses, parasites and bacteria, causes cancer of cervix.4) Dietary factors: 5) Genetic factor: Symtoms of cancer:1. Persistant, change in bowel. 2. Sore on skin that does not heal. 3. Lump on the breast. 4. Difficulty in, swallowing. Nagging cough and hoarseness. 6. Changes in wart. 7. White paches inside the, mouth., Treatment of cancer: (a) Surgery: tumour is removed by surgery, (b) Radiation therapy, (c), Chemotherapy : (d) Immunotherapy, (e) hormone therapy/ gene therapy.
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AIDs (Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome), It is viral disease caused by retrovirus called Human deficiency Virus (HIV), Source of HIV: it is found in blood, semen, CSF, vaginal secretion, cervical secretion, breast, milk, amniotic fluid., Mode of transmission:1) Sexual contact: use multipartner sex prostution & homosexuality., 2)Blood contact: transfer at unscreened blood., 3) Through the sterilized instrument: use of contaminated needle, syringe and sergical, instrument can transmit AIDs., 4) Mother to child / Trans placental : Infected mother can transmit HIV to foetus through the, placenta, AIDs not transmit through shaking of hands, sharing of beds , toilet, utensile etc., * Sysmtoms of AIDs :, 1.Acute HIV infection –headache, skin rash, lymphadenopathy etc. within 2-3 weeks, 2.Asymptomatic stage- patient may be symptom less or persistent to swollen lymphoside ., 3.AIDs related complex- like diarrhea symptoms fatigue, night sweet, loss of weight called as, slim disease. 4. Full blown stage- like TB. Pneumonia, Kaposi disease etc., Dignosis-they are use serologic tesr for antibodies by ELISA (enzyme linked Immuno sorbant, assay) and Western blot test., Prevention measure / prophylaxis ;, Avoid prostitution, multipartner sex and homosexuality. Use of mass media, slogans to, awareness in people -Use condom during sexual contact, Blood should be checked for HIV, before transfusion.- Use disposable needle and syringes. - Avoid infected becomes pregnant., Treatment: : No therapy against HIV infection but effective antiviral drugs available to prolong, the life of AIDs patient. Antiretroviral therapy supresses the replication of HIV virus so, combination of several antiretroviral drugs, called HAART has very effective to reducing HIV, particles in blood stream,, , Fig. Structure of HIV
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Adolescence, Drug & Alcohol abuse, It is period of growth as well as physical and mental development. It is period between, childhood and adulthood. Age between 13 to 19 years. Adolescence psychology is changes, mood sometime called as mood swing. Physical and mental dependence on some habit called as, addiction. Smoking, drinking, fighting and uses of drugs are habit to adolescence., Drugs and Alcohol abuse, Opioids: it is drugs extracted from latex of poppy plant. Popaver somniferum. Heroin is, depressant and slow down body functions., Cannabinioids: it interacts with receptor present in brain. Inflorescence of cannabis sativa is, source of cannabinoids, Marijuana, Hashish, Charas and Ganja. It affects cardiovascular system, of body., Cocaine:(Coca)—It is obtained by coca plant Erythroxylem coca, it is neurotransmitter, dopamine commonly called as coke or Crack. Excessive dosage causes hallucinations. Datura, and Atropa belladonna also hallucinogenic properties., LSD & Barbituarates: Lysergic acid diethyl amide is derived from hemp plant cannabis sativa, It help to patient mental illness like depression and insomnia. Barbiturates, amphetamines,, benzodiazepine are also used in medical purpose., Morphin- It is very effective sedative and painkiller used for patient to undergone surgery., Drug abus- when substances are taken for other than medical use, they cause adverse effect on, physical, physiological function called as drug abuse. The old adage of prevention is better than, cure. Some measures useful to prevent control drugabuse., 1. Avoid undue peer pressure. Use sports and other activities., 2. Education and counseling (Yoga, Music, reading, sport etc.), Notes for students of 12th Science, Biology Paper-II, Date: 20/07/2020, , Dr.Tilekar B.B
