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175, ne the role of, t on equal, hinist, cainst, 12 Can you think of reasons why we, should study the work of thinkers who died, long ago? What could be some reasons to not, study them?, Ans The work of thinkers who died long ago needs to, be studied because it is important to understand, the impact of their ideologies in order to know, the present-day societies well., Reasons to study works of early thinkers, to secure the, workplace, nental, vironmental, vhich have, mental, of peaceful, (i) For understanding the communist model and, its failures, one needs to study the theories, developed by Karl Marx on capitalism and, communism., ave, hese, (ii) Some theories of scholars are still relevant in, the present day societies. The idea of, bureaucracy by Max Weber is a very, important element of functioning of present, day societies., (iii) Theories of thinkers also provide many, answers to social developments of the past., For example, the progress of Western, societies compared to Asian societies can be, understood through the study of, Protestant-Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism, by Max Weber., acquired a, oncerns, ge and its, in India, ppiko, dolan and, per, (iv) The difference between sociology and, psychology can be understood by the, example of study of 'Suicide' done by Emile, Durkheim., es of, pinion, which, - India, at, Reasons for not studying the works of early, thinkers, (i) Some of the old concepts may not be, applicable to the present day societies. This, can be attributed to unforeseen changes in, social, economic, cultural and technological, fields which accompany the advent of a new, era. For instance, the theory of Karl Marx, where he concludes that the working class, would protest against the capitalist and a new, form of socialist regime would emerge, was, eventually proved wrong and later the theory, of Max Weber was accepted., ndian, rote, h Raj,, is, Feber, lox and, ste, (ii) There are many critics to Karl Marx's theory., For example, the ideology of the Indian, villages being self-sufficient entity by the, Western scholars, was highly criticised by, the Indians., wrote, an, OLDER

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could think and reason were, considered as 'savages'., Ans People who could think and reason were, f, considered as a complete human., y to, 26 For reason to become the defining feature or, the human world, it was necessary to displace, secular, scientific and humanistic acts from, the central position., Ans For reason to become the defining feature of the, human world, it was necessary to displace nature,, religion and divine acts of Gods from the central, position., 27 Max Weber is regarded as the founder of, sociology as formal discipline., Ans Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of, sociology a formal discipline., © VERY SHORT ANSWER, TYPE QUESTIONS, Why healthy social facts are called as normal, facts?, Ans Healthy social facts are called normal facts because, they help in proper and normal functioning of, society., What do you understand by the term, bourgeoisie?, Ans According to Marx, bourgeoisie is class of people, who own the means of production in a capitalist, society and enjoy both economic and political power., TATI

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could think and reason were, considered as 'savages'., Ans People who could think and reason were, f, considered as a complete human., y to, 26 For reason to become the defining feature or, the human world, it was necessary to displace, secular, scientific and humanistic acts from, the central position., Ans For reason to become the defining feature of the, human world, it was necessary to displace nature,, religion and divine acts of Gods from the central, position., 27 Max Weber is regarded as the founder of, sociology as formal discipline., Ans Emile Durkheim is regarded as the founder of, sociology a formal discipline., © VERY SHORT ANSWER, TYPE QUESTIONS, Why healthy social facts are called as normal, facts?, Ans Healthy social facts are called normal facts because, they help in proper and normal functioning of, society., What do you understand by the term, bourgeoisie?, Ans According to Marx, bourgeoisie is class of people, who own the means of production in a capitalist, society and enjoy both economic and political power., TATI

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operation of the and modern, (i) The of economy:, Ans The two helped and, function. In the absence of bureaucracy, the, (ii) The modern states have, 16 Di, 178, be accepted as constructive. It is a destructive, concept that ultimately leads to fascism which, any society cannot withstand in the long run., to, would not be possible., 5 Define Marxian conception of socialism., Ans Marxian concept of socialism rests on the pointr, that labour class will start revolution against, capitalism and slowly throw away the, authority. Then system of labour class will be, established and there will be no class in the, society. Everyone will get according to his, ability and society will control means of, production. This is the concept of Marxian, socialism., e se, dependent on a consta, functional unit is, suy, bureaucracy., 6 Define Marxian concept of alienation., Ans According to Marx, alienation is a condition in, which men are dominated by the forces of their, own creations. It is a process in capitalist, society by which human beings are separated, from nature, other humans, their self and their, work., progress of industries., 12 What was Weber's interpretation of, protestant religion?, Ans Max Weber interpretated that capitalism, to grow capitalism. There is absence of, capitalism where there is no religion. He had, the opinion that there is a strong relation, between growth of particular economy and the, religion associated with it., What do you understand by the term, 'division of labour'?, Ans Division of labour basically means that labour, will be distributed among the different, individuals on the basis of different skills and, specialisations. It is based on the fact that a, person who is good at something would be, given that task according to his expertise., * What is the meaning of organic solidarity?, Ans Organic solidarity is the solidarity that, originates from people's being different and, interdependent. In this type of solidarity, people, are specialised in hand'ing tasks and can take, care independently. It mainly prevails in, modern as well as complex societies., 13 What do you understand by charismatic, authority?, Ans Charismatic authority is the authority which is, derived from divine sources or the gift of grace., The charisma means a sense of heroism or, exemplary character of an individual. It is, actually based on normative patterns prescribed, by the individual possessing charisma., 9 What is the meaning of mechanical, solidarity?, Ans Mechanical solidarity is the solidarity that, originates from the people being similar or, alike. The level or degree of specialisation is, comparatively less in the case of this type of, solidarity. It exists in simple societies and the, primitive society that is backward and old is the, best example of mechanical solidarity., 14 What is the meaning of social action?, Ans Social action is a type of action that has, certain types of characteristics. It is meaningful., It is something that will either be affected, by other's actions or affect one's own, actions., Explain Weber's coi. eption of bureaucracy., Ans Weber was among the fi sociologist to, analyse the functioning of reaucracy from a, sociological point of view. He believed that, bureaucracy is important fo: the society to, 15 Why is Emile Durkheim referred to as the, key classical theorist in sociology?, Ans Emile Durkheim is referred as the key classical, theorist in sociology because he laid down, sociology on a scientific discipline and defined, the subject matter of sociology. His key, theoretical statement claims that social, phenomenon are realities that can only be, explained by other social facts.

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operation of the and modern, (i) The of economy:, Ans The two helped and, function. In the absence of bureaucracy, the, (ii) The modern states have, 16 Di, 178, be accepted as constructive. It is a destructive, concept that ultimately leads to fascism which, any society cannot withstand in the long run., to, would not be possible., 5 Define Marxian conception of socialism., Ans Marxian concept of socialism rests on the pointr, that labour class will start revolution against, capitalism and slowly throw away the, authority. Then system of labour class will be, established and there will be no class in the, society. Everyone will get according to his, ability and society will control means of, production. This is the concept of Marxian, socialism., e se, dependent on a consta, functional unit is, suy, bureaucracy., 6 Define Marxian concept of alienation., Ans According to Marx, alienation is a condition in, which men are dominated by the forces of their, own creations. It is a process in capitalist, society by which human beings are separated, from nature, other humans, their self and their, work., progress of industries., 12 What was Weber's interpretation of, protestant religion?, Ans Max Weber interpretated that capitalism, to grow capitalism. There is absence of, capitalism where there is no religion. He had, the opinion that there is a strong relation, between growth of particular economy and the, religion associated with it., What do you understand by the term, 'division of labour'?, Ans Division of labour basically means that labour, will be distributed among the different, individuals on the basis of different skills and, specialisations. It is based on the fact that a, person who is good at something would be, given that task according to his expertise., * What is the meaning of organic solidarity?, Ans Organic solidarity is the solidarity that, originates from people's being different and, interdependent. In this type of solidarity, people, are specialised in hand'ing tasks and can take, care independently. It mainly prevails in, modern as well as complex societies., 13 What do you understand by charismatic, authority?, Ans Charismatic authority is the authority which is, derived from divine sources or the gift of grace., The charisma means a sense of heroism or, exemplary character of an individual. It is, actually based on normative patterns prescribed, by the individual possessing charisma., 9 What is the meaning of mechanical, solidarity?, Ans Mechanical solidarity is the solidarity that, originates from the people being similar or, alike. The level or degree of specialisation is, comparatively less in the case of this type of, solidarity. It exists in simple societies and the, primitive society that is backward and old is the, best example of mechanical solidarity., 14 What is the meaning of social action?, Ans Social action is a type of action that has, certain types of characteristics. It is meaningful., It is something that will either be affected, by other's actions or affect one's own, actions., Explain Weber's coi. eption of bureaucracy., Ans Weber was among the fi sociologist to, analyse the functioning of reaucracy from a, sociological point of view. He believed that, bureaucracy is important fo: the society to, 15 Why is Emile Durkheim referred to as the, key classical theorist in sociology?, Ans Emile Durkheim is referred as the key classical, theorist in sociology because he laid down, sociology on a scientific discipline and defined, the subject matter of sociology. His key, theoretical statement claims that social, phenomenon are realities that can only be, explained by other social facts.