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IUHSS, Parappur, Malappuram, , 1. THE LIVING WORLD, , ZLGY-MM: XI, , Life is a unique, complex organization of molecules, expressing through chemical reactions in order to bring about life activities., , All living things, exhibit this, character, , Not all living things exhibit, this character or characters, exhibited by non-living things, also., , Defining, property, , Non-defining property, , CHARACTERISTICS EXHIBITED BY LIVING ORGANISMS, 1. Grow in size and reproduce offspring similar to them.,  Growth is the increase in mass and number of cells.,  In plants, growth by cell division occurs continuously throughout their life span.,  In animals, growth is only up to a certain age. However, cell division occurs in certain tissues to replace lost cells.,  Non-living objects grow by accumulation of material on the surface. In living organisms, growth is from inside., Reproduction is the production of progeny similar to those of parents., Organisms reproduce asexually and sexually., In unicellular organisms, growth & reproduction are same., Many organisms do not reproduce (e.g. mules, worker bees, infertile human couples, etc)., 2. Metabolism- Many biochemical reactions take place inside., 3. Cellular organisation- Complex entities formed of one or more cells., 4. Consciousness- Ability to sense environment and mount a suitable response., 5. Adaptation- Adapt to environmental changes and gradually evolve into new type of organisms., , DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD, The living world is rich in variety (1.7-1.8 million) but a large number still remains unknown., Systematics- The branch of study dealing about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, the relationships among them., Taxonomy- The branch of science which deals with identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms., International codes for taxonomy:, -for plants: ICBN- International Code for Botanical Nomenclature, -for animals: ICZN- International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, Binomial nomenclature (by Carolus Linnaeus).,  It is a method of naming by which an organism is known by two components- Generic name & specific epithet., , Rules:1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. (They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin), 2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet., 3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are separately underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin., 4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter., 5. Sometimes name of the author appears after the specific epithet, and is written in an abbreviated form., Eg: Mangifera indica Linn. (printed), Linn.- indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus, Mangifera indica (hand written), , Advantages:-, ,  The scientific names ensure that each organism has only one name.,  Description of any organism should enable the people (in any part of the world) to arrive at the same name.,  Also ensure that such a name has not been used for any other known organism., , TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES,  Organisms are placed in a series of ranks (taxonomic categories or taxa) according to their natural relationship., All the categories constitute a taxonomic hierarchy., Kingdom- Group of related phyla, , Eg: Plantae, , Animalia, , Phylum/Division- Group of related classes, , Eg: Angiospermae, , Chordata, , Class - Group of related orders, , Eg: Dicotyledonae, Monocotyledonae, Mammalia, amphibians, , Order - Group of related families, , Eg: Polymoniales, Sapindales,, , Carnivora, Primata, , Family - Group of related genus, , Eg: Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae,, , Felidae, Canidae, , Genus –Group of related species, , Eg: Solanum, Petunia, Datura,, , Panthera, Felis, , Species –Composed of same kind of organisms Eg: tuberosum, nigrum, melongena,, leo, pardus, tigris, BIOLOGY Instant Notes-for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , 1

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TAXONOMICAL AIDS,  These are aids which help in taxonomic process., , 1. Herbarium, Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens., Procedures of herbarium technique:Step 1. Collecting specimen, Step 2. Drying and pressing of specimen, Step 3. Mounting of specimen (by glue) on herbarium sheet (thick paper of 29 x 41.5 cm)., Step 4. Labelling- providing information about date and place of collection,, A design of the label, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc., Step 5. Storing- Sheets are arranged according to a universally accepted system of classification., , Botanical Name: …………………………………..., Common Name: ……………………..….…………, Family: ………………, Locality: ……………… Habitat: …………….…..., Notes: ………………….………………………………., Collector:………………, , Date:………….………, , 2. Botanical Gardens, These specialised gardens have collections of living plants labelled with botanical/scientific name and its family for reference., Famous botanical gardens: Royal Botanical garden at Kew (England, 1600’s).World largest- 80,000 plants; possess 6 million herbarium sheets also.,  Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (1787) - India’s largest; possess 1 million herbarium sheets also.,  National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India)., , 3. Museum, Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference., Museums contains:o Specimens preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions., o Plant and animal specimens preserved as dry specimens., o Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning., o Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved., o Collections of skeletons of animals., , 4. Zoological Parks (Zoos), These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care and which enable us to learn about their, food habits and behaviour., All animals in a zoo are provided, as far as possible, the conditions similar to their natural habitats., , 5. Taxonomic key, Key is a tool used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities., The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet., - It represents the choice made between two opposite options., - This results in acceptance of only one and rejection of the other., - Each statement in the key is called a lead., Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification purposes., , Ex. for key, ,  Other written taxonomic aids for further studies., 6. Flora: Contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area., These provide the index to the plant species found in a particular area., 7. Manuals: Provide information for identification of names of species found in an area., 8. Monographs: Contain information on any one taxon., 9. Catalogues: List of publications (books, periodicals and dictionary) which provide new information for taxonomic studies., BIOLOGY Instant Notes-for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , 2

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IUHSS, PARAPPUR, Malappuram, , Previous Year’s HSE & Model Questions-TOPIC WISE, ZOOLOGY, , Grade: XI, Max. mark:, , Test duration:, , Chapter: 1- THE LIVING WORLD, , CHARACTERS EXHIBITED BY LIVING, ORGANISMS, 1. Life is the property that distinguishes living beings from nonliving things. List the main characters exhibited by living things., (1), 2. “Reproduction is not a defining character while describe the, characters of living things”. Give examples, (1), DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD, 3. Expand the following, a. ICZN, b. ICBN, 4. Carolus Linnaeus is known as father of taxonomy. State any 2, contributions of Linnaeus., (1) (March 2007), 5. „Nomenclature is the process of giving scientific names to the, plants and animals‟, a. What is binomial system of nomenclature?, b. Who proposed binomial system of nomenclature?, c. Enumerate the important universal rules of nomenclature., d. Binomial nomenclature is the most acceptable mode of, naming organism. Why?, 6. A student conceived the rules of binomial nomenclature as, follows. If you find any mistakes in the underlined portions,, correct them with appropriate words., a. The first word in biological name represents species and begins, with a capital letter., b. The second word represents genus and begins with a small letter., (1)(Sept. 2015), 7. The scientific name of house fly and wheat are given below., Correct them., a) Musca Domestica, b) triticumAestivum, (1), 8. Panthera leo, a) Identify the naming system used?, b) What do the 2 terms indicate?, , (1), , 9. Select the correct generic name and specific epithet from the, table given below and write scientific name of a housefly., Generic, name, Mangifera, Musca, , Specific, epithet, domestica, tigris, , (1) (Aug. 2014), 10. The common name „house fly‟ is simpler than its scientific, name „Musca domestica’., a) What is a scientific name?, b) What is the advantage of scientific naming?, (2), 11. In the scientific name of a plant, after generic and specific, epithet, there appears a short form of a scientist. What does it, shows?, 12. Arrange the table below correctly., , TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES, 13. Arrange the following taxonomic categories in ascending, order., Genus, Family, Order, Class, Species, Phylum, Kingdom, (1)(March 2017, Sept. 2014 & Oct. 2011), 14. Rearrange the following in the correct taxonomic hierarchical, sequence:, Chordata, ↑, Primata, ↑, Mammalia, ↑, Homo, ↑, Hominidae, ↑, Sapiens, (1) (March 2010), 15. Give the hierarchical classification of man., 16. Fill in the blanks with suitable words given:, Family, class, genus, species, kingdom, order, phylum, a. The highest taxonomic category is ……………., b. The lowest taxonomic category is ……………., c. The assemblage of related species is ………….., d. ……………. category includes the related family., e. An intermediate category between genus and order is ………….., f. The category phylum is a part of hierarchy which exist between the, …………. and …………., (3), 17. Rearrange both the biological category and taxon based on, taxonomical hierarchy., [Hint- The last two terms of taxon will give the scientific name of, housefly], Category, Taxon, Phylum, Musca, Genus, Insecta, Class, Arthropoda, Species, Domestica, (1) (Oct. 2013), 18. A student placed man and housefly in the following, taxonomic categories. Some of them are wrongly placed. Identify, and correct them., Common, name, Man, Housefly, , Species, , Genus, , Sapiens, Homo, Domestica Musca, , Family, , Order, , Class, , Primata, Hominidae Mammalia, Muscidae Insecta, Diptera, , (1) (Sept. 2010), 19. Complete the table using suitable terms., Common, name, Man, , Genus, , Species, , Class, , Phylum, , …….., , Sapiens, , Mammalia, , …….., , (1) (March 2015), Name, , Species, , Genus, , Family, , Order Class, , Man, aestivum Musca Poaceae, Poales Mammalia, House fly domestica Homo, Hominidae Primata Monocotyledonae, Wheat, sapiens, Triticum Muscidae Diptera Insecta, for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , TAXONOMICAL AIDS, 20. Taxonomical aids are very useful for classification and, identification of organisms. Name any two taxonomical aids., (1)(March 2012), 3

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21. Observe the first pair of words and write a suitable word for, the second pair., Botanical garden: Living plants, ………………….: Living animals, (1) (Sept. 2016), 22. Fill in the blank spaces in the table given below., Location, Plants/ animals, Dead/ live, Herbarium, …..a…., Dead, Botanical garden Plants, ….b…., …..c……, Animals and plants Dead, Zoological park, …d….., ….e…., 23. Identify the taxonomical aids from the description given, below., a. Specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference., b. Place where wild animals are kept in protected environment under, human care and which enables us to learn about their food habits, and behaviour., c. Store house of collections of preserved plant and animal specimens, for study and reference., d. It is a taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals, based on similarities and dissimilarities., e. Store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and, preserved on sheets., 24. During the adventurous trip, a plus one student got a skull and, skeletal part of rare animal from the Chinnar forest., Select the suitable location for keeping it from the list of taxonomic, aids given below., Herbarium, Museum, Zoological park, Botanical garden, (1) (March 2016, 2009), 25. During study tour, Reshma collected some insects, 2 birds and, few plants. Suggest proper methods for its preservation., 26. After completing a project study based on diversity of spiders,, the specimens were intended to be stored for future reference., Select a suitable taxonomical aid from the following for the, preservation of specimens., a. Herbarium, b. Museum, c. Zoological park, d. Sanctuary, (1) (March 2013), 27. Categorise the following terms in to two. Give suitable title for, each category., Species, Museum, Class, Genus, Zoological Park, Herbarium, (1)(Sept. 2012), 28. Note the relationship between the first two words and suggest, suitable words for the fourth place., a. Collection of living plants : Botanical garden,, Animals kept in protected environment: …………….., b. Homo sapiens: Man,, Musca domestica: ……………, (1) (March 2011), 29. The term “couplet” is related with taxonomic aid. Identify the, taxonomic aid., (1), , for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , 4

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IUHSS, PARAPPUR, Malappuram, , NEET & AIPMT Previous Year’s Entrance Questions- TOPIC WISE, Test to Inspire the Pre-professionals..., , Grade: XI, Max. mark:, , ZOOLOGY, Chapter-1: The Living World, , CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS, 1. Which one of the following aspects is an exclusive, characteristic of living thing?, (a) Isolated metabolic reactions occur in in vitro., (b) Increase in mass from inside only., (c) Perception of events happening in the environment and their, memory., (d) Increase in mass by accumulation of material both on surface as, well as internally., (AIPMT Main 2011), 2. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of living, organisms?, (a) Growth, (b) Ability to make sound, (c) Reproduction, (d) Response to external stimuli, (NCERT Exemplar), DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD, 3. The term ‘systematics’ refers to:, (a) Identification and classification of plants and animals, (b) Nomenclature and identification of plants and animals, (c) Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship, (d) Different kinds of organisms and their classification, (NCERT Exemplar), Binomial Nomenclature, 4. Binomial nomenclature means:, (a) One name given by two scientists, (b) One name comprising a generic and specific epithet, (c) Two name, one Latinized, other of a person, (d) Two name, one scientific, other local, (AIPMT 1993), 5. Binomial nomenclature was given by:, (a) R. H Whittaker, (b) Linnaeus, (c) Aristotle, (d) Theophratus, , Test duration:, , (AFMC 2010), , 6. Study the four statements (A-D) given below and select the two, correct ones out of them:, A. Definition of biological species was given by Ernst Mayr, B. Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants, C. Binomial nomenclature system was given by R.H Whittaker, D. In unicellular organisms, reproduction is synonymous with growth, The two correct statements are, (a) B and C, (b) A and D, (c) C and D, (d) A and B, (NEET July 2016), 7. Systema Naturae is written by, (a) Aristotle, (b) Linnaeus, (c) Hippocrates, (d) Darwin, 8. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which, one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature?, (a) Biological names can be written in any language, (b) The first word in a biological name represents the genus name, and, the second is a species epithet, (c) The names are written in Latin and italicised, (d) When written by hand, the names are to be underlined, (NEET May 2016), , for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , 9. Which one of the following organisms is scientifically correctly, named, correctly printed according to International Rules of, Nomenclature and correctly described?, (a) Musca domestica- the common house lizard, a reptile, (b) Plasmodium falciparum- a protozoan pathogen causing the, most serious type of malaria, (c) Felis tigris- the Indian tiger, well protected in Gir forests, (d) E. coli- full name Entamoeba coli, a commonly occurring, bacterium in human intestine, (AIPMT 2012), 10. Which of the following represents order of ‘Horse’?, (a) Equidae, (b) Perissodactyla, (c) Caballus, (d) Ferus, (NEET 2017), 11. Which one of the following animals is correctly matched with, its particular taxonomic category?, (a) tiger- tigris, species, (b) cuttle fish- mollusca, class, (c) human- primata, family, (d) house fly- Musca, order., (AIPMT Main 2011), 12. Oryza sativa is the binomial name of the rice plant, the sativa, stands for, (a) Specific name, (b) Specific epithet, (c) Species name, (d) Specific nomenclature, 13. Genus represents(a) An individual plant or animal, (b) A collection of plants or animals, (c) Group of closely related species of plants or animals, (d) None of these, (NCERT Exemplar), 14. Which of the following suffixes used for units of classification, in plants indicates a taxonomic category of ‘family’?, (a) -ales, (b) -onae, (c) –aceae, (d) -ae, (NCERT Exemplar), 15. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic hierarchy,, the number of common characteristics (a) Will decrease, (b) Will increase, (c) Remain same, (d) May increase or decrease, (NCERT Exemplar), TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES, 16. Taxonomic hierarchy refers to:, (a) Stepwise arrangement of all categories for classification of plants, and animals, (b) A group of senior taxonomists who decide the nomenclature of, plants and animals, (c) A list of botanists or zoologists who have worked on taxonomy of, a species or group, (d) Classification of a species based on fossil record, 17. ‘Taxa’ differs from ‘Taxon’ due to, (a) this being a higher taxonomic category than taxon, (b) this being a lower taxonomic category than taxon, (c) this being the plural of taxon, (d) this being the singular of taxon, 5

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18. The hierarchical arrangement of taxonomic categories in, descending order is(a) Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, (b) Kingdom, division, phylum, order, family, genus, species, (c) Kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus, (d) Division, kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus, species, (AIPMT 2013, Kerala PMT 2007), 19. Match the following and choose the correct optionA. Family, (i) tuberosum, B. Kingdom, (ii) Polymonials, C. Order, (iii) Solanum, D. Species, (iv) Plantae, E. Genus, (v) Solanacea, (a) A-iv, B-iii, C-v, D-ii, E-i, (b) A-v, B-iv, C-ii, D-i, E-iii, (c) A-iv, B-v, C-ii, D-i, E-iii, (d) A-v, B-iii, C-ii, D-i, E-iv, , (NCERT Exemplar), , 20. Taxonomic group of any rank is, (a) Class, (b) Order, (c) Taxon, (d) Phylum, 21. A group of related genera, with still less number of similarities, as compared to the genus and species constitute(a) Order, (b) Class, (c) Family, (d) Division, 22. The taxonomic unit ‘phylum’ in the classification of animals is, equivalent to which hierarchical level in classification of plants, (a) Class, (b) Order, (c) Division, (d) Family, (NCERT Exemplar), 23. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the same, species if they(a) have more than 90% similar gene, (b) look similar and possess identical secondary metabolites, (c) have same number of chromosome, (d) can reproduce freely with each other and form seed, (AIPMT 2007), 24. Match column-I with column-II for housefly classification and, select the correct option using the codes given below:, Column I, Column II, 1. Family, (i) Diptera, 2. Order, (ii) Arthropoda, 3. Class, (iii) Muscidae, 4. Phylum, (iv) Insecta, , for HSS LiVE.IN, prepared by: Minhad. M. Muhiyudeen, #- 9846 29 22 27, , Codes:, 1, (a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iv), (d) (iv), , 2, (i), (ii), (iii), (ii), , 3, (iv), (iv), (ii), (i), , 4, (ii), (i), (i), (iii), (NEET July 2016), , TAXONOMICAL AIDS, 25. Botanical garden and zoological parks have, (a) Collection of endemic living species only, (b) Collection of exotic living species only, (c) Collection of endemic and exotic living species, (d) Collection of only local plants and animals, (NCERT Exemplar), 26. The largest herbarium in India is located in, (a) National botanical garden, Lucknow, (b) Lloyd botanical garden, Darjeeling, (c) Indian botanical garden, Sibpur, Howrah, (d) Forest research institute, Dehradun, 27. The label of herbarium sheet does not carry information on, (a) Date of collection, (b) Name of collector, (c) Local names, (d) Height of the plant, (NEET July 2016), 28. The famous botanical garden of Kew is located in, (a) India, (b) England, (c) Germany, (d) France, 29. Which one of the following is taxonomical aid of plants and, animals based on similarities and dissimilarities?, (a) Flora, (b) Keys, (c) Monographs, (d) Catalogues, (e) Manuals, (Kerala PMT 2012, 2016), 30. Which one of the following is not a correct statement?, (a) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants for reference, (b) A museum has collection of photographs of plants and animals, (c) Key is a taxonomic aid for identification of specimens, (d) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved plant specimen, (NEET 2013), , 6