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Chemical Structure, of aORGANISATION, PolynucleotideINchain, (DNA or RNA), STRUCTURAL, ANIMALS, , Tissue, A tissue is a group of cells having the, same origin, structure and function., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aORGANISATION, PolynucleotideINchain, (DNA or RNA), STRUCTURAL, ANIMALS, , On the basis of function Animal tissues, are divided into 4 major types., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aORGANISATION, PolynucleotideINchain, (DNA or RNA), STRUCTURAL, ANIMALS, On the basis of function Animal tissues are divided into 4 major types., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , , , This tissue has a free surface which, faces either a body fluid or the, outside, , environment, , and, , thus, , provides covering or a lining for, some parts of the body., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EPITHELIAL, TISSUE, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EPITHELIAL, TISSUE, , , , Composed of a single layer of cells, , , , and function as a lining for body cavities,, ducts and tubes., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EPITHELIAL, TISSUE, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EPITHELIAL, TISSUE, , , , The compound epithelium consists of two, or more cell layers and has protective, function as it does in our skin., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE, On, , the, , basis, , of, , structural, , modification of the cells, simple, epithelium is further divided into, three types, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, , , Made of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular, boundaries., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM, They are are involved in a functions like forming a diffusion boundary., They are found in the walls of blood vessels, air sacs of lungs etc., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 23 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM, , , The columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall and, slender cells., , , , Their nuclei are located at the base, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM, , , Free surface may have microvilli., , , , They are found in the lining of stomach and intestine and help in, secretion and absorption., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , CILIATED EPITHELIUM, , , If the columnar or cubical cells bear cilia on their free surface, they are called ciliated epithelium., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , CILIATED EPITHELIUM, Present, , in the inner surface of hollow organs like, , bronchioles and fallopian tubes., Function, , is to move particles or mucus in a specific, , direction over the epithelium., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM, , , Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells get specialized for, secretion and are called Glandular Epithelium., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 31 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , GLANDS, Unicellular, , glands (Isolated glandular cells,, goblet cells of alimentary canal), , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 33 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), On the basis of the mode of pouring of their secretions,, glands are divided into two categories, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 38 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , COMPOUND EPITHELIUM, , , Made of more than one layer of cells., , , , It has a limited role in absorption and secretion., , , , Their main function is to provide protection against chemical, and mechanical stresses., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 39 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , COMPOUND EPITHELIUM, , , Cover the dry surface of skin, moist, surface of buccal cavity, pharynx inner, lining of ducts of salivary glands and, pancreatic glands., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 41 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , CELL JUNCTIONS, , , , In nearly all animal tissues,, specialized, , junctions, , provide, , both structural and functional, links, , between, , its, , individual, , cells., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 42 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , , Three types of Junctions are found in the epithelium and other tissues., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 43 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , , , Help to stop substance from, leaking across a tissue., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 45 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , , , Facilitate the cells to communicate, with each other by connecting the, cytoplasm of adjoining cells for, rapid transfer of ions and small and, big molecules., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 47 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, TISSUES, , Connective, tissue is a tissue, that, , link, , support, , and, other, , tissues/organs, of the body.., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 48 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , , , In all connective tissues except blood, the cells secrete fibres of, structural proteins called collagen or elastin., , , , The fibres provide strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissue., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 49 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , , , These cells also secrete modified polysaccharides, which, accumulate between cells and fibres and act as matrix, (ground substance)., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 50 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , Connective tissues are classified into three types, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 51 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 52 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres loosely arranged, in a semi-fluid ground substance, for example, areolar tissue, present beneath the skin., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 53 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , It contains fibroblasts, (cells that produce, and secrete fibres),, , ●, , macrophages and, , ●, , mast cells., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 54 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , Adipose tissue, ●, , Adipose tissue is loose connective tissue, located mainly beneath the skin., , ●, , The cells of this tissue are specialised to, store fats., , ●, , The excess of nutrients which are not, used immediately are converted into, fats and are stored in this tissue., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 55 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 56 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , ●, ●, ●, , Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed in the dense connective, tissues., Orientation of fibres show a regular or irregular pattern and are called, Dense Regular Connective Tissue and, Dense Irregular Connective Tissues, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 57 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 58 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, Dense Regular Connective Tissue, ●, , In the dense regular connective tissues, the collagen fibres are present in, rows between many parallel bundles of fibres., , Example, ●, , Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to bones., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 59 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , Ligaments which attach one, bone to another are examples, of this tissue, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 60 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 61 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , Dense irregular connective tissue has fibroblasts and many fibres, (mostly collagen) that are oriented differently., , ●, , This tissue is present in the skin., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 62 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 63 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , ●, , Cartilage,, , ●, , Bones and, , ●, , Blood are various types of specialised connective tissues., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 64 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , CARTILAGE, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 65 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , CARTILAGE, , , The inter cellular material of cartilage is solid and pliable and, resists compression., , , , Cells of this tissue (chondrocytes) are enclosed in small cavities, within the matrix secreted by them., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 66 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , CARTILAGE, , , Most of the cartilages in vertebrate embryos, are replaced by bones in adults., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 67 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , CARTILAGE, , , , , , , , Cartilage is present in the tip of, Nose,, outer ear joints,, between adjacent bones of the, vertebral column,, limbs and, hands in adults., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 68 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BONES, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 69 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BONES, , , Bones have a hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in, calcium salts and collagen fibres which give bone its strength, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 70 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BONE, , , , , It is the main tissue that provides structural frame to the body., Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs., The bone cells (osteocytes) are present in the spaces called, lacunae., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 71 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BONE, , , , , , Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weightbearing functions., They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them, to bring about movements., The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of, blood cells., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 72 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BLOOD, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 73 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), CONNECTIVE, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUES, , BLOOD, ●, , Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing, , ●, , Plasma,, , ●, , Red blood cells (RBC),, , ●, , White blood cells (WBC) and, , ●, , Platelets., , ●, , It is the main circulating fluid that helps in, , the transport of various substances., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 76 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , MUSCLE TISSUE, ●, , Each muscle is made of many long, cylindrical, fibres arranged in parallel arrays., , ●, , These fibres are composed of numerous fine, fibrils, called myofibrils., , ●, , Muscle fibres contract (shorten) in response to, stimulation, then relax (lengthen) and return, to their uncontracted state in a coordinated, fashion., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 77 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , MUSCLE TISSUE, ●, , Their action moves the body to adjust to, the changes in the environment and to, maintain the positions of the various, parts of the body., , ●, , In general, muscles play an active role in, all the movements of the body., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 78 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , MUSCLE TISSUE, ●, , Muscles are of three types,, , ●, , Skeletal Muscle, , ●, , Smooth Muscle and, , ●, , Cardiac Muscle, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 80 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , SKELETAL MUSCLE (STRIATED MUSCLE), , , Skeletal muscle tissue is closely attached to, skeletal bones., , , , In a typical muscle such as the biceps,, striated (striped) skeletal muscle fibres are, bundled together in a parallel fashion ., , , , A, , sheath, , of, , tough, , connective, , tissue, , encloses several bundles of muscle fibres, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 82 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , SMOOTH MUSCLE, ●, , The smooth muscle fibres taper at both ends, (fusiform) and do not show striations ., , ●, , Cell junctions hold them together and they are, bundled, , together, , in, , a, , connective, , tissue, , sheath., ●, , The wall of internal organs such as the blood, vessels, stomach and intestine contains this, type of muscle tissue., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 83 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , SMOOTH MUSCLE, ●, , Smooth muscles are ‘involuntary’ as, their functioning cannot be directly, controlled., , ●, , We usually are not able to make it, contract merely by thinking about it as, we can do with skeletal muscles., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 85 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , CARDIAC MUSCLE, , ●, , Cardiac muscle tissue is a contractile, tissue present only in the heart., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 86 :
Chemical StructureMUSCLE, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUES, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , CARDIAC MUSCLE, ●, , Cell junctions fuse the plasma membranes of, cardiac muscle cells and make them stick, together ., , ●, , Communication junctions, (intercalated discs) at some fusion points, allow the cells to contract as a unit, i.e., when, one cell receives a signal to contract, its, neighbours are also stimulated to contract., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 89 :
Chemical StructureNEURAL, of a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , NEURAL TISSUE, ●, , It is a highly specialized tissue for, receiving, , stimuli, , and, , conducting, , impulses., ●, , It coordinates all activities of our, body., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 90 :
Chemical StructureNEURAL, of a Polynucleotide, ANIMAL, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , NEURAL TISSUE, ●, , The, , neuroglial cell, , protect and support neurons., ●, , Neuroglia make up more than, one-, , half, , the, , volume, , of, , neural tissue in our body, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 91 :
Chemical Structure ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide chain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , Cockroaches are brown or, black bodied animals that are, included in-, , •, , Phylum Arthropoda, , •, , Class Insecta, , •, , Brown or black bodied animals, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 92 :
Chemical Structure ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide chain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , Bright yellow, red and green coloured cockroaches, have also been reported in tropical regions., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 93 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , Their size ranges from 1⁄4 inches, to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm) and, have long antenna, legs and flat, extension of the upper body wall, that conceals head., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 94 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , They are nocturnal omnivores that, live in damp places throughout the, world., , ●, , They have become residents of, human homes and thus are serious, pests, , and, , vectors, , of, , several, , diseases, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 96 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , The adults of the common, species, Periplaneta, , of, , cockroach,, , americana, , are, , about 34-53 mm long with, wings that extend beyond the, tip of the abdomen in males., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 97 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , The body of the cockroach is, segmented and divisible into, three distinct regions –, , ●, , Head,, , ●, , thorax and, , ●, , abdomen, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 101 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), ●, , Head is triangular in shape, and lies anteriorly at right, angles to the longitudinal, body axis., , ●, , It is formed by the fusion of, six, , segments, , great, , and, , mobility, , directions, , due, , shows, in, , to, , all, , flexible, , neck., TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 103 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , ●, , A pair of thread like antennae, arise from membranous sockets, lying in front of eyes., , ●, , Antennae have sensory receptors, that, , help, , in, , monitoring, , the, , environment., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 105 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , Biting and Chewing type of mouth parts, ●, , Anterior end of the head bears appendages, forming biting and chewing type of mouth parts., , ●, , a labrum (upper lip),, , ●, , a pair of mandibles,, , ●, , a pair of maxillae and, , ●, , a labium (lower lip)., , ●, , A median flexible lobe, acting as tongue, , (hypopharynx), lies within the cavity enclosed, by the mouthparts, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 108 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , WINGS, ●, , The first pair of wings arises from, mesothorax and the second pair from, metathorax., , ●, , Forewings (mesothoracic) called, , tegmina are opaque dark and leathery, and cover the hind wings when at rest., ●, , The, , hind, , wings, , are, , transparent,, , membranous and are used in flight., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 110 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), Brood or genital pouch of Female cockroach, ●, , In females, the 7th sternum is boat shaped and together with the 8 th and 9th, sterna forms a brood or genital pouch whose anterior part contains female, gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 111 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), , Genital pouch or chamber of Male cockroach, ●, , In males, genital pouch or chamber lies at the hind end of, abdomen bounded dorsally by 9th and 10th terga and, ventrally by the 9th sternum., , ●, , It contains dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and, gonapophysis., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 113 :
Chemical StructureANIMAL, ofCOCKROACH, a Polynucleotide, TISSUESchain (DNA or RNA), Anal styles and Cerci, ●, , ●, , Males bear a pair of, short, thread- like anal, styles which are absent, in females., In both sexes, the 10th, segment bears a pair of, jointed, filamentous, structures called anal, cerci., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 119 :
Chemical Structure, ofCOCKROACH, aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), DIGESTIVE, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Crop, Oesophagus opens into a sac, like, , structure, , called, , crop, , which is used for storing of, food., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 120 :
Chemical Structure, ofCOCKROACH, aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), DIGESTIVE, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Gizzard or proventriculus, ●, , Gizzard helps in grinding the, food particles., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 121 :
Chemical Structure, ofCOCKROACH, aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), DIGESTIVE, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Gizzard or proventriculus, It has an outer layer of thick, circular, inner, , muscles, culicle, , and, , forming, , thick, six, , highly chitinous plate called, teeth., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 122 :
Chemical Structure, ofCOCKROACH, aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), DIGESTIVE, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Hepatic or Gastric caecae, A ring of 6-8 blind tubules called, hepatic or gastric caecae is present, at the junction of foregut and, midgut, which secrete digestive, juice., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 124 :
Chemical Structure, ofCOCKROACH, aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), DIGESTIVE, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Hind Gut, ●, , The hindgut is broader than midgut, and is differentiated into, , ●, , ileum,, , ●, , colon and, , ●, , Rectum., , ●, , The rectum opens out through anus., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 127 :
Chemical, Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), BLOOD, VASCULAR, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ●, , Blood vascular system of cockroach is an, , open type., ●, , ●, , ●, , Blood vessels are poorly developed and, open into space (haemocoel)., Visceral organs located in the haemocoel, are bathed in blood (haemolymph)., The haemolymph is composed, colourless plasma and haemocytes., , of, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 128 :
Chemical BLOOD, Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), VASCULAR, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, ●, , Heart of cockroach consists of elongated, muscular tube lying along mid dorsal line of, thorax and abdomen., , ●, , It, , is, , differentiated, , into, , funnel, , shaped, , chambers with ostia on either side., ●, , Blood from sinuses enter heart through ostia, and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 129 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), RESPIRATORY, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ●, , The respiratory system consists of a, network of trachea, that open through, 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles, present on the lateral side of the body., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 130 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), RESPIRATORY, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, ●, , ●, , ●, , Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes subdivided into tracheoles) carry, oxygen from the air to all the parts., The opening of the spiracles is regulated by the sphincters., Exchange of gases take place at the tracheoles by diffusion., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 131 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), RESPIRATORY, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Air from outside --> spiracles --> tracheal tubes-->, tracheoles --> tissues, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 132 :
Chemical Structure, of a SYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EXCRETORY, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ●, , Excretion is performed by, Malpighian tubules., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 133 :
Chemical Structure, of a SYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), EXCRETORY, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, ●, , Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells., , ●, , They absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into, , uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut., ●, , Therefore, this insect is called, , uricotelic., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 134 :
Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), RESPIRATORY, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , In addition,, ●, , the fat body,, , ●, , nephrocytes and, , ●, , urecose glands, also help in excretion., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 135 :
Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ●, , ●, , ●, , The nervous system of cockroach, consists of a series of fused,, segmentally arranged ganglia joined, by paired longitudinal connectives on, the ventral side., Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and, six in the abdomen., The nervous system of cockroach is, spread throughout the body., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
Page 136 :
Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, ●, , ●, , The head holds a bit of a nervous, system while the rest is situated, along the ventral (belly-side) part of, its body., So, if the head of a cockroach is cut, off, it will still live for as long as one, week., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, ●, , ●, , In the head region, the brain is, represented by supra-oesophageal, ganglion, which supplies nerves to antennae, and compound eyes., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, Sense organs, In cockroach, the sense, organs are, ●, , Antennae,, , ●, , eyes,, , ●, , maxillary palps,, , ●, , labial palps,, , ●, , Anal cerci, etc., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, Sense organs- Eyes, ●, , ●, , The compound eyes are situated at the, dorsal surface of the head., Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal, ommatidia (sing.: ommatidium)., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of aSYSTEM, Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), NERVOUS, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , Mosaic vision, ●, , ●, , With the help of several, ommatidia, a cockroach can, receive several images of an, object., This kind of vision is known as, mosaic vision with more, sensitivity but less resolution,, being common during night, (hence, called, nocturnal, vision)., TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ●, , Cockroaches are, dioecious and both sexes, have well developed, reproductive organs., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , Male reproductive system consists of, a pair of testes lying one on each, lateral side in the 4th -6th abdominal, segments., , ●, , From each testis arises a thin, vas, , deferens,, , which, , opens, , into, , ejaculatory duct through seminal, vesicle., TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , ●, , The ejaculatory duct opens into, male gonopore situated ventral, to anus., A, , characteristic, , mushroom-, , shaped gland is present in the, 6th -7th, , abdominal segments, , which functions as an accessory, reproductive gland., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , The, external, represented, , genitalia, are, by, male, , gonapophysis or phallomere, (chitinous, asymmetrical, structures, surrounding the male, gonopore)., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , The sperms are stored in the seminal, vesicles and are glued together in the, form of bundles called spermatophores, which, are, discharged, during, copulation., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , The female reproductive sysytem, consists of two large ovaries, lying, laterally in the 2nd – 6th abdominal, segments., , ●, , Each ovary is formed of a group of, eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles,, containing a chain of developing, ova., TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , Oviducts of each ovary unite into a, single median oviduct (also called, vagina) which opens into the genital, chamber., , ●, , A pair of spermatheca is present in, the 6th, , segment which opens into, , the genital chamber., TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , ●, , ●, , Sperms are transferred through spermatophores., Their fertilised eggs are encased in capsules, called oothecae., Ootheca is a dark reddish to blackish brown, capsule, about 3/8" (8 mm) long., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , They are dropped or glued to a suitable, surface, usually in a crack or crevice of, high relative humidity near a food source., , ●, , On an average, females produce 9-10, oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , The development of P. americana, is paurometabolous, ie, there, is development through nymphal, stage., , ●, , The nymphs look very much like, adults., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, ●, , The nymph grows by moulting about 13, times to reach the adult form., , ●, , The next to last nymphal stage has wing, pads but only adult cockroaches have, wings., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
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Chemical Structure, of a Polynucleotide, chain (DNA or RNA), REPRODUCTIVE, SYSTEM, OF COCKROACH, ANIMAL, TISSUES, , ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, ●, , Many species of cockroaches are wild, and are of no economic importance., , ●, , They are pests because they destroy, food and contaminate it with their, smelly excreta., , ●, , They can transmit a variety of bacterial, diseases, , by, , contaminating, , food, , material., , TLB’S BIOLOGY CLASSES
