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sor., , d the, , “UETelap; UCAS a Se ene, , €presentation?, , ns A, , collective re i, , ; Presentation is defined by th, following characteristics: ae, , (Social facts are the collective, , Tepresentations. The language of the, , oY and the monetary system of, ‘€ nation are its examples., , i It is the subject matter into which the, ideas of the society have been, condensed., , (iii) The collective representations reflect, collective values and beliefs. Types of, popular myths, religious doctrines and, the customs and traditions are all, helpful in understanding collective, representations., , per’ ollectine representations express the, way in which the objects are affected by, the social value., , (v) The basic social life is difficult to, explain using only the psychological, factors. The individuals who follow the, societal values have collectively, established the ways of thinking and, behaving in the society. It is something, that is not created by one individual, alone but is a result of collective, thinking., , Aw tata tha eancent of interpretive, , R PRACTICE

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180, proceeds, , og of social acto, al actus tne Une efits th, , ; a sto wheel, a evidars all beammars bebavionst #, , , , , , the awrans, actually, the actor, ac tient, , § particular, P : abe, , at tow, , , , attacters snabgere tee re, ve directo, , , , Ee, seborws an tine wonetety, x concerned with all the, , Mewerwer, oe, . » o¢ that whieh takes, , , , amenccioag fal son tad ae tha, acewnant of other people. But sociology studies, senctety ie detail and it is reflective of the values, vn arwd thus interprers ie walldity i, thereby interpreting sociology, , , , uo all respects, What do you understand by ‘ideal types’?, tas An ideal type is « selection of certain elements., traits or characteristics which are distinctive, celewant to the phenomenon of study Itisa, magnified picture of a particular reality. Weber, observed society as a complex types of forces., He developed his own notion of ideal type for, making scientific generalisations out of our, understanding of the infinitely complex and, shufting world. It is a collection of the features of, an catity that are logically consistent., Though the ideal types are constructed from, facts existing in reality, they do not represent or, describe the total reality. Basically, an ideal type, is a mental construct of rational and charismatic, , form of domination., , HK kecording to Weber, what is the overall, objective of social sciences?, , Ams Weber argued that the overall objective of the, social sciences was to develop an ‘interpretive, understanding of social action’. He believed that, these sciences were very different from the, natural sciences, which aimed to discover the, objective ‘laws of nature’ governing the physical, world. His view was that the methods of enquiry, of social science also had to be different from the, methods of natural science. ‘Social action’, , caantiganen behaviour that was, action to which actors attached a, meaning., , 7 Explain the three ideal types of domination., , Ans Weber has Ree iat, dt my Te, tational Domination It is based, i haild Yauts on the belief that, ;, , THE, , there is some sort of legality in the, even accept the right to accept the rights of., , , , , , , , , , -yone SOCIOLOGY Class es, 4 FF, Alin Uy y" (i) vs, ), al uthority Traditional re, OD Traditions based on traditional pe, authority # Oy it is based on habitual re, yegitimacy “i.e gource of traditiongy ""Y =, of thinking as custom and precedenc, :, quthority vat whatever established fro, (id :, meaning HM as formed 8 norm wil, the past Mraditional form of authorit :, eonstity! traditional authority the ability”, short, In Wr rule is passed down, often, and #8 peredity: It does not change, throug™ Joes not facilitate social cha,, overtime, © irrational and inconsisten, ie, , ion This t, > tie Dominat ype, sere js based on charismatic s, , tion :, eee Charisma essentially means 4, ea ift or grace and Charismatic, , ds upon the devotion ¢,, , nm, ific and exceptional sanctity,, exemplary character of an, , individual. Charismatic domination is, ein which is based on the, ai s that are prescribed, , duals possessing charisma., , g-&plain class struggle of Karl Marx., ins Karl Marx was of the view that human society, , has passed through different stages of, development viz primitive, communal, ancient,, feudal and capitalist. Each of these stages has, been defined by a mode of production. The, factors of production are in the hands of the, oppressors and they control them while the, oppressed are completely devoid of them., There always exists a conflict between the, haves and the have nots. Also when the, proletariat class becomes conscious and slowly, acquires revolutionary character the, bourgeoisie is overthrown out of power. This, is what class struggle according to Marx., , 9 What are the four types of social action?, , Ans Since, the central concern of the social sciences, was with social action and since human actions, necessarily involved subjective meanings, the, methods of enquiry of social science also had te, different from the methods of natuel, pace Weber has defined four types of soci!, , (i) Goal Oriented Social Action It is whe", an individual is able to rationally select his, ar: behavioural goals and the means fot, , attainment. Both the goals and the, means are, therefore, rationally chose”:, , heroism, OF

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18, Explain Dy ;, Du, , is characterised by total, reflection on personal matters., , (iii) Fatalistic Suicide When there is excessive, degree of regulation in a society, it leads to, fatalistic suicide. Suicide of the slave who is, subject to torture under the hands of the, master is an example., , j ic Suicide David Emile Durkheim, 03 pale abies suicide to disillusionment and, 3 disappointment. Durkheim defined the term, , dition w cial and also, anomic as a condition where so, , ws aren are confused, unclear, or simply, mo:, , not present. ;, ii 4.4 niatinonich between sub-structure an

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@ CASE BASED QUESTIONS, , ead the given passa s, questions that follow by choosing t, , option., , ge and answer the, he correct, , ns of modern industry ete, al Revolution, which, , he late 18th and early, ects., , 1 The foundatio, laid by the Industri, began in Britain int, 19th centuries. It had two major asp’, The first was the systematic application of, science and technology to industrial, production, particularly the invention of, new machines and the harnessing of new, sources of power. Secondly, the industrial, revolution also evolved new ways of, organising labour and markets on a scale, larger than anything in the past., , (GQ) gecrresencer revolution which laid down the ‘, foundations of modern industry, began in, Britain in the late 18th and early 19th, , centuries., (a) Industrial (b) Economic, (c) Scientific (d) Social, (ii) The systematic application Of ...-.ss to, , industrial production was the main, force behind invention of new machines., (a) capital, (b) reason, (c) science and technology, (d) human resource, , (Gil). The sscsesseraine set up in urban areas were, manned by workers who were uprooted, from the rural areas and came to the, cities in search of work., (a) schools (b) farms, (c) factories (d) churches, , (iv) From the outset sociological thought was, concerned with the scientific analysis of, developments in ..............., (a) rural society (b) tribal society, (c) religious society (d) industrial society, , Ans. (j) (a) Industrial, , (ii) (€) science and technology, (iii) (c) factories (iv) (d) industrial society, , sas ia Sy Ses 2

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gucins Western Sociologics, Ss, , , , , , , , Cl, ‘assy, uy, (i, : i) The methodolog: chet, rests a used to illustrate the Re idea] typ, tor hy authority, they are t,4. °° ‘Ypes pee, ‘are charismatic anq . Aditiona) ef, ‘s, if (a) systematic °, ns ie ich (c) rational-legal dominant, tion (v) Rationallegal authority One of these, Ireag, in modern times Was epit, ic Prevaileg, ae mised j,, in, ne (a) democracy b me, eon o ey ie Teeaucrac:, A i ni, me fe ws @ © ociz action (i) (a) © Of these, ces, |” Gai) (c) rational-legal, (; ax Weber, ' (iv) (b) bureaucra, , foe was for Durkheim a Social f;, act, , al co) i, and above the individual, miekue over, 'S that, , pound people in grou;, existence of ea dicey: he crucial to the, solidarities exerted press €s or social, to conform to the nor; ‘ure on individuals, , ; ms and ex, ‘, of the group. This constraineq th eons, individual's behaviour pattern as a, yariation within a small range. anne ,, of choice in social action Aen jee euction, behaviour could now be eee i, , as it, , followed a pattern., , (i) According to Durkheim, the..., exerted pressure on individuals i), conform to the norms and expectations, of the group, (a) mechanical solidarity, (b) social solidarity, (c) emotional solidarity, (d) organic solidarity, , (i) For Durkheim the social was to be found, in the codes of conduct imposed on, individuals by ... pa, (a) individual agreement, (b) legitimate authority, (c) collective agreement, (d) None of the above, , (iii)... may be considered as the founder, , of sociology as a formal discipline as he, was the first to become a Professor ©}, Sociology in Paris in 1913, (a) Emile Durkheim (b) August Comte, (c) Herbert Spencer (d) Max Weber |, , (iv) The scientific understanding of society, that Durkheim sought to develop was i, based on the ee % if fac, , ‘a) soci mo, , i ieee (d) rational, , (i) (®) social solidarity, , (ii) (c) Collective agreement, , (iii) (c) Emile Durkheim, , , , , , , , , , (iv) (b) Moral, , 183, , LON, G ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS, , Ans, , What are the, , theory of die of the, Karl Marx ary, characterise, nature whic!, man. Aliena’, , oe pat the history of mankind is, x eons control of man over, 2 d to the increasing alienation of, domingees ton is a condition in which men are, a ted by the forces of their own creati, and which confronts them with alien powers, € mai 4, ia ‘ain features of alienation are as follows:, the case of a capitalistic soci jienati, controls \ capitali society alienation, os every institutional sphere like, ae ane polity and even religion., Feat ofthe different kinds of alienation,, ir arx thinks economic alienation as, ‘€ most important one as it is related to, = everyday activities of human beings., (iii) Economic alienation alienates the worker, from the subject that he produces and from, the process of production and from himself, and from the community of the fellows., The worker does not at all feel at ease at, the working place while he puts his whole, life on the production of the product that, he produces. This leads to a feeling of, apathy and indifference towards the work, _ and the fellow beings., 4) Human beings are alienated from each, other as capitalism individualises previously, collective forms of social organisation, and, as relationships get more and more, market-mediated., (v) The large mass of working people is, h iB peop!, alienated from the fruits of its labour, because workers do not own the products, they produce and have no connection to, the production of a product. Also the, workers have no control over their product., Pp, , i) Herbert Marcuse’s analysis of one, dimensional man mainly analysed the, position of the worker with respect to the, , dustry., , i) In the theory of alienation, the worker is, not only alienated from himself but also, from every other person. Every person is, alienated from the other person and is, likewise alienated from humans., , 2 Explain in detail the types of authority, given by Max Weber., , Authority is the legal and sanctioned form of, power by the state. The term sanction here, refers to power which is given approval by the, society. Power is generally defined as the —, capacity of a person to influence the behaviour, , of the other person against his wish., , Ans