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UNIT-IX, MEMORY AND FORGETTING, , 1. Expand the terms:, (a)LTM, (b)STM, Ans: (a) LTM stands for Long-Term Memory, (b) STM stands for Short-Term Memory., 2. What is recall?, Ans: Recall means presentation of any past experience in the form of an image or language in the, conscious level of the mind., 3. List the different stages of memory., Ans: The different stages of memory are Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term, Memory., 4. What is memory?, Ans: Memory is the ability to retain information from learnt materials and reproduce those in, future to achieve a purpose., 5. State any two causes of forgetting., Ans: The two causes of forgetting are Faulty Memory Process and Interference., 6. Define forgetting., Ans: Drever defines forgetting as, “Forgetting means failure at any time to recall an experience,, when attempting to do so or to perform an action previously learned.”, II. Short Answer Questions., 1. How can forgetting be minimized?, Ans: Forgetting can be minimized by intend to remember. Remembering well requires that you, want to remember. If we have not made a decision to remember what we are reading studying,, we will forget almost immediately. We should understand before we try to remember. If we, don’t understand something, one’s memory will have difficulty storing it., 2. Discuss different types of memory with examples., Ans: The different types of memory are:i. Immediate memory- This is also known as Short-term memory. It is when the individual has, to reproduce immediately after he has learnt something, thus the time span is very less for the, matter to be registered in the consciousness. Hence, the learnt matter is forgotten rapidly, e.g, we, may first look at the seat number of our ticket and once we sit down we forget about it.

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ii. Short-term memory- This type of memory is also called as temporary memory. It is not short, lived as the immediate memory. The information temporarily stored in short-term memory may, last as long as thirty-seconds even if the material is not being rehearsed. However, some people, are able to retain much more information in Short-term memories by a process called chunking,, which groups information by coding it, e.g, the number 143254376 can be remembered by listing, under three heads: 143,254,376 for better remembering., iii. Long-term memory- This is also known as permanent memory. Here, the individual learns, and retain the information for a very long period of time. There is an interval of time between, learning and recall or reproduction. Thus, permanent memory is involved , e.g, knowing our, account number of the bank or the phone number., 3. Explain the components of memory., Ans: The three components of memory are:i. Sensory memory: Sensory memory holds representations of sensory input for very brief, periods of time, depending upon the modality involved. There are different sensory registers for, each of the senses. A clear visual image of any object will last in sensory memory for about half, a second after the stimulus is removed., ii. Short-Term Memory (STM): Look up for a moment and note what attracts our visual, attention. And then try to indentify the sounds and sensations that we experience. What we, identify is the content of short-term memory or STM. It holds relatively small amounts of, information for brief periods of time, usually 30 seconds or less., iii. Long-Term Memory (LTM): It refers to the memory system for the retention of large, amounts of information for long periods of time. It is the memory system that permits us to, remember events that happened many years ago, yesterday, last year, and so on. It is the longterm memory that allows us to remember factual information making it possible for us to learn, different subjects, appear for examinations, and communicate with others. It brings continuity, and meaning to our life., 4. Enumerate with examples, the different ways in the process of memorizing., Ans: The different ways in the process of memorizing are as follows:i. Rote memorizing: It is learning without understanding. Meaningful material is easily learnt, than nonsense material. It is easy to learn poetry than prose; prose is easy to learn than, disconnected words. Disconnected words are easy to learn than nonsense words. Thus, logical, sequence is important, along with the systematic arrangement of ideas., ii. Spaced v/s Mass learning: In spaced learning, the learner has been allowed some rest in, memorization. The subject is not required to memorise the assignment in one continuous time, period. Intervals are provided. The principle of ‘work and rest’ is followed. Spaced learning, benefits pupils of lower classes, when motivation is level is low or material is complex and, difficult to understand., In mass learning, the subject has to memorise the assigned material at one setting without any, interval or rest, until it is mastered. It is effective when the pupils are very intelligent or highly, motivated.

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iii. Whole v/s Part Method of Learning: When the poem is read again and again from start to, finish, this is known as the whole method of learning. This method can be adopted when the, material is not very lengthy and when the material is logically arranged. Here, again for example, the poem is broken down to parts or stanzas and then learnt, this is known as part method of, learning. The learner is motivated each time he masters the parts, thus the whole content is, slowly mastered. Thus, slow learners and average students are benefitted., 5. List two main differences between short term and long term memory., Ans: (i) Short-term memory has a fairly limited capacity and can hold items for only short, periods of time while long-term memory can store unlimited amounts of information. The more, short-term memory information is used or repeated, the more likely it is to become part of the, long-term memory., (ii) In Short-term memory information is usually stored in terms of the physical qualities of the, experience such as what we see, do, taste, touch or hear. In long-term memory information is, primarily stored in terms of its meaning or semantic codes., 6. What is forgetting?, Ans: Forgetting is process opposite to preservation, its main task is to remove unsolicited, information from memory in order to preserve the flexibility of the nervous system., Thus, forgetting is the failure of an individual to review in consciousness an idea or a group of, ideas without the help of original stimulus., 7. What are the causes of forgetting?, Ans: The causes of forgetting are as follows:Ref.., textbook page no. 123., Long Answer Questions, 1. Differentiate between recall and recognition., Ans: Recall means presentation of any past experience in the form of an image or language in the, conscious level of the mind. It involves the association of ideas. Recall depends on the mental, condition and the memory trace formed. Whereas, recognition is the capacity to be aware of a, previous experience. It is identifying an object or idea at present of which has a past experience., It means familiarity with something, the ability to judge whether something is identical with a, perceived experience on an earlier occasion. Recognition is better than recall as an index of, retention. Recognition starts with the object given whereas recalls find the object from the mind., Thus, when we meet a person, recognize that person’s face, but may not be able to recall his, name. Hence, recognition is more a passive behaviour than an active process like recall., 2. What are the factors which are responsible for influencing one’s memory?, Ans: The factors responsible for influencing one’s memory are:Ref.., textbook page no. 115.

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3. Suggest some steps to improve memory. Could it be sharpened? Justify., Ans: Ref.., textbook page no. 119., 4. What are the different ways to minimize forgetting?, Ans: Ref.., textbook page no. 119., 5. Discuss the causes related to storage failure for forgetfulness., Ans: Ref.., textbook page no. 123.