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REGIONAL ASPIRATIONS & CONFLICTS, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , Rise in regional parties., Punjab crisis., Anti Sikhs riots 1984., Challenges and responses in the North East., , OBJECTIVES : Region and Nation accommodation and National integration., India is a vast country with many diversities. It’s people belong to different religions, castes and speaks, different languages. Besides, certain region of the country are well developed while others are still, backward and underdeveloped. As a result, there are mutual jealousies and unnecessary rivalries among, different parts of the country., In many parts of the country, communal riots, caste and language conflict takes place resulting in great, loss of life and property in India. These are the problems which poses and great threat and challenges to, the national integration because no definite solution has been found to tackle these problems and still, remains unsolved after many years., A democratic system expanded in India, people from different regions of the country began to express, their aspiration for autonomy. Sometimes, these involved a long and violent armed struggle by the people, of a particular region to get their demands fulfilled. This new challenges came to the fore in the 1980s, when Congress came to power again and this was stable in the country. This decades will be remembered, for some major struggle and movement in various region of the country like Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir,, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Assam. In this chapter we shall study the nature of these problems and, how they were handled by the government of India., MAIN POINTS:, 1. India is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-lingual and multi-casteist state with full regional, diversities., 2. A region is a homogeneous area with physical and cultural characteristics distinct from the rest., 3. In 1980s witnessed many violent uprisings like naxalism, terrorism and insurgency in Punjab,, Kashmir and North East States for autonomy., 4. India adopted a democratic approach to the question of diversity., 5. Democratic politics strengthen regional aspiration and problems get adequate attention and, accommodation in the policy making process., 6. After independence , the issue of Jammu and Kashmir was not only a conflict between India and, Pakistan as well as it was a question of political aspiration of the people of Kashmir valley., 7. Jammu and Kashmir comprise three social and political regions :- Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh., 8. Article 370 gives special status to Jammu and Kashmir., 9. Strong separatist movement have been operating in Nagaland, Mizoram for separation from the, Indian Union / mainland., 10. In the South, Dravidian Movement in Tamil Nadu briefly toyed with the idea of a separate state., 11. The Dravidian movement led to the formation of Dravida Kazhagam DK as anti-Hindi movement, under the leadership of E.V. Ramaswami.

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12. In 1950, Punjabi speaking people agitated for a separate state for themselves., 13. In June 1947, the Government of India carried out the ‘ Operation Blue Star ' in the Golden temple., 14. Rise of regional parties : Ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversities, organisational lapse of the, Congress, fear of North’s domination, centre-state relations, etc.,., 15. Regional parties: Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD- Punjab) , All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, (AIADMK) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in Tamil Nadu, Telegu Desam Party (TDP) in, Andhra Pradesh, Asom Gana Parishad (AGP) in Assam, Manipur People’s Party (MPP) in Manipur,, National Conference in Kashmir, etc.,., 16. The emergence of regional or single state parties led to the decline of national issues and, dominance of state level consideration in coalition programmes., 17. The electoral verdicts of 1996, 1998, 1999 , 2004 and 2005 clearly shows the increasing, dominance of regional parties and their role as key makers of the central government., 18. Northeast compromises of seven states with 4% of Indian population, Sikkim now included. They, are India’s gate-way of Southeast Asia., 19. Three major issues dominated the politics of North East : a). Demand for autonomy b). Movement, for secession and c). Opposition to outsiders., 20. Farmer’s Movement : Mahendra Singh Tikait was the leader of Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) ., 21. Women’s Movement: Anti-Arrack movement is a women’s protest against the sale of alcohol, organised in the South. It demands prohibition on sale of arrack., 22. Mandal Commission Report: The commission submitted its recommendation in 1980 and, suggested reservation of 27% seats in educational institutions of government jobs for OBCs., 23. In August 1990 , the National Front Government led by V.P. Singh implemented one of the, suggested Mandal Commission relating to reservation of OBCs in jobs in the central government, and its undertakings., 24. The decision of V.P. Singh government led to agitation in many parts of North India., 25. The decision was challenged in the Supreme court and was called the ‘Indira Sawhney case’ ., 26. The supreme court in a judgement upheld the decision of 27% reservation of seats for OBCs by, excluding the creamy layer., Regionalism : The feeling of people of a particular region ., Dravidian Movement : Movement of Dravidians against monopoly of North Indians in politics., Insurgency : A movement which is a sort on armed lines for getting certain demands fulfilled., Separation : A feeling of segregation from the country leading to a violent agitation., Regional Party : A party which dominates in one particular state or region and is based in some ethnic,, social or cultural identity., Single state party : A party which dominate one state., Popular Movement : Movement which express demand of people through agitation., Anti-Arrack Movement : Movement to protest sale of liquor to men which damaged their domestic, household in South India.

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BKU : An organisation in Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh to protest and protect rights of farmers of, the region., Creamy Layer : The well being among the backward communities should be excluded from the right of, reservation.