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< 63.00

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PHYSICS, Standard XI, , Practical Notebook, Name of the students :, Name of the Junior college:, , Class :, , Division :, , Roll No. :, , Audio - Visual study material about practicals, can be obtained through DIKSHA APP on your, smartphone by using Q.R.Code., , Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and, Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004., , A

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Foreward, Dear Friends,, The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and State Curriculum Frame (SCF), 2010, recommends that children's life at school must be linked to their daily life. That is why, a new educational system linking school, society and family is forming instead of bookish, education. While the boundaries of different subjects are becoming gray, it has become very, much necessary to develop skills of respective subjects, to reach the fundamental concepts and, content and to enrich the taste for the concerned subject. In science stream you are going to, study different subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc., Physics is a core subject of science, that must be learnt through experiments and, observations. Laboratory is a place where students have opportunities for clarification of, concepts, they are introduced in the theory course under different units like Units and, Mathematical, Tools Motion and Gravitation, Properties of Matter, Sound and Optics, etc., While performing experiments related to instrumental work e.g., vernier calliper, screw guage,, etc. The students must estimate the errors in their measurements, thereby realizing the accuracy, and precision of their results. Various parts have been covered in the notebook, thereby, facilitating teachers in the proper evaluation of the students in the laboratory. An opportunity, to verify the theoretical part in the textbook is obtained through the experimental work. All, these points are taken into account in this notebook. It will be possible to evaluate the students, with respect to basics of experimental skills, observational methods and skills, calculation, abilities., A detailed procedure is given for the practicals included as per the syllabus in the textbook., In addition, thought provoking questions based on the practicals are given. All these should be, used not only for the practical examination, but it is expected to be used also for science, education through experimental skill. This notebook could be used as good supplimentary, material for learning physics. QR code is given on first page, by using QR code you can get, additional audio-visual information regarding experiments and activities., We are sure, you all will welcome this physics practical notebook prepared with due, concern and care. Also taking this note, we wish you all the best for your educational career., , (Dr. Sunil Magar), Director, , Pune, Date : 20 June 2019, Bharatiya Saur: 30 Jyeshtha 1941, , Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook, Production and Curriculum Research,, Pune 411 004., , C

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Physics Laboratory Apparatus, 1. Collect the information about different instruments, apparatus and other material in your laboratories., 2. Read the books on Scientists and their discoveries., , D

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PHYSICS, , B R T RY M N, , In a broad sense, Science means to know the nature . Development of Science usually, involves following steps: bserve everything around, try to nd relationship hypothesis theory, law, perform controlled experiments to verify these, and use it for the mankind bene t of the, world . bviously, proper experimentation is the backbone of Science., There are four ma or re uirements during scienti c experimentation: Procedural, understanding, recording the observations, processing those and working upon errors for betterment., 1. Procedural understandin This involves scienti c planning of an experiment that includes, i, hat all we need for that experiment ii, hat should the least count and ranges of the, instruments to be used iii hich and how many observations are to be recorded. or example,, for a simple pendulum experiment to determine g, how should the bob be, what should the, lengths of the thread be, stop clock of which least count to be used, how to record the periodic, time, how many oscillations to be counted, etc., . Recordin the obser ations This is the actual process of data collection. It should be worked, out as carefully and as meticulously as possible. Taking care for various types errors is part of, it., . ata anal sis Processing the observations with various calculations, approximations, rounding o , graph s and arriving at the result or conclusions refers to analysis part of an, experiment., 4. rror anal sis ven after taking utmost care, there is are always some errors involved in, the recorded data. It is necessary to analyse the data by using statistical methods to know how, much uncertainty variation is possible. Accordingly, the result is to be submitted along with, the possible uncertainty. If the uncertainty is on higher side, uite often the experiment should, be repeated with proper modi cations., e have suggested some extensions to the experiments. Make it a point to work upon, those. The geometrical optics part needs more skills. henever you come across any measuring, instrument, always try to know its least count, range and any systematic error if there. Always, take care of the safety measures, especially for electrical and heat experiments., TI N SCHM, , PR CTIC, X MIN TI N IN PHYSICS, INSTR CTI N, N R, 1. Com lete minimum 10 ex eriments in academic ear ., . Com lete minimum, cti ities s in academic ear., . fter the ex eriment is alloted to ou, read the back ound of the ex eriment., 4., et familiar ith the a aratus., . ra the circuit dia ram hene er re uired and assemble the circuit usin necessar, com onents., . Pro erl note the readin s so as to minimi e arallax., . fter ou nish erformin the ex eriment, turn o all the nobs of ex eriment., . Calculate the results ith si ni cant ures and also calculate the error in the result., . Students ha e to com lete the, ures, lablin of the, ures, obser ation tables,, calculations and conclusions results themsel es under the uidance of the teacher., 10. ns ers to the multi le choice and o en ended uestions should be ritten onl in, the s ace ro ided examination. The multi le choice and o en ended uestions are, im ortant for ritten examinations., 1

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TIM, , B, , C, , TIM, , B, , C, , IRST T RM N PR CTIC, T, H, RS, T T, , X MIN TI N ST . XI N Y, M R S 0, P SSIN M R S 0, , n one ex eriment 1 hour 0 minutes, I, Circuit diagram Ray diagram xperimental diagram, II, Setting of apparatus circuit connections, III, ormula with explanation law, IV, Performance with proper recording of observations, V, raph calculation or both, VI, Result with proper unit conclusions, n one cti it, 0 minutes, I, Performance of activity with proper recording of observations, II, rite-up of activity, III, Result with proper unit conclusions, i a based on ex eriment acti ities erformed durin the term., viva should be taken while experiment activity is being performed, NN, PR CTIC, X MIN TI N ST XI N XII, THR, H, RS, T T, M R S 0, P SSIN, ne lon ex eriment 1hour 0 minutes, I, Circuit diagram Ray diagram xperimental diagram, Ii, Setting of apparatus circuit connections, Iii, ormula with explanation law, Iv, Performance with proper recording of observations, V, raph calculation or both, Vi, Result with proper unit conclusions, ne short ex eriment 4 minutes, I, Circuit diagram Ray diagram xperimental diagram, Ii, Performance with proper recording of observations, Iii, raph calculation or both, Iv, Result with proper unit conclusions, n one cti it, 0 minutes, I, Performance of activity with proper recording of observations, Ii, rite-up of activity, Iii, Result with proper unit conclusions, i a based on ex eriments acti ities erformed durin the ear. 1 minutes, Certi ed ournal, , 10 marks, 1 mark, 1 mark, 1 mark, marks, marks, marks, marks, marks, 1 mark, 1 mark, marks, , M R S 11, 10 marks, 1 mark, 1 mark, 1 mark, marks, marks, marks, marks, 1 mark, marks, 1 marks, 1marks, marks, marks, 1 mark, 1 mark, marks, marks, , or better reliability in assessment, the above is a suggestive distribution of marks for, di erent aspects of practicals in physics.The exact value point distribution of marks will depend, on the particular experiment activity being performed.Hence care should be taken to select, actual marks for each aspect value point out of the range of marks suggested., 2

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IN, N ., 1., , N M, , X, , XP RIM NTS, , P, N, , T, , se of Vernier Callipers., , 4, , ., , se of Micrometer screw gauge., , 10, , ., , se of Spherometer., , 1, , 4., , Parallelogram law of vectors., , ., , Coe cient of Static friction., , ., , Travelling microscope., , ., , 0, , ocal length of convex lens by displacement method., , ., , Refractive index of li uid by concave mirror., , 44, , ., , Refractive index of Prism., , 4, , 10., , Determination of magnetic moment of short bar magnet., , 4, , dipole using a de ection magnetometer., 11., , Thermistor., , 1 ., , Diode characteristics., IST, , 1., ., ., 4., , 0, , CTI ITI S, , Refractive index of convex lens., using spherometer and auto collimation method, aw of moments., , 4, , Rolling friction., Coe cient of restitution., 0, , ., , 'J' by electric method., , ., , Refractive index of glass by total internal re ection., , ., , Study of resistor using colour code., , ., , Study of potential divider circuit., STI N S IPS, X MIN TI N, , 4, , R PR CTIC, , 3, , 10, , SI N

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S, , XP RIM NT No. 1, RNI R C, IP RS, , im To determine volume of a solid sphere and a hollow cylinder by using Vernier callipers., aratus Vernier callipers, solid sphere, hollow cylinder, ia ram, , C, , A, , B, , D, , Vernier callipers, , S, , P, , Main Scale, , Main Scale, , ig. b, , Beaker, , ig. c, , Beaker, , i .1.1 ernier calli er, ormula, 1., ., , Smallest division on the main scale of vernier callipers, Total number of divisions on vernier scale, 4 R,, Volume of solid sphere, east count, , here R, , .C., , Radius of sphere, , ., , Volume of hollow cylinder, r h, here r- Radius of Cylinder, h- Height of Cylinder, bser ations, east count of ernier calli er, 1. Smallest division on main scale S, cm., . Total number of divisions on Vernier scale N, ., ., , east count, , .C., , S, N, , ..cm., , I. To nd the ero error, Bring the two aws of Vernier callipers in contact., following given conditions., 4, , bserve and conclude according to the

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Position of main Scale, , bser ation, , a, , b, , So,, II., 1., ., ., 4., ., ., , If ero division of the, main scale coincides, with ero division of, Vernier scale, , There is no, ero error, , If ero division of, the Vernier scale is, on right side of ero, division of main, scale and if mth, division of Vernier, scale coincides with, same division of, main scale., , ero error, m x .C., rom g b ,, div, 0.0 cm., , If ero division of, Vernier scale is on, left side of ero, division of main, scale and if mth, division of Vernier scale coincides, with same division, on main scale., , c, , ero error, , Conclusion, , ero error, - N-m x .C., rom g c ,, - div, -0.0 cm., , ..cm., , To determine olume of s here, Hold the given solid sphere between the lower aws of Vernier callipers. as shown in g 1 ., Note the position of ero mark of Vernier scale on the main scale. et the reading be A ., Note the Vernier division B that coincides with some division on the main scale., Then calculate the total reading T with formula T A B, .C., Take at least three independent reading for di erent positions of sphere., Apply correction according to ero error T, and nd the mean value of diameter D and, calculate radius of sphere, , r, , D, , ., , III., To nd the inner diameter and len th of the hollo, measurin inner diameter, , 5, , c linder., , se u, , er a s for

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bser ation Table, b ect, Sr., imensions, No., , Main, Scale, Readin, cm, , Sphere, , Cylinder, , Cylinder, , 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, , Coincident, ernier, Scale, di ision, B, , ernier, scale, readin, C B, X .C., cm, , Total, Readin T, C, cm, , Corrected, Readin, T, cm, , Mean, Readin, cm, , Diameter (D), , Inner, Diameter (d), Depth/Length, (h), , Calculations, D, 1. Radius of sphere R, ..cm., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 4 R, . Volume of sphere V, ..cm ., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., d, . Radius of Cylinder r, .cm., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 4. Volume of cylinder V, R h, cm ., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 6

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Result, 1. Volume of sphere, . Volume of cylinder, Precautions, , ..cm ., cm ., , 1. Hold the ob ect tightly between the aws do not press the aws too hard., . Take observations for diameter at di erent positions of the ob ect., . ye should be exactly perpendicular to the Vernier scale while observing reading., dditional x eriment ou can do, Procedure Take a small mug or cylindrical glass having thick bottom. Measure its inner, diameter by using upper ends of the aws. Measure depth by using depth measurement strip., Hence, calculate capacity inner volume of the mug or glass., Multi le-choice uestions, 1. If smallest division on the main scale of Vernier Callipers is 0.0 cm and number of division, on the Vernier scale is , the .C. of Vernier Callipers is, ., a 0.000 cm, b 0.00 cm, c 0.001cm, d 0.01cm, ., , pper aws are used to nd ........, a outer diameter, b inner diameter, , c length, uestions, , d thickness, , 1., hat is ero error, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., . How do you apply the correction due to ero error, ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 7

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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XP RIM NT No., MICR M T R SCR, , S, im To measure, , 1. The diameter of a given wire and calculate its area of cross section, . Thickness of glass plate., aratus Screw gauge,, , ire, glass plate, , ia ram, , Stud, , Screw, , Pitch scale, , Thimble, , Ratchet, , Circular scale, rame, i . .1 Micrometer Scre, , au e, , ormula, 1. east Count of the Screw auge, Pitch, Total number of division on the circular scale, , east Count, . Area of cross section of wire :, A, r ------ here r is radius., , ero rror and ero Correction, To get the correct measurement the ero error must be taken into account. or this purpose,, the screw is rotated forward, until the screw ust touches the anvil and the edge of cap is on the, ero mark of the pitch scale. The Screw gauge is held keeping the pitch scale vertical with its ero, down wards., hen this is done, an one of the follo in three situations can arise, 1. The ero mark of the circular scale comes on the reference line. In this case, the ero error and, the ero correction, both are nil., . The ero mark of the circular scale remains above the reference line and does not cross it. In, this case, the ero error is positive and the ero correction is negative depending on how many, divisions it is above the reference line., . The ero mark of the head scale is below the reference line. In this case, the ero error is, negative and the ero correction is positive depending on how many divisions it is below the, reference line., 10

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i . ., , ero error, , Procedure, 1. Determine the pitch and least count of the screw gauge using the formula., . Bring the anvil and screw in contact with each other and nd the ero error. If there is no ero, error, then record ero error nil ., . Move the screw away from the anvil and place the wire and move the screw towards the anvil, using the ratchet head. Stop when the ratchet slips without moving the screw., 4. Note the number of divisions on the main scale that is visible and uncovered by the edge of the, cap. The reading A is called the main scale reading., . Note the number B of the division on the circular scale lying over the reference line., . Repeat steps 4 and for two di erent positions of the wire. Record the observations in the, tabular column., . ind total reading using the formula and apply ero correction in each case., . Take the mean of di erent values., Note Place the other ob ects like wire, glass plate etc. between the screw and the anvil and follow, the above procedure to nd the measurement., bser ations, 1. etermination of east Count of the Scre, a Smallest division on main scale, S, , au e, , 1 mm., , b Number of full rotations given to screw, n, , 4, , c Distance moved by the screw on main scale, D, d Hence, pitch p, , D, n, , 4 mm, 4, , 1 mm., , e Number of divisions on circular scale, N, f Hence, least count, .C., , p, N, , 4 mm., , 100, , 1 mm, 100, , 0.01 mm, , 11, , 0.001 cm.

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. ero rror, ero error, b ect, , --------------mm, , --------------cm, , bs Main Scale Coincident circular Scale, No. Reain, di isions, Readin, cm, on circular C, B x .C, scale B, cm, , Total Readin, bser ed, Corrected, cm, C cm, 0, , Mean, , ire, , 1, , cm., , lass, Plate, , 1, , cm., , Calculations, 1. Mean Diameter of the wire, D ---------cm., . Radius of wire, r, , D, , ---------cm., , . Area of cross section of the wire, A, 4. Thickness of the glass plate, t, Result, 1. Diameter of the wire, D, , r, , ------------cm ., , --------cm., , ------------- cm., cm ., , . The area of cross section of the given wire is, A, . Thickness of the glass plate, t ------------- cm., Precautions, 1. Rotate the screw in one direction to avoid backlash error., . Do not apply undue pressure while turning the micrometer screw., dditional x eriment ou can do, , ind the volume of the small ball bearing metal sphere., , Multi le-choice, 1., , hat is the ero error as shown in the gure, a 0. mm, , ., , uestions, , b 0.0 mm, , c, , mm, , d, , 0 mm, , Precision of micrometer screw gauge is----------., a 0.1 cm, , b 0.01 mm, , c 0.1 mm, 12, , d 0.01 m

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uestions, 1. De ne the terms pitch and least count., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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S, , XP RIM NT N ., SPH R M T R, , im To determine the radius of curvature of a spherical surface using a spherometer., aratus A spherometer, a plane glass plate mirror spherical mirror or lens or curved glass., ia ram, Main Scale (Pitch Scale), Head, , Circular Sclae, (Head Scale ), , Nut, Circular Disk, Metal Frame, , Legs, , Screw, , i . .1 S herometer, Main Scale (Pitch Scale), Circular Disk, , Main Scale (Pitch Scale), Circular Disk, , Nut, Metal Frame, , i . ., , Nut, Metal Frame, , etermination of the radius of cur ature of a s herical surface, , ormula, h, a, +, Radius of curvature of the spherical surface. , R, h, Procedure, 1. Determine the .C. of spherometer, . Record the average distance between three legs of spherometer by taking their impressions on, a plane paper., . Keep the spherometer on the plane glass plate mirror and rotate the screw till its tip ust touches, the plane surface. Note the spherometer reading. Repeat the same once more at a di erent, location., 16

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4. Keep the spherometer on the spherical surface kept on the plane mirror. Ad ust the spherometer, screw so that its tip ust touches the center of spherical surface. Note the spherometer reading., Repeat the same once at a di erent central location., bser ations, I. To nd a era e distance bet een the le s, a1, a, , ------------- cm,, a1 a a, , a, , ------------------ cm,, , a, , ------------------ cm,, , . cm., , II. To nd the .C. of s herometer, 1. Value of one division on the main scale, S, .cm., . Number of divisions on the circular scale, N, .., . Distance through which the screw advances on the main scale in n rotations of the circular, scale D, cm., 4. n, , number of rotations given to the circular scale --------------D, . Pitch of the screw P, cm., n, P, . east Count of spherometer, .. cm., N, Surface, bs. Main scale Coincident, Circular scale, no. readin, di isions on, readin cm, cm, circular scale B C B, .C., Plane, 1, Mirror, 2, Convex 1, surface, 2, , III. To nd sa itta h, Sagitta of the spherical surface, , h, , -, , .cm, , Calculations, or radius of curvature., R, , a, h, , +, , h, , Result Radius of curvature of spherical surface, 17, , .. cm., , Total read- Mean, in, C readin, cm, cm, X=, , Y=

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Precautions, 1., hile taking reading with spherometer consider the lowest division on the main scale as ero., . Rotate the screw in one direction to avoid backlash error., . Take care that tip of the screw and tip of three legs ust touch the surface., dditional x eriment ou can do, Determine the sagita by placing the spherometer on the concave surface. Hence, determine, the Radius of curvature., Multi le-choice uestions, 1. The radius of curvature of a at surface is, a 0, b in nity, , cm, c 1, , ., , d 100, , If the number of divisions on the circular scale are 0 then the . C. of the spherometer, whose pitch is 0. cm, will be, cm, a 0.001, b 0.01, c 0.0, d .00, uestions, 1. How do you determine the pitch of a spherometer, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ., hat is radius of curvature of the lens, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., hat is sagita of a spherometer, .........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 18

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and Notes, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................, .........................................................................................................................................................., 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P R, , XP RIM NT N . 4, R M, , CT RS, , im To Verify parallelogram law and nd the weight of a given body., aratus Parallelogram aw of orces apparatus ravesand's apparatus , two hangers with, slotted weights, a body a wooden block whose weight is to be determined, thin strong thread,, white drawing paper sheet, drawing pins, mirror strip , sharp pencil , half meter scale, set s uares,, protractor., ia ram, , i 4.1 Parallelo ram of forces, i . 4., , i . 4., , ctual set u of arallelo ram la of forces, , etermination of ei ht of a ooden block, 20

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ormula, 1., , R, , P, , Q, , PQ cos, , ,, , ., , R, , P, , Q -, , PQ sin, , - 0 ,, , ., , R, , P, , Q ,, , 00, , 00, 00, , here R is resultant vector, P and Q are two vectors, and is the angle between P and Q, vectors., Procedure, 1. ix the wooden board in a vertical position as shown in gure. Clamp the pulleys on the, wooden board. ix the white paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins., . Pass a long string over the pulleys and a hanger at each end. Tie another string at the centre of, the rst string. Tie a hanger to the free end of this string as shown in gure., . Add suitable weights to the hangers so that the system is in e uilibrium and the common point, is near the centre of the board., 4. Note the forces P, Q and S from diagram it can be seen that p w ,Q w and S w where w, denotes the numerical value or magnitude of the total weight in each case ., . Hold the plane mirror on the paper behind the string. Mark two points on the paper at the ends, of the mirror such that string and its image in the plane mirror coincide. The line oining the, points gives the line of action of the corresponding forces P,Q or Q .Determine the lines of, action of all three forces in this manner ., . Remove the white paper from the board. Draw the lines through the points and produce them, to meet at the common point ., ., ith a suitable scale for e.g. et 0 g 1 cm mark the points A and B such that the lengths, A and B represent the magnitude of the forces P and Q respectively., . Complete the parallelogram ACB . Draw the diagonal C . Measure the length C and, determine the magnitude of R using the scale chosen., . Measure the angle A B, between the forces P and Q . Calculate R using the formula., Compare it with the value obtained by calculation ., 10. Take two readings by changing the weights added to the hangers. Replace w by the ob ect, unknown whose weight is to be found. Ad ust w1 and w such that the system is in e uilibrium, and the common point is near the centre of the board., 11. or unknown weight, following the earlier procedure complete the parallelogram. ind the, weight of the body by measuring the length of the diagonal passing through the point and, using the scale chosen., bser ations, I. To nd the actual weight of the unknown mass, R unknown., 1. east count of spring balance, . ero error of spring balance, ., , .................................... g., ................................... g., , eight of unknown body by spring balance, R, 21, , unknown, , ................................... g.

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., , 1. Mean value of unknown weight R using diagonal, , ---------- gwt., , . Mean value of unknown weight, R using angle, , --------- gwt., , Result, The unknown weight of given body, , ------------------ gwt., , The result shows the error is within limits of the experiment error., Precautions, se frictionless pulleys. Hanger and pulley should not touch the board. Su cient length of, string is preferred., dditional x eriment ou can do, 1. If scale pan or spring balance is available in laboratory student can compare weight of unknown, ob ect with calculated weight of unknown weight., . To determine the direction of resultant vector R as follows:, Measure the angle A C, between P and R., gives the direction of resultant vector., Multi le-choice, , uestions, , 1. In the experiment, on nding the weight of a given body by the parallelogram law of vectors,, the student needs to use :, a, b, c, d, , Three pulleys and two weights in all, Two pulleys and two weights in all, Two pulleys and three weights in all, Three pulleys and two weights in all, , . In above diagram if P, , gwt, Q, , a., .40 with direction of P, c 4 0 with direction of P, , gwt,, , 4 0, then, , .., , b, .40 with direction of Q, d 1 . 0 with direction of P, 23

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uestions, 1., hat are the main sources of error in the experiment using ravesand s apparatus, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., . State the law of Parallelogram of forces, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 24

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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C, im, , XP RIM NT N ., ICI NT, ST TIC RICTI N, , To study the relationship between force of limiting and normal reaction and to nd, coe cient of friction between a block and a hori ontal surface., , aratus Hori ontal plane with a pulley,, pan etc., P, ormula, s, here, , s, , P, , ooden block with a hook, string, weight box, scale, , Coe cient of static friction between two surfaces., Hori ontal force re uired ust to slide the block or e ort, eight of the block or load, , ia ram, , P0, , P1, , i . .1 Stud for force of slidin, i i friction, i i, Procedure, 1. Measure the weight of block and pan separately respective masses in g.wt ., . Clean the surface of block and hori ontal plane with the clean cloth every time., . Tie one end of the string to the hook of block, pass it over the pulley, and attach the scale pan, to the other end., 4. Keep same weight on the block, which is kept on hori ontal surface. Add suitable weights in, the scale pan so that the block ust starts moving and note down the reading., . Repeat the same procedure for di erent values of loads and measure the corresponding e orts., bser ations, east count of spring balance, 1. Mass of the block, . Mass of the pan, , g, , . gwt., , 0, , P0, , ero error of spring balance, , gwt., 26, , g.

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bser ation Table, Sr, No., , Mass on, the block, t, 1, , Calculations, , Total load, 0, , t, , 1, , Mass in the, an P1 t, , Total, ort, P P0 P1, t, , P, s, , Mean, s, , P, s, , ra h, Plot a graph between load, graph., , on -axis against e ort P on - axis and nd the slop of the, , scale, , Slope, B, ort P, A, , C, , 0,0, , oad, 27, , s, , BC, AC

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Result, 1. Coe cient of static friction between the two surfaces by calculation, s, . Coe cient of static friction between the two surfaces by graph, s, Precautions, 1. Two surface in contact should be dry and clean., . Reading must be taken for the weight for which block ust start moving., . Pan and string should not touch the table., 4. String should be parallel to the hori ontal surface., , ., , dditional x eriment ou can do, Place the empty block without pan on the plane surface. Now gradually increase the, angle of inclination of the plan surface such that the block ust begins to slide down the plane. The, minimum angle of inclination of the plane at which the body kept on the plane ust begins to slide, down is known as the angle of repose Qr . Determine this angle. Than s tan Qr, Multi le-choice uestions, 1. The value of coe cient of static friction is, ., a, ., , reater than 1, , b less than 1, , c e ual to 1, , d, , ero, , .. is the force of friction which comes into play when a body does not slide, on the surface of another body under the e ect of an applied force., a Rolling friction, , b Kinetic friction, c static friction, d dynamic friction, uestions, 1. How can you say the force of friction is a self ad usting force, ........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., . n which factor the force of friction depends, ........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 28

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P ST, , R PH P P R H R, , 29

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., 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TR, , XP RIM NT N ., IN MICR SC P, , im To determine the refractive index of glass and water by using a travelling microscope., aratus A travelling microscope, a glass slab, a beaker, water, lycopodium powder or saw, dust., i ure, , i, , .1 Tra ellin microsco e focusin, , Theor, A travelling microscope essentially consists of a compound microscope t with a Vernier, calipers. By using the Vernier calipers, the displacement of the microscope tube can be recorded, when it is successively focused at di erent locations, say x, y and as shown in the gure above., or small angles of incidence, the refractive index of certain thickness of a medium can be, approximately related as,, , n, , Real depth, Apparent depth, , Thus,as per the earlier and following gures,, n, , AR, ARl, , (z-x), (z-y), , 32

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To record AR and ARl, we need to focus the microscope at the levels A, R and R., or level R , we make a cross mark, on a plane paper and focus the microscope on it., or locating level R , the glass slab or the thin walled transparent beaker containing water is, kept on the cross mark and apparent position of the cross mark is focused as R., To locate the topmost position A , some lycopodium powder or saw dust is to be spread on the top, surface and microscope should be focused on the powder particles smallest possible ., Di erences between the corresponding microscope readings give us AR and AR . Thus, refractive, index n can be calculated., Remarks, A Doubtful Vernier reading: Quite often the Vernier divisions of a travelling microscope are so, close that it is di cult to locate the exact coinciding division. In such cases, restrict your doubt to, three divisions and use the middle one as the coinciding division igures II and III ., B Doubtful main scale reading: If ero of the Vernier scale is close to a division on the main, scale, it may be di cult to make out whether that main scale division is complete or not. In, such cases, rst record the coinciding Vernier scale division. If it is within rst 10, the apparent, main scale division is complete igure II . If the coinciding division is in last 10 in forties , the, apparent main scale division is not complete, i.e., Vernier ero is ust before that. In this case, the, previous division is to be recorded. igure III ., II ust after the main scale di ision, Main scale reading, . 0 cm, Coinciding division 4, Vernier scale reading 0.004 cm, Total reading, . 04 cm, , III ust before the main scale di ision, Main scale reading, . cm, Coinciding division 4, Vernier scale reading 0.04 cm, Total reading, ., cm, , Procedure, 1. Determine least count .C. of the travelling microscope., . ocus the travelling microscope on the cross mark, on a plane paper and record the reading, as x., . Initially use glass slab as the transparent material. Keep the glass slab on the cross mark and, look for the apparent position of the cross mark. ocus the microscope on the apparent position, and record the reading as y., 4. Spread some saw dust on the top surface. Record the reading as by focusing the microscope, on the smallest saw-dust particles., . Repeat the steps and 4 for water and record corresponding values of y and for water., . Separately calculate the refractive indices of glass and water., 33

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bser ations, 1. east count of the travelling microscope, ., , .C., , ength of one main scale division, .. cm, , ., 4., , or vertical scale ., ength of one Vernier scale division, , . cm, , 0 division of Main Scale, , mm., , 0 division of Vernier Scale, , 4. mm., , .. cm., , . Di erence between 0 division of M.S. and V.S. 0. mm., 0., . Di erence between each division, 0.01mm., 0, ----------- or -----------ength of one main scale division, =, 1. .C. =, Total number of divisions on the vernier scale, . Abbreviations used: M.S.R., . V.S.R., 4. T.R., ., , bs. No., , .. cm., , Main Scale Reading., , Vernier Scale Reading, Total Reading, , cm, .., , M.S.R., , Coinciding division 'n', , east count., , V.S.R., , bservation number., , bser ation table, bs., No., , Micrometer readin s, x, M.S.R., cm, , .S.R., cm, , T.R., cm, , M.S.R., .S.R., cm, cm, or glass slab, , T.R., cm, , M.S.R., cm, , .S.R., cm, , 1, 2, 3, or water, 4, 5, 6, Calculation table, bs., Real de th, No., R -x, , 1, 2, 3, , arent de th Refracti e index Mean refracti e, -x, -x, Index, n, n, -y, or glass slab, ng, , or water, nw, , 4, 5, 6, 34, , T.R., cm

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Calculations, Refractive index : n, , Results, ng, , (z-x), (z-y), , nw, , Precautions, 1. The axis of the microscope tube should be vertical., . The microscope tube should be in the lowest possible position when the microscope is focused, on the point on the paper or on the paint mark on the inner surface of the bottom of the beaker, when the beaker is empty ., . The focusing screw should not be touched while raising the microscope tube., 4. The uantity of sawdust or lycopodium power added should be small. It should not form a, thick layer on the surface of the glass slab or li uid., dditional x eriment ou can do, 1. Calculate the apparent shift due to refraction for glass and for water., . Measure si es of very small ob ects such as thickness of needle, width of the bore of a capillary., Multi le-choice, 1., , uestions, , east count of travelling microscope when smallest division on main scale is 0.1cm and, number of divisions on Vernier scale is 100 is, ., a 0.001cm, , b 0.001m, , c 0.01cm, , d 0.01m, , uestions, 1., hy should the focusing screw not disturbed after noting the reading, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 35

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.........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ., hat are the factors on which the refractive index depends, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., . Can you use this method of determining refractive index of a highly volatile li uid xplain., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 36

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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C, , N TH, , XP RIM NT N ., C N X, NS BY ISP, , C M NT M TH, , im To determine focal length of a lens by displacement method., aratus A convex lens, lens stand, a screen with graph paper on it, xtended source of light, Most preferable a lament bulb, else an illuminated slit metre scale., ia ram, , v, , u, D, , i . .1 ex erimental arran ement for dis lacement method, , d1 A1B1, , C1, C, , C1, d AB, , D, i . . Ra dia ram for dis lacement method, Theor, , or a convex lens, if the ob ect is at f, its real image is also at f. In this case, the separation, between ob ect and the image is minimum and it is 4f. Thus, for obtaining a real image, the screen, must be at a distance greater than 4f. et this distance be D. As shown in the gures above, there, are two positions of the lens when real image is obtained at the same distance D 4f from the, ob ect. These two positions are called con ugate foci separated by a distance . or D 4f, these, two positions coincide . rom the principle of reversibility of light, it can be easily understood that, the distances u and v should ust interchange., . . . u +v = D and v - u = L . . . 2u = D+L and 2v = D - L, 1= 1- 1, . . . sing u negative,, f, u -u, 38

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2, 2, uv, = D -L, u v, 4D, et d be the si e of the ob ect. Si es of magni ed and diminished images are d1 and d, respectively., , .. . f, , d, d, v, v, .. . u = 1, and u = 2, d, d, By multiplying these e uations and solving,, we get, , d1 d2, , d, , as the si e of the ob ect lament . In standard II, you will be using this method and this, formula for obtaining the distance between two coherent sources in the topic of interference of, light., Procedure, 1. Illuminate the source lament bulb and keep it more than a metre away from the screen., . Ad ust the height of the lens stand so that centre of the lens and lament are at the same height., . Ad ust the position of the lens closer to the ob ect to obtain a clear magni ed image on the, screen ig 1 . Record si e of the image on the screen as d1, and distance between ob ect and, the screen as D. Mark the position of the lens as C1., 4., ithout disturbing positions of the ob ect and the screen, shift the lens towards the screen to, obtain a clear and diminished image on the screen ig . Record the image si e as d and, mark position of the lens as C . Record the distance between C1 and C as L., . Repeat steps, and 4 for six more values of D., bs., No., , istance bet een, source and screen, cm, , istance, bet een, ositions of lens, cm, , Si e of, ma ni ed, ima e, d1 cm, , Si e of, diminished, ima e, d, cm, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, bser ation table, bs. D2, No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , L2, , D2 - L2, , 4D, , f, , 39, , D 2 - L2, 4D, , d1d2, , d, , d1d2

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Calculations, , Results, Mean f, , Mean d, , . cm, , . cm., , Precautions, 1. Keep the distance between ob ect and the screen constant, . The distance should be greater than 4f, dditional x eriment ou can do, 1. Try to determine si e of the ame of a candle., . Measure u, determine v = D - u. Calculate focal length for one or two readings and verify if it, matches with that calculated by using D, Multi le-choice, 1. In above experiment if u, a, , .1, , b, , 1., , 0cm and v, , uestions, , cm then linear magni cation m, c, , cm, , 40, , d 0., , m

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uestions, 1. Can the above method be used for determining focal length of a concave lens b plano concave, lens, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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R.I., im, , XP RIM NT N ., I, I BY C NC, , MIRR R, , To determine the refractive index of a li uid by using a concave mirror., aratus A concave mirror, index pin, Retort stand, li uid, meter scale., , ia ram, , ., ormula, , Procedure, , μ, , R1, R2, here, μ R. I. of the li uid, R1 Distance between the mirror and the pin, R2 Distance between the pin and surface of li uid, , 1. Keep the concave mirror on a hori ontal surface., . Clamp the index pin hori ontally in the retort stand in such a way that the tip of the pin is on, the principal axis of the mirror., . ook from above the pin and ad ust the position of the pin either by raising or by lowering, it so that it coincides with its own inverted image formed by re ection in the mirror, without, parallax. ou will have to lower down the ob ect pin if image appears thinner than the ob ect, pin and raise the ob ect pin if the image appears thicker than the ob ect pin ., 4. Measure the distance R of the pin from the pole of the mirror with a scale. This distance is, e ual to the radius of curvature of the mirror. Repeat these two more times and take the mean, value of R as shown in g. 1, . Pour a uantity of the given li uid on the concave mirror such that it covers more than half the, surface., . ower the pin and ad ust its position again so that it coincides with its own image without, parallax. se the same udgement ., . Measure the distance R of the pin from the surface of li uid as shown in g., . Repeat these two more times., 44

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bser ations, Sr., No., , istance bet een in and the, surface of the mirror R1 cm, , Mean, R1 cm, , istance bet een in, and the surface of the, li uid R cm, , Mean, R cm, , 1, 2, 3, ormula, Calculations, , μ, , R1 (mean), R2 (mean ), , Result Refractive index of given li uid, , P, , Precautions, 1. There should be no parallax between the pin and its image., . The pin should be hori ontal., . The uantity of the li uid added to the mirror should not be very small., 4. The part of the upper surface of the li uid in contact with the mirror is slightly curved., Hence, consider the central part of the li uid while determining R, dditional x eriment ou can do, Repeat the above experiment by using kerosene and sop water instead of water., ., 1., , Multi le-choice uestions, hich one of the following is the refractive index of water:, a 1., b 1. 4, c 1., d . 1, , . The bending of a ray of light as it travels from one medium to another is called......, a De ection b total internal re ection, c refraction d re ection, 45

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uestions, 1. State Snell s law of refraction., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., ., hat is the merit of the method described in this experiment, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., . Is the any other method to determine the refractive index of a li uid, .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 46

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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R, , XP RIM NT N ., R CTI, IN X, PRISM, , im To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between, angle of incidence and the angle of deviation., aratus Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism, drawing pins, pencil, half-metre, scale, o ce pins, graph paper and a protractor., ormula, The refractive index of the material of the prism is given by,, where, m angle of minimum deviation and A angle of the prism., ia ram, , i . .1 Prism Ra dia ram, , i . . Prism ex eriment, Procedure, 1. ix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins or tape., . Draw a straight line, ' parallel to the length of the paper nearly in the middle of the paper., ' at suitable distances of about cm., . Mark points Q1, Q , Q , on the straight line, 4. Draw normal N1Q1, N Q , N Q , on points Q1, Q , Q ,, as shown in diagram., 48

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, 40 ,, 0 write value of the, . Draw straight lines R1Q1, R Q , R Q , making angles of, angles on the paper respectively with the normal., . Mark one corner of the prism as A and take it as the edge of the prism for all the observations., . Put prism with its refracting face AB on the line, ' and point Q1 in the middle of AB., . Mark the boundary of the prism., . ix two or more o ce pin P1 and P vertically on the line R1Q1. The distance between the pins, should be 10 mm or more., 10. ook the images of point P1 and P through face AC., 11. Close your left eye and bring open right eye in line with the two images., 1 . ix two o ce pins P and P4 vertically, and 10 cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins, P4 and P and images of P and P1 in one straight line., 1 . Remove pins P and P4 and encircle their pricks on the paper., 14. Repeat steps to 1 with points Q , Q , for i 40 , , 0 ., To measure in di erent cases, 1. Draw straight lines through points P4 and P pin pricks to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S T ,, ST,, . Produce T1S1, T S , T S ,, inward in the boundary of the prism to meet produced incident, rays R1Q1, R Q , R Q , at points 1, , ,, . Measure angles K1 1S1, K S , K S ,, .. These give angle of deviation 1, , , ., 4., rite values of these angles on the paper., To measure, 1. Measure angle BAC in the boundary of the prism. This gives angle A., . Record your observations., bser ation table, Angle of prism A, Sr no., 1, , ............................, , n le of incidence i in de ree, 35, , 2, , 40, , 3, , 45, , 4, , 50, , 5, , 55, , 6, , 60, , 7, , 65, , n le of de iation, , in de ree, , ra h, i and angle of deviation, by taking i along, Plot a graph between angle of incidence, -axis and, along -axis. rom this graph, nd the value of single of minimum deviation m, corresponding to the lowest point of the graph., , 49

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Calculations, , Result, 1. i- graph indicates that as the angle of incidence i increases, the angle of deviation, rst, decreases, attains a minimum value m and then starts increasing for further increase in, angle of incidence., . Angle of minimum deviation, m, , .., , . Refractive index of the material of the prism,, , ., , Precautions, 1. The angle of incidence should lie between, . The pins should be xed vertical., , - 0 ., 50

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. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10 mm, 4. Arrow heads should be marked to represent the incident and emergent rays., . The same angle of prism should be used for all the observations., Sources of error, 1. Pin pricks may be thick., . Measurement of angles may be wrong., dditional ex eriment, Repeat the same experiment by using laser beam instead of pin., , 1., , Multi le-choice uestions, hich of the following Colour su ers maximum deviation in a prism, , a Red, b violet, c yellow, d orange, . How many refractions occur when a ray of light passes through a triangular prism, a 1, , b, , c 4, , d ., uestions, 1. n which factors does refractive index depend, .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., . State Snell s law of refraction., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 51

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FOR ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT and NOTES., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., 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T RMIN TI N, IP, , M, SIN, , XP RIM NT N . 10, N TIC M M NT, SH RT B R M, CTI N M, N T M T R, , N T, , im To calculate the magnetic moment of a given magnet using the de ection magnetometer., aratus De ection magnetometer, bar magnets, meter scale., ia ram, , e ection ma netometer, , 00, S, , N0, , n, s, , 0, , 0, i 10.1 or tan, , osition, , Theor, Tan ent la, Consider a bar magnet dipole with magnetic moment M in a region where there are two, perpendicular hori ontal magnetic elds, an external eld B and the hori ontal component of the, earth s eld BH . If no external eld B is present, the bar magnet will align along BH. Due to eld, B the magnet experiences a tor ue, which de ects it from its original position by an angle . Then, we have the relation B BH tan ., e ection Ma netometer, It consists of large compass, with a small magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of a circular, scale so that the needle is free to rotate in a hori ontal plane. A large aluminium pointer is rigidly, xed perpendicular to the magnetic needle. The circular scale is graduated in degrees 00 00 and, 00, 00 readings are marked at the ends of two perpendicular diameters. The compass box is, placed at the centre of a wooden board one meter long. The wooden board has a millimetre scale, along its axis such that the ero of the scale is at the centre of the compass box., Tan, osition, In Tan-A position gure 10.1 , prior to placement of magnet, the compass box rotated so that, the 00 00 line is parallel to the arm of the magnetometer. Then the magnetometer as a whole is, rotated till pointer reads 00 00 .The bar magnet is placed hori ontally on the arm of the de ection, magnetometer parallel to the arm so that the de ection on the aluminium pointer is 0, 54

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Since the magnet is a dipole and placed on the axis its magnetic induction B at a distance d, from the centre of the magnetometer 00 00 to the centre of the dipole, is given as, μ, 2md, B axis, 4π (d2 - l2 )2, here l is the length of the magnet., or a short magnetic dipole, l, d, M, Baxis 4 d, By Tangent aw, B tan, , Baxis, M, , B tan θ, , , B tan, d3, , since, , 4, M, , B tan θ, 2 x 10-7, , M, d, , 4, , 4, , 10-, , d3, , Procedure, 1. The bar magnet is placed at the same height as the magnetic needle is tan A position., . The other magnetic materials should be kept as far away as possible from the magnetometer., . The distance of the magnet should be ad usted so that the pointer points at 4 0-4 0., 4. The distance should be noted as d1., . The same magnet should be placed by reversing its position that means if it was N-S previously, it should now be placed as S-N and vice versa . The distance should be noted as d ., . The experiment should be repeated with another bar magnet., bser ation table, Calculations, bs., No., 1, 2, , Ma net no, , istance d1, , istance d, , Mean d, M, , BH tan, x 10, , -, , d3, , M1, M2, , Result, 1. Magnetic moment of Magnet 1, . Magnetic moment of Magnet, Precautions, Check that setting of magnetometer in TanA position is properly done before keeping magnet, on its arms., , 55

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dditional x eriment ou can do, Tan B osition, In this position gure below , prior to placement of the magnet, the compass box alone is, rotated so that the 00- 00 line is parallel to the arm of the magnetometer. Then the magnetometer, as whole is rotated so that the pointer reads 00-00 . inally the, magnet is placed hori ontally,, perpendicular to the arm of the magnetometer and distance d is ad usted to get a reading on the, pointer., ia ram, , In this case, 90, n, 0, , Be, , 0, , Be, , s, 90, , d, M, , N, , S, i 10., , 4, , M, d, , 0, , BH tan, BH tan, , d, , 10, , -, , or tan B osition, , Procedure, Repeat the above procedure for Tan B position., bser ation table, bs. Ma net, No. no, 1, 2, , istance d1, , istance d, , Mean d, M, , M1, M2, , Calculations, , 56, , BH tan, 10, , -, , d

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Result, 1. Magnetic moment of Magnet 1, . Magnetic moment of Magnet, Multi le-choice, , uestions, , 1. Magnetic pole strength of a short magnetic dipole of length 4 cm and magnetic moment 10, ., Am is, 0.1 Am, b . Am, c 0.0 Am d 1. Am, uestions, 1. xplain what is Tan A and Tan B position of De ection magnetometer., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., . How will you measure the reading of in a de ection magnetometer if the pointer is ad usted, to 0- 0 instead of 0-0 while doing initial ad ustment, ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 57

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XP RIM NT N . 11, TH RMIST R, im, , To study the characteristics of a Thermistor., aratus Thermometer 0 - 100 oC , Bead type Thermistor, Battery liminator 0 - V ,, mill ammeter, connecting wires., Theor, A thermistor is a thermal resistor having a large temperature coe cient of resistance., Thermistor works in a temperature range such that its resistance decreases rapidly with a rise in, temperature. A thermistor is a composite semiconductor consisting of cobalt, nickel, manganese,, copper, titanium, sintered oxides of iron etc. Thermistors are used for temperature measurement, and in electronic circuits and devices such as re alarms in industries., ormulae, , RT1, , RT β, , ia ram, , 1 _, T1, , 1, T, , Thermometer, , multimeter / Ohmmeter, i 11.1, , Beaker, , x eriment, , Burner, , i 11., , x eriment Setu, , aborator, , Procedure, 1. Make the electrical connections as shown in gure., . Note down the least count of the thermometer., . Note down the temperature and corresponding resistance of the thermistor with the help of, digital multimeter at room temperature., 4. Increase the temperature of water in step of 10o C with the help of hot plate or gas burner., . Note down the temperaure and corresponding resistance of the thermistor with the help of, digital multimeter for every increase in temperature, in the steps of 10o C., . Plot the graph of resistance of thermistor against temperature., 60

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bser ations, east count of Thermometer, , Sr. No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , o, , C., , Tem erature oC, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, , Resistance, , ra h, Plot the graph of Resistance R on, and Temperature T oC on axis, , axis, , Calculation of, RT1, , .................., .................., , RT1, , RT β, , 1, , 1 _, T1, , ................., RT ................, 1, T, , Result, 1. Temperature coe cient of resistance at, , --------- ., , . ive your opinion about the nature of the graph., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Precautions, 1. Thermistor should be immersed completely in water., . Bulb of the thermometer should not touch the sides of the contender., dditional x eriment ou can do, Try to use another thermistor with PTC characteristics and do the same experiment and compare, the graph of Resistance V s Temperature of this experiment with the previous one., Try to plot the graph of resistance of thermistor with temperature while cooling., 61

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Multi le Choice, , uestion, , 1. Thermistors, a sense only positive changes in temperature, b cannot sense any change in temperature, c sense only negative changes in temperature, d sense positive and negative changes in temperature, ., hen temperature rises, resistance of negative temperature coe cient thermistor, a Increases, b decreases, c ero, d in nity, . A student designs a circuit to give a decreasing voltage output as the temperature increases., He builds the circuit in the diagram, but nds that the output voltage increases with increasing, temperature., our of his friends suggest four possible changes to the circuit., hich change would produce the e ect he wanted, +, a Replace the resistor with one of the higher resistance., b Replace the resistor with one of the lower resistance., c Reverse the polarity of the battery, d Swap the position of the thermistor and resistor, uestions, 1., hat is thermistor, hy is it so called, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., . hat does a thermistor consist of, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 62

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I, im, , XP RIM NT N . 1, CH R CT RISTICS, , To draw the I-V characteristics curves of a P-N unction diode in forward and reverse bias., aratus, , D.C. power supply, Milliammeter 0- 0mA , Microammeter, Voltmeter, 0- v, .C. 0.1V , Silicon diode IN400 Rheostat, plug key and connecting wires., Circuit ia ram, , i 1 .1, , or ard characteristics, , i 1 ., , Re erse characteristics, , bser ation, 1., ., ., , .C. of Voltmeter:, . C. of Milliammeter :, . C. of Microammeter:, , volt., mA., A., , Procedure, . or ard characteristics, 1. Connect the circuit as shown in g. 1 .1, . Voltage is increased from ero in steps of 0.1 V and corresponding current are recorded by the, milliammeter., . or small value of the forward biased voltage below 0. V , the forward biased current is, ero. hen applied voltage is less than VK, a small current ows. Beyond Vk, a small increase, in voltage produces a large increase in current. V , the voltage at which current start to increase, rapidly, is called knee voltage or cut-in voltage. This voltage is e ual to the barrier potential., 4. Plot the forward characteristics graph for diode i.e. I-V curve and nd knee voltage V ., . Calculate Static and dynamic resistance., B. Re erse characteristics, 1. Connect the circuit as shown in g. 1 . ., . The reverse biased voltage is increased from ero in suitable steps and corresponding reverse, biased current is measured by using microammeter., . As reverse voltage is increased from ero, reverse current increases and is e ual to reverse, saturation current I ., 4., hen reverse voltage is increased further, at a particular voltage, the current may increase, rapidly. This is called breakdown voltage. hen reverse voltage is less than breakdown, voltage, the p-n unction diode o ers a high resistance., . Plot the reverse biased characteristics graph for diode., 66

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bser ation table, or ard Bias, olta e, Current m, , Sr. No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, , Sr. No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, , Re erse Bias, olta e, Current, , Calculations, , ra h, or ard biased, +I, , Reser e biased, , -I, , BC, AB, , RS =, , OQ, OP, , A, O, , P, -V, , Rd =, , 0, , C, , B, , VK, , Q, , 67, , +V

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Result, The forward and reverse characteristics of diode were studied., volt., 1. Knee Voltage VK, 2. R =, ., d, 3. R =, S, , ., , Precautions, 1. Check the polarities of the milliammeter Microammeter Ammeter Voltmeter before passing, current., . se milliammeter Microammeter Ammeter and voltmeter of proper least count., dditional x eriment ou can do, Determine voltage when Red, ellow, green and blue, Ds, ust start glowing crossing, knee voltage ., Multi le Choice uestion, 1. The d.c. resistance of a diode is, .., a the same as it s a.c. resistance, b more than as it s a.c. resistance, c less than as it s a.c. resistance, d ero, . The knee voltage of a crystal diode is approximately e ual to, ., a applied voltage, b breakdown voltage, c forward voltage, d barrier potential, uestions, 1. hen is a unction diode said to be a orward biased b reverse biased, ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., . hen does a unction diode o er very high resistance, hy, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 68

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P ST, , R PH P P R H R, , 69

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R, , R CTI, , IN, , X, , CTI ITY N .1, C N X, NS SIN SPH R M T R N, C, IM TI N M TH, , T, , im To determine refractive index of the material of given convex lens., aratus A spherometer, a double convex lens, a plane mirror, an index pin, a retort stand,, a metre scale., ia ram, , i . uto Collimation, ormula or a lens,, 1 _ 1, 1, = n-1, R, R1, f, , (, , ), , here, f focal length of the lens, n Refractive index of material of the lens, R1 and R Radii of curvature of the lens., According to Cartesian sign convention, R1, 1 + 1, 1, = n-1, R, R1, f, numerically., , (, , f are positive and R is negative for a convex lens., , ), , Procedure, 1. Determine the radii of curvature R1, R of both the surfaces of the given double convex lens., se the values which have been determined in spherometer experiment, . Keep the lens on the plane mirror., . Hold the pin hori ontal in the retort stand holder and ad ust its position so that its tip is along, the principal axis of the lens., 4. ook from above the pin and ad ust the position of the pin either by raising or lowering it, so that it coincides with its own inverted image formed by re ection in the mirror, without, parallax. ou will have to lower down the ob ect pin if image appears thinner than the ob ect, pin and raise the ob ect pin if the image appears thicker than the ob ect pin . This method is, called auto collimation method., . Record the distance of the tip of the pin from the centre of the lens. This distance is focal length, of the lens f., . Calculate refractive index of the material of the lens., bser ations, R1, cm., R, cm., f, cm., 72

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Calculations, n, , 1, , Result, , R1 R, f R1 R, , = ...................., , Refractive index of material of the lens, n, , ., , Precaution, se the same lens which we have used in spherometer experiment., RN T S, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 73

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CTI ITY No., M M NTS, im To determine the mass of a given body using a meter scale by principle of moments., aratus A meter scale suspended at C. ., hanger with slotted weights, a body of unknown, mass., ia ram, , i . x eriment Setu, ormula, m1 r1, , m r, , ., . . m1, , m r, r1, , Procedure, 1. Balance the meter scale carefully at its C. . and note down the position of the C. ., . Suspend the body of unknown mass m1 at a xed distance r1 from C. . as shown in the, gure., . Suspend the hanger with slotted masses m at some distance from C. . to the other side as, shown in the gure., 4. Ad ust the distance r in such a way that, the meter scale becomes hori ontal., . Repeat the steps and 4 by changing the slotted weights m and note down the corresponding, distance r in each case for three times., bser ations, ixed distance of unknown mas from C. ., Sr., No., , Mass sus ended, ith han er m, , r1, , istance of han er from, C. . at balance r cm, , 1, 2, 3, Mean mass, 74, , cm., m r, , cm, , nkno n m1, mass

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g., , Result The unknown mass of a body m1, Precaution, , ind centre of gravity of scale using knife edge., , RN T S, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, 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R, , cti it N ., IN, RICTI N, , im To determine the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a hori ontal plane., aratus A wheel base wooden metal block or trolley , weight box , friction less pulley,, a plane hori ontal plane, a balance a pan and a thread., Theor, , Rolling friction is that force of friction which comes into play when a body is rolling on, the surface of another body., Magnitude of the rolling friction is proportional to the normal reaction, r, , N, , r, , r, , N, r, , r, , here, r, , N, ia ram, , r, , Coe cient of rolling friction, , Magnitude of force of rolling friction, Normal reaction., , i . x eriment Setu, , Procedure, by using balance., 1. Measure the weight of wooden roller block, . Measure the weight of Pan P by using balance., . Place wooden roller block on the hori ontal plane plank. The one end of thread to block and, other to the pan by passing it over the pulley. Pan should be freely suspended in air and thread, between pulley and block should be hori ontal., 4. Add weights in the plan gradually till the roller ust starts rolling., . Note that minimum weight in the pan for which roller ust start rolling., . Repeat the experiment by putting weights in the step of 0g on the wooden block., . In each case nd the force of limiting friction r, bser ations, 1., ., , eight of empty wooden block roller, eight of empty scale pan P, , ..g., .g., 76

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bser ation Table, Sr. Mass on, No. the block, . t, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Total load, . t, , Mass in the, an P1 . t, , Total, ort, r P P, . t, , r, r, , Mean, r, , Calculation, r, r, , Result, 1. Coe cient of rolling friction for the given surface r, . As the weight of pulley increases the e ort increases., Precautions, , .., , 1. Table top should be hori ontal., . Pulley should be frictionless., ., eight in the pan should be increased in small steps., 4. Table top should be top gently., RN T S, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 77

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C, , CTI ITY N . 4, ICI NT, R STIT TI N, , im To determine the coe cient of restitution., aratus Rubber balls of di erent si es preferably same material , wooden board,, meter scale, retort stand., ormula, e, ia ram, , h, h1, , i . x eriment Setu, Procedure, 1. Measure the mass of each rubber ball., . Arrange the set up as shown in the gure., . eave a ball vertically downward from the xed height may be 1 m ., 4. Measure and record the height reached by the ball after the rst bounce from the rigid oor of, the laboratory., . Repeat the same for each ball one at a time and record the height reached., . Now the same experiment needs to be repeated with oor changed to wooden board., bser ations, 1. Mass of Ball M1, g., . Mass of Ball M, . Mass of Ball M, Height of the ball initially, bser ation table, Ball, , g., h1, , .. g., ------- cm., , Hei ht of bounce of ball from Ri id, loor Surface h, , 1, 2, 3, 78, , Hei ht of bounce of ball from, ooden Board surface h

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Calculations, 1. Calculation of coe cient of restitution for rigid oor surface ., Ball Number, e, , h, h1, , 1, 2, 3, . Calculation of coe cient of restitution for wooden oor surface ., Ball Number, e, , h, h1, , 1, 2, 3, Conclusion, Compare the value of 'e' for di erent ball for same surface and draw your conclusion., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Precautions, se thread and scale method to measure vertical height., RN T S, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 79

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BY, im, , CTI ITY N ., CTRIC, M TH, , J by electrical method., aratus Calorimeter with stirrer, heating coil, DC Power supply, ammeter ,voltmeter,, rheostat, thermometer, stopwatch, weight box, connecting wires etc., , Circuit ia ram, , ormula, 1., , ork done,, , VIt, , . Heat gained by the calorimeter with stirrer and water, H (mc cc+ mw cw ) (ϴ2- ϴ1 ), VIt, . Mechanical e uivalent of heat, J W =, (mc cc+mw cw )(ϴ2-ϴ1 ), H, Procedure, 1., eigh the empty calorimeter with stirrer., . ill the calorimeter to about two-thirds of its volume with water and weigh it again., . Immerse the coil into the water in the calorimeter. Insert the thermometer, stirrer through the, slots provided in the lid, into the calorimeter. Place the calorimeter on the non conducting supports inside the outer acket., 4. Connect the circuit as shown in the gure above. Ad ust the rheostat to position of maximum, resistance., . Note the initial temperature 1 of the water in the calorimeter., . Pass current in the circuit and ad ust the rheostat so that desired current I passes in the coil., . Note the potential di erence , V across the coil., . Pass a steady current I through the coil for time t so that the temperature of the water rises by, 10o C., . Note the nal temperature, of the water., bser ations, . g., 1. Mass of the empty calorimeter with stirrer, mC, . Mass of the calorimeter with stirrer and water, m, .. g., . Hence mass of water mw m mc, .g., 4. Initial temperature of the water, 1 ----------- qC., ----------- qC., . inal temperature of the water,, . Potential di erence across the coil, V, . Volts., . Current through the coil, I, .. A., 80

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. Speci c heat of material of calorimeter and stirrer, Cc, cal, . Speci c heat of water , Cw, given, gram, 0, C, Calculations, J, , W, H, , =, , ., , cal, gram 0C, , given, , VIt, (mc cc+mw cw )(ϴ2-ϴ1 ), , Result Mechanical e uivalent of heat, J, , . J cal, , . J Kcal., , Precautions, 1. Keep the current in the circuit constant throughout the experiment by ad usting the rheostat as, re uired., . The bulb of the thermometer should be well immersed in the water., . The bulb of the thermometer should touch the coil., 4. Stir the water in the calorimeter gently throughout the experiment for uniformity of temperature., RN T S, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., .........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., ..........................................................................................................................................................., Remark and si n of teacher .................................................................................................., ......................................................................................................................................................, ......................................................................................................................................................, 81

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R, , R CTI, , IN, , X, , CTI ITY N ., SS BY T T, , INT RN, , R, , CTI N, , im To determine refractive index of glass by total internal refraction., aratus, lass slab, plain white paper, laser pointer, geometrical instrument box., ia ram, PQRS: utline of glass slab, ABCD : Tra ectory of light, total, internally re ected at point C, Angles of incidence and, i and r: A, refraction at A Same at D, by symmetry, , ., , Theor, At B, i, 0, ? r iC, ? At C, 0-r, , iC, , Thus, at point C, there will always be total internal re ection. Then at D, we get same angles,, by symmetry., Procedure, 1. Place the glass slab on white paper xed the wooden drawing board., . Hold the laser pointer very close touching the glass slab along the width side shorter side of, glass slab of it., . Initially place the laser beam perpendicular to the glass surface angle of incidence 0 degree, at the point B such that PB is lesser than half the width of the glass slab., 4. bserve the refracted beam, . Vary the angle of incidence by ust changing the angle made by laser pointer with respect to, the surface of glass slab., . Note the intensity of light refracted to air medium from surface PQ of glass slab and intensity, of light re ected back in to the glass slab., . ind the position of the laser pointer minimum angle of incidence at which the light incident, on the surface PQ is re ected back it to glass slab. iC ., . Mark the position of laser pointer using pencil and draw the incident ray and measure the, angle of incidence. Complete the ray diagram as shown in gure to get the path BCD. Draw, the direction of emergent ray as same as that of incident ray following the path of the emergent, laser beam. Measure the angle of incidence at the surface PQ. for condition noted in point ., . Calculate the refractive index of glass slab., 82

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ST, , Y, , CTI ITY N ., R SIST RS SIN C, , RC, , im To learn how to calculate the value of resistor with help of colour code., aratus, Resistors of di erent values, multimeter., ia ram, 1, , 4, ead, , Decimal Multiplies, , 1st Digit, , nd, , Tolerance, , Digit, , enerally, standard value carbon resistors are colour coded to indicate their value. rom, left to right, the rst band gives the rst digit, the second band gives the second digit, the third band, gives the decimal multiple no. of ero s after rst two digits . The fourth band gives the tolerance, of the resistor in percentage. In some cases there is no fourth band.In this case resistor should be, hold in such a way that the gap on the left side is smaller., Procedure, 1. Calculate the value of the rst resistor alongwith its tolerance using the colour code marked on, the resistor. The values of colour code are given in the table below., . Take a multimeter and ad ust it to the suitable resistance range. Measure the value of the rst, resistor using the multimeter., . Repeat the same procedure for 4 other resistors., Resistor colour code chart, Colour, Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet, Grey, White, Golden, Silver, No Colour, , i it, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ----, , Multi lier, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 10-1, 10-2, -84, , Tolerance, -r1%, r2%, -------r5%, r 10 %, r 20 %

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bser ation table, Sr., No., , Colour Band Band Band Band, code on, -I, -II, -III, -I, Resistor, , alue Tolerance, , Calculated, alue of, Resistor ith, tolerance in, , Readin on, multimeter, in, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Result, e study the method of nding the value of resistor from colour code and verify the value, using a multimeter., Precautions, se multimeter with proper range for measuring resistance., RN T S, ..........................................................................................................................................................., ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, 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ST, , Y, , CTI ITY N ., P T NTI, I I, , R CIRC IT, , im To study a potential divider circuit, aratus, , volts d.c. power supply with least count 0.1volt, 100 , carbon resistor, 1 4 watt, 0 tolarence and standard variable resistance box., , Circuit ia ram, , +, -, , Theor, The current in the above circuit is, I, R R, Potential di erence across resistor R 100, is given as, R, V IR, R R, Potential di erence across the variable resistor is,, R, V IR, R R, R is suitable resistance from resistance box, Procedure, 1. Initially the resistance in the resistance box R is kept 0., . The voltmeter is connected across R 100, , and potential di erence V1 is noted., , . The voltmeter is then connected across R and potential di erence V is noted., 4. The steps, , are repeated for, , more values of R preferably 0, , bser ation, R, 86, , and 40

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bser ation table, bs. Resistor, no., R, , Theoretical alue of P. ., Across, R, , R, R R, , Across, R, R, R R, , bser ed alue of P. ., Across R, , Across R, , Result Theoretical and actually measured values of V and V nearly same., Study of potential divider circuit is done., Precautions, Check that positive terminal connection of voltmeter with positive terminal of battery., RN T S, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, ............................................................................................................................................................, 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S IPS, , 1., , R PR CTIC, X MIN TI N, PHYSICS, , LONG EXPERIMENTS, ernier Calli ers, Determine the least count of vemier callipers. ind the diameter of the given sphere using, vernier callipers. Take independent readings. Calculate the volume of the sphere., , ., , ernier Calli ers, Determine the least count of vemier callipers. ind the inner diameter and depth of the hollow, cylinder. Take readings in each case. Calculate the volume of the hollow cylinder., , ., , Micrometer Scre, au e, Determine the least count and ero error of the micrometer-screw gauge. Measure the diameter, of the given wire. Take three readings. Calculate the cross - sectional area of the wire., , 4., , Micrometer Scre, au e, ind out the pitch, least count and ero error of a given micrometer screw gau e. Hence, determine the thickness of given glass plate. Take three readings, , . S herometer, Determine the least count of the spherometer. Determine the radius of curvature of the given, curved surface., ., , a of Parallelo ram of orces, Determine the unknown weight using the law of parallelogram of forces. Verify the same by, calculation of resultant force., , ., , a of Parallelo ram of orces, Verify law of parallelogram of forces for, a P Q b P Q, here P and Q are applied forces along two ad acent sides of a paral, lelogram., , ., , Coe cient of Static riction, Determine the coe cient of static friction between wooden block and hori ontal surface., Take four independent sets of readings., , ., , Coe cient of Static riction, ou are given plane surface wooden box and a pan. or four di erent values of load, nd, the e ort P re uired to ust move the wooden box over the plane surface. Plot a graph of P, vs. , hence nd coe cient of static friction, , 10. R.I. of lass usin Tra ellin microsco e, Determine the refractive index of the given glass slab using travelling microscope. Take one, set of readings., 11. R.I. of lass usin Tra ellin microsco e, Determine the refractive index of the given li uid using travelling microscope. Take one set, of readings., 102

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1 ., , ocal len th of con ex lens, or four di erent values of ob ect distance measure corresponding image distance: Hence, nd the focal length of a given convex lens using suitable formula., , 1 . R.I. of i uid, Determine the Refractive Index of a given li uid by using concave mirror. Take four readings., 14. Prism, ou are given drawingboard, pins, white paper, and prism. or four di erent angles of, incidence i nd angle of deviation and angle of emergence e. Hence Verify A, i e, 1 . Prism, ou are given Prism, white paper, Drawing board, and pins. or four di erent angle of, incidence i nd angle of deviation . Plot a graph of agaist i. Hence nd R.I. of material, of Prism. iven A 00., 1 . Prism, ou are given prism, white paper, Drawing board, pins. or four di erent angle of incidence, i measure angle of deviation . Plot a graph of against i. ind angle of minimum deviation, from graph. Draw your conclusion from graph., 1 ., , e ection Ma netometer, Calculate the magnetic moment of a short bar magnet by using de ection magnetometer in, Tan A Tan B position. Repeat for one more magnet., , 1 . Characteristics of Thermistor, ou are given a thermistor Dip it in the li uid. Increase the temperature of the li uid gradually., Note the resistance of the thermistor for ve di erent temperatures. Plot the graph resistance, verses temperature. ind the value of ., 1 . Characteristics of Thermistor, ou are given a thermistor dip it in the li uid. Increase the temperature of the li uid gradually., Note the resistance of the thermistor for ve di erent temperatures. Plot the graph resistance, verses temperature. Draw your conclusion from graph., 0. PN unction diode, Draw the characteristics of PN unction diode when the diode is used in forward bias. ind, knee voltage., ., , PN unction diode, Draw the characteristics of PN unction diode when the diode is used in forward bias. ind, dynamic and static resistance., , 103

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SHORT EXPERIMENTS, , 1., , ernier Calli ers, Determine the least count of vemier callipers. ind the diameter of the given sphere using, vernier callipers. Take independent readings., , ., , ernier Calli ers, Determine the least count of vemier callipers. ind the inner diameter of the hollow cylinder., Take readings., , ., , Micrometer Scre, au e, Determine the least count and ero error of the micrometer-screw gauge. Measure the diameter, of the given wire of given plate. Take readings., , 4., , Micrometer Scre, au e, Determine the least count and ero error of the micrometer-screw gauge. Measure the thickness, of the given glass plate. Take readings., , ., , S herometer, Determine the least count of the spherometer. Calculate sagita for any one surface of the, convex surface., , ., , a of Parallelo ram of orces, Verify the aw of Parallelogram by using given data one reading P, , ., , ., , a of Parallelo ram of orces, Draw vector diagram using given data of P ----,Q --- and, also determine R by using formula ., , --- Q, , --- Measure the diagonal R ,, , Coe cient of Static riction, Determine the coe cient of static friction between wooden block and hori ontal surface., Take two independent sets of readings., , . R.I. of lass usin Tra ellin microsco e, Determine the thickness of glass slab using travelling microscope., microscope 0.001cm, , east count of travelling, , 10. R.I. of lass usin Tra ellin microsco e, Determine the apparent depth of glass slab using travelling microscope., travelling microscope 0.001cm, 11., , ----, , east count of, , ocal len th of con ex lens b dis lacement method, Determine si e of diminished and magni ed images of an ob ect for two di erent positions of, source and screen. Hence nd d ., , 1 . R.I. of i uid, Measure the distance of index pin from concave mirror by removing parallax with water., 1 . R.I. of i uid, Measure the distance of index pin from concave mirror by removing parallax., 104

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14. Prism, or given angle of incidence i --- use the given prism and nd the value of angle of deviation, . Repeat for i --1 ., , e ection Ma netometer, Arrange the de ection magnetometer in Tan A Tan B position and measure distance of, magnet for, 4 0 .Hence calculate magnetic moment of the magnet., , 1 . Characteristics of Thermistor, ou are given a thermistor Dip it in the li uid. Increase the temperature of the li uid gradually., Note the resistance of the thermistor for three di erent temperatures., 1 . Characteristics of Thermistor, Measure the resistance of the given thermistor at room temperature . Repeat the same by, holding the thermistor in the closed palm., sing, , correlate the temperatures of the body with that of the thermistor., 1 . PN unction diode, Measure the current through the forward biased unction diode for di erent values of voltages, .Hence nd the value of knee voltage., ACTIVITIES, 1. Total internal re ection, ou are given a glass slab. Pass the laser beam through the width of the slab and preasure the, angle of incidence for which total external re ection takes place., ., , a of moments, ou are given a meter scale, Slotted weights, and a body of nknown mass. Keeping un, known mass at a x distance from C. ., ad ust the distance of slotted weight on the other side, of C. . so that meter scale remains perfectly hori ontal. Hence determine the mass of a give, body. Repeat for one more unknown mass., , . Rollin friction, Determine the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a hori ontal plane., 4. Coe cient of restitutions, Determine the coe cient of restitution by using rubber balls of di erent si e., ., , b electrical method, Pass suitable current in the coil for time t --- s. Measure current I and potential V. Measure, the re uired temperatures and determine J., , . Colour code resistor, Measure the value of given resistance by using multimeter. Hence write its colour code ., Tolerance of the resistance is, . Potential di ider circuit, nd the value of resistance R for which potential di erence is, R1, e ual to, . Verify it using multimeter., . Refracti e Index b uto collimation method, ou are given a convex lens having R, and R, sing auto collimation method nd the refractive index of the lens., 105

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xam. Seat No., Roll No., , Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and, Curriculum Research, Pune-04, , Certificate, aborator, , ournal for Ph sics, , This is to certify that Shri Miss ......................................................................., has satisfactory carried out the re uired practical work prescribed by Maharashtra, State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune-04 for rst, year r. college science course Roll no ------------ in sub ect Physics and that this, ournal his her bona de work in year., No of experements performed, , Sub ect Teacher, , No of activities performed, , xaminer, , Stamp, , 106, , Principal

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