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Good Day!
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TO DO LIST:, Identify the different properties of a well- written text;, Cite the importance of a well-written text; and, Create a short well-written paragraph employing the properties of a well-written text.
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PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT
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For a text to be well-written, one must keep in mind these four properties., Organization, Coherence and Cohesion, Arrangement of details according to . . ., Chronological Order, Spatial Order, Emphatic Order, Signal Devices, Transitions, Comparison, Contrast, Cause and Effect, Conclusion, Time, Sequence, Space, Illustration, Repetitions, Synonyms, Pronouns, Language Use, Mechanics
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I.ORGANIZATION, It is said that ideas are well-developed when there is a clear statement of purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or opposing viewpoints., Organization is achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged.
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ORGANIZATION, If there is a clear statement of, purpose, position, facts, examples, specific details, definitions, explanation, justifications, or, opposing viewpoints,, IDEAS are formed and well- developed., ORGANIZATION, And if there is organization. . . there is . . .
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COHERENCE
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Coherence and cohesion are achieved when ideas are logically, clearly and smoothly linked to one another.
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II. COHERENCE AND COHESION, COHERENCE: , connection of ideas at conceptual or idea level, , COHESION: connection of ideas at sentence level
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COHESION, - the property of unity in a written text or a segment of spoken discourse that stems from links among its surface elements, as when words in one sentence are repeated in another, and especially from the fact that some words or phrases depend for their interpretation upon material in preceding or following text
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Example:, Be assured of this. Most people do not want to fight. However, they will do so when provoked.
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How can we organize the details of a paragraph?
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Coherence and Cohesion, Arrangement of details according to . . ., Chronological Order, Spatial Order, Emphatic Order
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1. CHRONOLOGICAL. The details are arranged in the, order in which they happened., COHERENCE AND COHESION
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, , This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set for PM instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I just threw on some clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as I could and thought that I was going to be late for sure, but when I got there everyone was outside and there were firetrucks all lined up in front of school. I guess somebody pulled the fire alarm before class started. It worked out though, because nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
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COHERENCE AND COHESION
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, 2. SPATIAL – The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical, location, such as left-to-right, up- to-down, etc.
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, The inside of Bill's refrigerator was horrible. On the top shelf was a three week old carton of milk. Next to it sat a slice of melon that had started to get moldy. To the right of the melon sat the remains of a macaroni and cheese dinner that had been served a week earlier. On the shelf below was a slice of cake from his sister's birthday party. Though there was food, none of it was edible.
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, 3. EMPHATIC – is when information found in a paragraph is arranged to, emphasize certain points depending on the writer’s purpose., The coherence of the paragraph is established in one of two ways: (a) from least to most important, or (b) from most to least important.
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After looking at all the brochures and talking to several salesmen, I decided to purchase an SLR camera. For several years I had been dissatisfied with the results I was getting from my point-and-shoot camera. The framing was imprecise and the focus was not always accurate. I had planned a vacation to an area that promised many fabulous photo opportunities, and I wanted to capture each one with accuracy. But the most important reason I decided on the SLR camera was the great versatility it offered., COHERENCE AND COHESION
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, In the above paragraph, the organization moves from the least important, idea (dissatisfaction with the results of the point-and-shoot camera) to the most important idea (the versatility offered with the SLR camera).
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, B. Signal Devices, Transitions, Time e. Comparison, b. Sequence, Contrast, Cause and Effect, Conclusion, Space, Illustration, Repetitions, Synonyms, Pronouns
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B. Signal Devices, - words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing, COHERENCE AND COHESION
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, Examples:, 1. Transitions (words that connect one idea to another, in, order for our ideas to flow smoothly)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, a. Time (first, immediately, afterward, before, at the same time, after, earlier, simultaneously, finally, next, in the meantime, later, eventually, then, meanwhile, now, subsequent, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, b. Sequence (moreover,, furthermore, next, also, finally, last, another, first, second, third, besides, additionally, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, c. Space (above,, next to, below, behind, beside, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, d. Illustration (for instance, specifically, for example, namely, in this case, to illustrate, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, e. Comparison (similarly,, also, in the same way, still, likewise, in comparison, too, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, f. Contrast (but, despite, however, even though, yet, on the other hand, although, on the contrary, otherwise, conversely, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, g. Cause and Effect (because, as a result, consequently, then, so, since, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, h. Conclusion (thus,, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc.)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, 2. Repetitions (repetitions of, main ideas keep continuity and highlight important ideas), -it could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text
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Examples of Repetitions:, If you think you can do it, you can do it., The boy was a good footballer, because his father was a footballer, and his grandfather was a footballer., The judge commanded, stamping his mallet on the table, “Order in the court, order in the court.”, The president said, “Work, work, and work,” are the keys to success.
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, 3. Synonyms (these are words similar in meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions)
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COHERENCE AND COHESION, 4. Pronouns (words, that connect readers to the original word that the pronouns replace)
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Example of Pronouns used in an actual sentence:, , INCORRECT: Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the Republic of the Philippines. Aside from that, Rodrigo Duterte also served as Davao City’s Mayor for a long period of time. Rodrigo Duterte is also known by the populace as an adamant leader. . ., , CORRECT: Rodrigo Duterte is the 16th President of the Republic of the Philippines. Aside from that, he also served as Davao City’s Mayor for a long period of time. He is also known by the populace as an adamant leader. . .
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LANGUAGE USE, III. Language Use
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LANGUAGE USE, III. LANGUAGE USE, - appropriateness of word / vocabulary usage
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LANGUAGE USE, Words and Phrases one must avoid to use in order to practice appropriate Language Use:
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LANGUAGE USE, Words and Phrases one must avoid to use in order to practice appropriate Language Use:, Table of contents, 1.Too informal, 2.Too unsophisticated 3.Too vague 4.Other tips
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LANGUAGE USE, Too informal
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Too unsophisticated
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Too vague
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LANGUAGE USE, Other tips, Jargon (i.e. “insider” terminology that may be difficult for readers from other fields to understand), Clichés (which are expressions that are heavily overused, such as think outside of the box and but at the end of the day), Everyday abbreviations (e.g. photos, fridge, phone, info), Slang (e.g. cops, cool), Not gender neutral (e.g. firemen, mankind)
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And lastly. . .
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MECHANICS, IV. MECHANICS, - set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize, *Avoid contractions and exclamation points (unless part of a direct quotation), *Mention the full name before the abbreviation., *Numbers from 0-10 must be spelled out.
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MECHANICS, Other examples. . .
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LET’S PLAY, A GAME
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In this activity, I will be presenting you excerpts or examples from a text. You will try to determine what property of a well-written text is present/used in it. For example. . .
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Michael took the children with him., Answer: Coherence and cohesion, Pronouns
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I will be grouping you into four groups., Please count one to four., The goal of each group is to get the highest score. Aim to get more correct answers for a high score. Exercise team work. Group secretary give me a ¼ sheet of paper with the list of group members.
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When I begin reading each question, listen carefully. It will only be read TWICE. Write your answer on the sheet that will be provided. Only ten seconds will be allocated for you to answer.
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Question no. 1:, Central Idea: The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections., Main Points: I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a restaurant., The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top., The top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.
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Answer: Coherence and Cohesion, Spatial Order
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Question no. 2, During the early twentieth century, in addition to industrialization, urban growth and technological development, Australian society was experiencing a transformation of the domestic ideal. Consequently, people were subject to an increasing array of government and professional programs aiming to manage and regulate life, particularly family life., Some of these programs were. . .
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Answer: Coherence and Cohesion, Signal Devices/Transitions
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Question no. 3, ALTERNATIVE: A poor or negative result, Instead of: A bad result
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Answer: Language Use
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Question no. 4, (Aside from transitions), During the early twentieth century, in addition to industrialization, urban growth and technological development, Australian society was experiencing a transformation of the domestic ideal.
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Answer: Mechanics
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Question no. 5, This morning was crazy. My alarm clock was set for PM instead of AM, so I woke up really late. I just threw on some clothes and ran out the door. I rode my bike as fast as I could and thought that I was going to be late for sure, but when I got there everyone was outside and there were firetrucks all lined up in front of school. I guess somebody pulled the fire alarm before class started. It worked out though, because nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.
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Answer: Coherence and cohesion, Chronological order
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Question no. 6, President Rodrigo Duterte was the 16th President of the Republic of Philippines. He is also the former Mayor in Davao City for a long time.
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Answer: Coherence and Cohesion, Pronouns
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Question no. 7, Incorrect: The value in this variable is used to determine when to pause during long display output, such as during a software dump. Its value is reset each time the ok prompt is displayed., , Correct: The value in this variable is used to determine when to pause during long display output, such as during a software dump. The variable’s value is reset each time the ok prompt is displayed.
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Answer: Mechanics
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CONGRATULATIONS TO THE WINNERS! CONGRATULATIONS ALSO TO EVERYONE!
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Let’s test your skills!
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IV. EVALUATION, IDENTIFICATION, Direction: Identify the following by writing it on the space before the item number., 1. This is achieved when these ideas are logically and accurately arranged., 2. The details of a paragraph are arranged according to the order in which they happened., 3. It is a set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize., 4. These are words that connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly., 5. This means that sentences are arranged in a logical manner, making them easily understood by the reader.
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These are words similar in meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions., The sentences of a paragraph are arranged according to geographical location, such as left-to-, right, up-to-down, etc., These are words that give readers an idea of how the points in your paragraph are progressing., These are the words that connect readers to the original word that they replace., To attain this property, one must be consistent with the use of pronouns.
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Key to Correction:, Organization, Chronological/Order, Mechanics, Transitions, Coherence, Synonyms, Spatial/Order, Signal Devices, Pronouns, Language Use
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V. ASSIGNMENT (2 minutes), Create a short well-written paragraph (about, anything) employing the properties of a well-written, text. Your essay will be rated according to this analytic rubric. Consequently, use this rubric as a guide when writing your essay and check it again before you submit your essay.
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TRAITS, 4, 3, 2, 1, Focus & Details, There is one clear, well- focused topic., Main ideas are clear and are well supported by detailed and accurate information., There is one clear, well-focused topic. Main ideas are clear but are not well supported by detailed information., There is one topic., Main ideas are somewhat clear., The topic and main ideas are not, clear., Organization, The introduction is inviting, states the main topic, and provides an overview of the paper. Information is relevant and presented in a logical order. The conclusion is strong., The introduction states, the main topic and provides an overview of the paper. A conclusion is included., The introduction states the main topic. A conclusion is included., There is no clear introduction, structure, or conclusion., Voice, The author’s purpose of writing is very clear,, and there is strong evidence of attention to audience. The, author’s extensive, knowledge and/or experience with the topic is/are, evident., The author’s purpose of writing is somewhat clear, and there is some evidence of attention to audience., The author’s knowledge and/or experience with the topic is/are evident., The author’s purpose of writing is somewhat clear, and there is, evidence of attention to audience., The author’s knowledge and/or experience with the topic, is/are limited., The author’s purpose of writing is unclear., Word Choice, The author uses vivid words and phrases. The, choice and placement of words seems accurate, natural, and not forced., The author uses vivid words and phrases. The choice and placement of words is inaccurate at times and/or seems overdone., The author uses words, that communicate clearly, but the writing lacks variety., The writer uses a limited vocabulary., Jargon or clichés may, be present and detract from the meaning., Sentence Structure, Grammar, Mechanics, & Spelling, All sentences are well, constructed and have, varied structure and length. The author, makes no errors in, grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling., Most sentences are, well-constructed and, have varied structure and length., The author makes a few errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or spelling, but they do not interfere with understanding, Most sentences are well constructed, but they have a similar structure and/or length. The author makes several errors in grammar, mechanics, and/or, spelling that interfere with understanding., Sentences sound, awkward, are distractingly repetitive, or are difficult to understand. The author, makes numerous errors in grammar, mechanics,, and/or spelling, that interfere with understanding.
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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!, (If ever you listened),
