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9, , Psychology and Sports, CONTENT, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, , 9.1, , Definition and Importance of Psychology in Physical Education and, Sports, Define & Differentiate Between Growth and Development, Development Characteristic at different stages of Development, Adolescent Problems and their Management, , DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN, PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS, , Now-a-days sports competitions are very tough. The best techniques and best training, methods are being used to get best results during competitions. But players are not satisfied, by their results. Therefore, the players realised the importance of psychology in physical, education to get best possible results in the sports. Psychology is the science of behaviour., This word is derived from the two Latin words-psyche which means soul or mind and logos, which means science or study. Earlier the word psychology was used to mean the study of, mind. But now psychology is used to mean as the science of behaviour., , MEANING AND DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY, The definition of psychology has passed through many stages. Earlier psychology was, considered as science of soul, later it was believed to be science of conciousness of mind., Now it is recognised as the science of behaviour., 1. Woodworth : "Psychology is the scientific study of the individual's activity in relation to, environment.", 2. Crow & Crow : "Psychology is the science of conduct or behaviour.", 3. Mc Dougall : "Psychology is the positive science of behaviour.", , MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY, Sports psychology means reading and analysing the behaviour during sports process., Sports psychology can be defined as under "Sports psychology is that branch of psychology, which deals with the behviour of sports concerned in various circumstances and conditons.", Sports psychology stresses on the psychological study of the problems which arise in any, sports situations., Sports psychology is the branch of applied psychology which deals with sports, performance and behaviour of a player during training and competitions. So it is the science, which studies player's behaviour to improve performance.
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Psychology and Sports, , 181, , 1., , Brown and Mohney : "Sports psychology is the application of psychological principles to, sports and physical activity at all levels of skill improvement.", 2. Clark & Clark : "Sports psychology is an applied psychology. It is more concerned with the, personality, emotional aspects of Physical Education and sports activities, which employs, many of the techniques used in Psychology.", "Sports psychology deals with increasing performance by managing emotions and, minimising the psychological effects of injuries and poor performances.", It is clear from the above mentioned definitions that sports psychology is the study of, behaviour and various psychological aspects in the field of sports., Importance of Sports Psychology : These days sports has been converted into a, profession. That is why sports competitions are becoming so hard. Athletes are using best, techniques and best training methods for getting best result during competitions. In skill level, most of the top ranking teams and players are close to each other and the main difference is, who can bear the stress of competition in a better way and sports psychology helps relieve, the stress and modify behaviour towards best performance., 1. Motivation and Feedback : Proper motivation and proper feedback enhance the, performance of players. This can be guided by sports psychology. So motivation is, required at every step of learning. It gives the spirit upto "move ahead" with positive, energy., 2. Preparing the player psychological : As like physiological warming up is necessary for, player before the competition in the same way psychological warming is also most, important before the competition and during the competition. It helps the player goal, setting, achieve their target, motivation and remove stress, anxiety, fear, etc. So we can, say that it helps the player win and make strong their will power., 3. Improves performance : The knowledge of sports psychology helps improve performance, by scientific way of modifying behaviour. Thus, players get high level of performance, during competitions., 4. Overcoming the stress : It helps overcome stress and tensions of players because players, become mental strong. Thus, they get best performance in the competitions., 5. Build confidence in athletes : Sports psychology builds confidence in athletes through, motivation. When they are inspired or motivated then their confidence level is increased., 6. Check over Declining Performance : Knowledge of sports psychology helps control and, diagnose the declining performance., 7. For Better Selection : Sports psychology helps coaches or teachers to make the best, selection of players. It guides good coaching methods. It also prepares for various stress, situations, motivates players to perform better., , 9.2, , DEFINE & DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GROWTH AND, DEVELOPMENT, , Growth and development are similar words but different from each other though it is not
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182 Physical Education-11, possible to separate them totally. It is a whole process which includes growth of the body as, well as growth of various aspects of child's personality, e.g. the physical, emotional, social and, cognitive development., , GROWTH, The term growth is used in a limited way to refer to increase in size and weight, becoming, larger and heavier. We speak of growth of muscles, growth of skeleton, growth of brain and, growth of the body. In general term growth is generally used to indicate a growing that causes, increase and enlargement. The bones become longer, thicker and heavier., , DEFINITION OF GROWTH, 1., 2., 3., , According to Meredith : "Growth is entire series of anatomical and physiological changes, taking place between the beginning of the prenatal life and the death.", "Growth can be defined as increase in size, length, height and weight or the changes in, quantitative aspects of an organism.", "Growth means increase or addition in size, height, length or weight and can be, measured.", , DEVELOPMENT, Development indicates that there is an advancement more unfoldment, progressive, changes, and a going forward to greater maturity. The terms development means a progressive, series to changes that occur in an orderly, predictable pattern as a result of maturation and, experience. Development does not consist of merely adding to one's height or weight but it, is much more than that., , DEFINITION OF DEVELOPMENT, 1, 2., , "Development is a series of orderly progression towards maturity. It implies overall, qualitative changes resulting in the improved functioning of the organism.", According to Hurlock, "Development is not limited to growing larger, instead it consists, of a progressive series of changes of an orderly, coherent types towards the goal of, maturity."
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Psychology and Sports, , 183, , DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Growth, 1. Growth can be measured., 2. It is easier to measure the growth., Because it is physical in nature and can be, seen., 3. Growth is always cellular., 4. Growth is limited upto a definite age., Generally, after maturity growth does not, take place., 5. Growth is related to the changes in, height, weight, shape and size of an, , Development, 1. Development presents multiple changes, in behaviour, efficiency and capabilities., 2. It is not an easy job to measure the type of, change in development. It can only be, noticed., 3. Development is organisational., 4. Development is a lifelong process., , 5. Development is related to the changes in, all aspects of an individual., , Nature of Growth and Development : Growth and development go side by side. Both are, joint products of heredity and environment., , CONCLUSION, Both growth and development are interrelated asapects of psychology. There are some, basic differences as per their structure but it is difficult to seperate them. They have some basic, similarities also. In study of educational psychology study of their differences and similarities, have equal importance for a teacher., , 9.3, , DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC AT DIFFERENT, STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, , Various changes from conception to death take place in the physical and psychological, capacities of the child. The helpless baby of today, who would be an adult of tomorrow,, has to come across various stages in the process of his development. This also involves the, development of his physical intellectual, social and characteristics of the personality. There, are certain periods in the process of development, where certain characteristics features of, behaviour stand out more prominently than other periods of life; they are termed as a stage., The behaviour of an infant is different from that of adolescent. It is, therefore, desirable that, for proper understanding of individuals, we may divide their life into various stages :, 1. Infancy : 0 to 5 years is infancy stage. The stage from birth, to the end of 5 years of age, is called infancy. The basic foundations of physical, mental and personality development, are laid it this stage. It is a period of rapid growth of size and weight. The average length, of a new born baby is 19 inches, but varies from 17 to 21 inches. The average weight of, a new-born baby is 7 pounds By the time the child is about 2 years of age, his weight, becomes about 25 pounds. The bones and muscles of the child begin to develop. The brain
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184 Physical Education-11, , 2., , 3., , grows rapidly. The glands begin to function properly. At this stage, the grasping power of, infant becomes stronger. His power of memory gets sharpened. He is able to remember, the incidents of the past, immediately his thinking ability increases. H understands the, language clearly and speaks accordingly. The infant usually exhibits his emotions through, motor skill activities. At this stage, the behaviour of the infant depends upon imagination., He keeps himself busy in such activities in which he can wander in imagination. They like, to listen to stopwatch, the stories of fairies very much. At this stage, infants learn the, activities related to motor skill like walking, running, jumping, catching, throwing, etc., They start using their physical organs, internal organs 'and sensory organs in a better, way., Childhood : The childhood stage starts from 6th year and ends by the end of the 12th, year. This is a period of uneven growth of bones and muscles and organs, that can, result in physical appearance. Play is life for them at this stage. Their neuro-muscular coordination becomes enough efficient, the concentration power of the children increases., Their thinking ability increases fastly. The power of memory, logical thinking and decisionmaking gets increased to a great extent. Emotional!, they become stable and optimistic., They also learn to control over their behaviour. During this stage the social qualities, develop in them quickly. They become able to adjust their behaviour in a society owing, to their appropriate development of social qualities., At this stage, children are more courageous, imaginative, resourceful and adventurous., They like to initate the deeds and action of their famous heroes, about whom, they hear,, read and watch., Adolescence : Adolescence refers to the period of development and adjustment during, the transitional period, that initiate from childhood to adulthood. This period emerges, from childhood and merges into adulthood. During this period, the pranks of childhood, goes away insipid and a revolutionary process of changes starts. In fact, it is the period, of revolutionary change. The term `adolescence' originates from the word "Adolescere", which means "to grow" or to grow to maturity., According to Jersild "Adolescence is that span of years, during which, boys and girls, move from childhood to adulthood, mentally, emotionally, socially and physically.", It is supposed that the adolescent stage begins from 15th year and remains till 19th year., It is also called teenage., Following are the characteristics of this stage :, (i) Physical characteristics : At this stage, many physical changes take place, spontaneously. Many physical changes take place in boys and girls with the, onset of the stage. In girls, menstrual cycle begins and in boys, night-emission, begins. Hair start appearing in axilla or armpit and pubic region. The enlargement, of breasts begins in girls. The voice of girls become softer, sweet and light., Moustaches and beard start appearing on the face of boys. At this stage boys, have broad chest, broad shoulders and normal buttocks, whereas girls have, less broad shoulders and chest. The hips of girls become very broad and legs, become round.
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Psychology and Sports, , (ii), , (iii), , (iv), , (v), , 9.4, , 185, , Mental characteristics : The adolescents become interested in viewing and, reading thrilling novels and stories. Imaginative stories and cartoons and, fictions. They become curious to know more about public places and principles., They demand self-respect, dignity and self-independence. They have high, aspirations and they indulge in making the castles of dream in the air. They also, indulge in day-dreaming. Sometimes, they become aggressive. At this stage,, they need a proper guidance and direction., Emotional characteristics : The adolescence is full of emotions. Out of emotions,, he performs such uphill tasks, which seem to be impossible in the starting., Sometimes, the adolescent becomes so longer that they feel themselves at, the top of the world and disappointments sexually. They become active at this, stage. They are unable to have proper control over their emotions such as sex,, anger, love, greed, hatred and jealousy. They do not bear their disrespect and, disgrace. They do not like even the suggestion and guidance given by someone., Social characteristics : Sometimes, the adolescents adopt the ways, which, are not acceptable to society and creates obstructions in their ways. In this, condition, the adolescents turn to revolt against the traditions and customs of, society. Sometimes various social evils spread due to this. Owing to attraction, in boys and girls; they are at the service of other intimated friends. They try, to present themselves better than others they also have a keen desire to find, the able life partner. They have interest in recreational activities, like picnic,, dancing, music, mountain-trekking, hiking, etc., Motor characteristics : There is improvement in motor co-ordination and coordinative abilities in boys in comparison to girls. The girls, who participate, persistently in sports, are likely to have their continuous motor development., Maximum strength and explosive strength develop rapidly in boys. Strength, develops rapidly in boys, whereas strength abilities improve very less in girls., The boys who perform exercises regularly, have good flexibility. If they do not, perform exercise regularly, they have less flexibility., , ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS & THEIR MANAGEMENT, , Adolescentperiod is a period of uncertain beginning and ending, that cannot be dated exactly., According to Jersild—"Adolescence is the period, through which, a growing person, makes transition from childhood to maturity", According to Stanley Hall—"Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm, and strife.", According to Sadler—"Adolescence is that period in which a child tries to become, capable of doing everything by himself.", At adolescence stage, child wants to become self-dependent. During this period, many, physical, physiological, mental and social changes take place. There is increase in weight,, height, bones, muscles, and strength.
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186 Physical Education-11, , PROBLEMS OF ADOLESCENCE, As described earlier, period of adolescence is most critical period of individual's life., Some of the problems occurring during adolescence are mentioned below :, 1. Biological problems : Beginning of rapid and unbalanced growth in height, weight and, physique, the adolescent feels embarrassed in the group, in which he moves., 2. Problems due to mental competition : Because of mental development, the adolescent, becomes critical and fault-finder. He wants to broaden is mental horizon by knowing, everything he comes across. The mentally superior adolescent faces the problem of, adjustment., 3. Emotional disturbances : Emotional disturbances in the adolescent are due to rapidly, changing physical structures, abnormal functioning of the nervous system. The adolescent, posseses extreme emotions. His emotional moods vary from elation to depression., 4. Problem of home adjustment : An adolescent, sometimes, can't adjust himself to the, conditions of home. His home adjustment problems arise due to the fact that his needs, increase., 5. Desire for independence : Achieving independence from home and family ties, is one of, the major problems faced by adolescents., 6. Aggressive behaviour : Mostly an adolescent displays aggressive behaviour; especially, when he is compelled to do an activity which is against his desire or liking., 7. Social status : Every adolescent desires significant social status. He is very much conscious, of his self-respect. He wants his social recognition. If their position and prestige is hurt, it, can be a great problem., 8. Drugabuse : It is found to be more common among teenagers. Many drugs are physically, harmful, if they are taken regularly. But, if a single overdose of some drugs, such as, heroin, is taken, it can result in death. The addiction or getting habitual of hazardous, drugs, is largely confined to period of adolescence., 9. Juvenile delinquency : The adolescents may indulge in offences like mischief, theft,, stealing driving away cars, etc. It is also found that some boys often form gangs. This so, called heroic attitude of them can be a problem., 10. Projections : All adolescents always try to prove themselves by pointing out similar faults, in others. Such poor attitude can land them in a problem., 11. Identity crises : Quest for identity, is another major problem faced by the adolescents., He asserts for his own identity as an individual, whereas in many situations, he is not, considered by his parents and peers. Over-exposure to popular media, like TV network,, etc. further confounds his problems., , MANAGEMENT OF ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS, At this delicate stage, one needs proper guidance, counseling, check and proper, channelization of energy., The following suggestions are useful :, 1. Proper Knowledge of Adolescence Psychology : Parents, teachers, guardians and guides
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Psychology and Sports, , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , 7., , 8., , 187, , must be aware of adolescence psychology and must understand the behaviourial changes, at this age. They must be saved from falling prey to mental tensions, worries and other, stresses. Parents, teachers, guardians and friends must have good co-ordination. So, that, they are able to solve the problems of adolescence, if there is any, and they should try to, solve the problem at the earliest in best possible way., Providing Healthy Atmosphere for Growth and Development : The atmosphere at, home and school should be cheerful, playful and healthy, so that a complete growth, and development could take place towards maturity. Proper facilities and opportunities, should be provided to meet the developing demands of teenage. There must be a safe, and healthy environment for proper growth and development., Proper Sex Education : At this stage, sex-glands undergo prominent changes. The, adolescents must be made aware of these changes in a proper and friendly way by the, parents or teachers. They must be properly guided to tackle these sex problems and, their doubts must be cleared regarding sexual development and other body changes., Otherwise, there can arise misunderstanding in the mind of child about the sex., Correction and Checking of Mistakes : At this stage, the teenagers must be given some, liberty to take independent decisions. This will add to the self-confidence. In case the, decisions are not correct, they must be corrected and guided in a proper way. Their faults,, mistakes and errors must be politely and sympathetically dealt with instead of punishing, them, blaming, giving punishment, etc., Proper use of leisure : Teenagers have a lot of extra or surplus energy and need good, programmes to channelise it in a fruitful way. Participation in physical activities, such as, sports, games, adventures courses and exploring activities, are good to channelise their, energy. These activities satisfy the instinct of play, curosity, aggression, competition zeal,, adventure courses and expression. These also give an outfit to the hidden talent., Mode of Education : Adolescents must be properly guided by teachers and parents., Education must be provided to them in an interesting way, so that they may explore, their inner capabilities. Proper teaching method should be adopted to make education, interesting and enjoyable. Sufficient opportunities must be provided towards vocational, education. Education must be related to the future profession. Parents and teachers, must check the educational progress of their children, time to time. So that they could be, guided if they are at fault anywhere. If they are doing well, they should be encouraged., Moral Values Development : At this age, sometimes children lose their moral character., This depends upon the parents, teachers and guardians to develop good moral values, among the children and check their immoral acts. They must be properly taught about, their culture, traditions, customs and to follow them. Social circle should be made, confined to good and sincere friends., Spiritual Guidance : At this stage, usually children show less interest in spiritual celebration, or functions. They should be guided properly about the religion and the secular thoughts., They should be made active towards religious activities The destructive ideas in mind can, be controlled through religious thoughts.
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188 Physical Education-11, 9., , Friendly Attitude : At this stage adolescents accept the friendly attitudes from their, family members and other relations. So parents and teachers should act more as friends, rather than strict disciplined and rigid persons. Moreover, this friendly attitude will bring, them closer to each other and better understanding will be developed instead of gap, among them., 10. Independent ideas and liberty with Proper check : Children can be given little freedom, for making some decisions of their own. With that more confidence will be developed, among the children and they will try to be self-dependent. They can also have independent, thinking, which can be followed with some liberty under proper check.
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Psychology and Sports, , 189, , EXERCISES, Very Short Answer type Questions (30 to 60 Words), 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., , What is psychology ?, What do you mean by sports psychology ?, Define sports psychology., What is growth ?, What is development ?, Define the term 'growth' ?, What do you mean by adolescence ?, Define Learning., What is meant by transfer of learning ?, Define transfer of learning., List the laws of learning., What is positive transfer of learning., , Short Answer type Questions (60 to 100 Words), 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , Define psychology and sports psychology., What is difference between growth and development ?, Differentiate between growth and development., Describe the developmental characteristics during childhood., Write any two problems of adolescent., List the laws of learning and describe any one law., What do you mean by transfer of learning ?, Discuss the various types of transfer of learning., Discuss the factors affecting transfer of learning., , Long Answer type Questions (150 to 200 Words), 1., 2., 3., 4., , What is psychology ? Write the importance of psychology in physical education and, sports., Define growth and development and give differences between them., Explain the developmental characteristics of adolescence., Explain the problems of adolescence in detail.
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190 Physical Education-11, 5., 6., 7., 8., , Elucidate the management of problems of adolescence., What is learning ? What are the laws of learning ?, What do you mean by transfer of learning ? Explain the types of transfer of learning in, detail., What is meant by transfer of learning ? Discuss the factors affecting transfer of learning., qqq
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Psychology and Sports, , 191, , SOLVED PRACTICE QUESTIONS, Very Short Answer type Questions (30 to 60 Words), Q1., Ans., , Q2., Ans., , Q3., Ans., , Q4., Ans., , Q5., Ans., , Q6., Ans., , Q7., Ans., , Define sports psychology ?, Definition of Sports Psychology :, 1., Brown and Mohney : "Sports psychology is the application of psychological, principles to sports and physical activity at all levels of skill improvement.", 2., Clark & Clark : "Sports psychology is an applied psychology. It is more concerned, with the personality, emotional aspects of Physical Education and sports, activities, which employs many of the techniques used in Psychology.", What do you mean by growth ?, The term 'Growth' is related with physical changes and it can be viewed and measured., Growth refers to increase in size, weight, becoming larger and heavier. Growth is, limited and it stops after certain age., What is development ?, The terms 'Development' indicates advancement, progressive changes, gaining, maturity, etc. In development the changes take place at mental, social, emotional, level., Define the term Adolescence ?, The term adolescence comes from the world 'adoleslere' which means "grow to, maturity." In these sense, and adolescence is a process than a period. Jersild has, defined, "Adolescence is the period through which a growing person makes transition, from childhood to maturity." Adolescence start with puberty and continues till, maturity, i.e. from 13 years to 19 years of age. It is also known as "teen age.", Write anyone problem of adolescence., Physical Problems : During adolescence, many physical changes take place. Menstruation, and nightfall become a phenomenon for girls and boys respectively. Development of, Sex glands takes place. Due to these changes, adolescents feel restless and worried., What do you mean by learning ?, Learning means to adjust or adapt oneself according to the situation. Learning process, involves experience in the mental, social and physical domain and thereby concerns, changes and modifications not only in knowledge and motor skills but also in social, values and behavioural attitude. Learning is acquiring new or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge behaviours., Define Learning., 1., According to Cratty, "Learning in the broadest sense is organisation of, behaviour according to performance demands of some task."
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192 Physical Education-11, 2., Q8., Ans., , Q9., Ans., , Q10., Ans., , According to G. Murphy, "From this point of view it would be legitimate to, regard learning as modification of behaviour and of the way of perceiving.", What is transfer of learning ?, Transfer of learning is based on the principle that a new skill learned in one situation, can be used in another. Transfer of learning is the extent to which the learning of any, response facilities or inhibits the learning of subsequent responses. The term transfer, is used because it is implied that what is learnt with respect to one task which is, transffered to the learning of future tasks., Define transfer of learning., 1., According to Perkins and Saloma, "When learning in one context enhances, (or undermines) a related performance in another context is called transfer of, learning.", 2., According to Crow and Crow, "The carry over of habits of thinking, feeling or, working of knowledge or of skills, from one learning area to another usually, is, referred to as the transfer of training.", What is positive transfer of learning ?, Positive Transfer : When learning in one context enhances a related performance in, another context, it is called positive transfer of learning or training. In simple words,, when there is an improvement in a performance as a result of previous learning or, training, it is called positive transfer of learning. For example, when a player learns to, play Tennis, it will be easier to him to learn Squash racquet both being recquet games., The amount of positive transfer of learning depends on the similarities of the elements,, the amount of over learning of previous skill, the assistance given by physical education, teacher., , Short Answer type Questions (60 to 100 Words), Q1., Ans., , What is the importance of sports psychology ? Explain., These days sports are converted into a profession and that is why sports competitions, are becoming so hard. Sports psychology helps relieve the stress and modify behaviour, towards best performance in the following ways :, 1., Improves Performance : The knowledge of sports psychology helps improve, performance by scientific way of modifying behaviour., 2., Overcoming the stress : It helps overcome stress and tensions of players, thus, enhances performances., 3., Motivation and Feedback : Proper motivation and proper feedback enhance, the performance of players. This can be guided by sports psychology., 4., Preparing the player psychological : Psychological warming is also most, important before the competition and during the competition. It helps the, player goal setting ; achieve their target, motivation and remove stress, anxiety,, fear, etc.
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Psychology and Sports, , 5., , Q2., Ans., , Q3., Ans., , 193, , Build confidence in Athletes : Sports psychology builds confidence in athletes, through motivation., 6., Check over declining performance : Knowledge of sports psychology helps, control and diagnose the dealing performance., 7., For better selection : Sports psychology helps coaches or teachers for better, selection of players., 8., For better Training and Coaching : Knowledge of sports psychology improves, the training coaching and teaching skills, thus effective learning takes place., 9., Modifying behaviour and develop coping skills : Sports psychology helps in, modifying proper behaviour of sportsperson and develop coping skills which, helps in the improvement of results and bring better adjustments in various, situations., 10., Understanding the Needs : Sports psychology helps understand the needs, of the sportsperson. Thus, prospective problems can be sorted out well in, advance., Explain in brief the infancy stage of development., Infancy or Babyhood Stage (From birth to 3 years) : The stage of child birth to age 3, years in called infancy. During this stage of body the growth and development occurs, in progressive manner. Individual gains considerable weight and height. The growth of, body size influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors. The rapid growth of, body and brain during first two years of life transfers the neonate into a toddler who, is walking talking and asserting a new found sense of self. During this stage of child, parents (especially mother) should understand the needs like proper feeding, hygienic, environment, sufficient rest and sleep, vaccination of child, etc., Discuss various problems of adolescence., The following problems which are faced by adolescence are :, 1., Aggressive and Violent Behaviour : Adolescent has aggressive behaviour and, often becomes violent very fast. He easily becomes irritated and reulsive when, work is not of his interest., 2., Desire of Independence : Among adolescents the desire for self-determination, and independence is perhaps the most important problem faced by them., 3., Physical Problems : During adolescence, many physical changes take place., Menstruation and nightfall become a phenomenon for girls and boys, respectively. Development of sex glands takes place. Due to these changes,, adolescents feel restless and worried., 4., Mental Problems : During this age, tension and strife are common. These traits, create many mental problems. An adolescent faces many problems such as, difficulty in coping phases maladjustement, etc. He faces anxiety., 5., Identity Crisis : Quest for identity is another major problem faced by the, adolescents. He asserts for his own identity as an individual whereas in many
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194 Physical Education-11, , Q4., Ans., , situations he is not considered by his parents and peers competent enough for, it., 6., Over confident and Hide Mistakes : Teen agers are often over confident and, pose themselves as heroes. They hide their mistakes and try to befool others, through their intelligence., 7., School related problems : Adjustments to different aspects of the school, environment present at all age levels. Fear of failure, fear of disapproval of his, teachers, fear of failure, fear of disapproval of his peers., 8., Worry about future : Adolescents are worried about their future. He is not, mature enough to take intelligent decision regarding direction of life and, future. It creates lots of psychological stress and strain on them., Explain the primary laws of learning., These laws of learning are the working principles and considered by physical educators, as the most efficient and effective ways of teaching. The primary laws of learning are, given below :, Primary laws of learning :, 1., Law of Readiness : Readiness makes one learn more quickly and effectively, than otherwise. If a person is not ready to act, it will be annoying for him to, act on compulsion. When a child is ready to learn, he will learn more willingly, and effectively than at any other time. Thus, the state of readiness is one of, the most important laws of learning. According to Thorndike, "Maturity and, interest are essential for readiness." There are also two aspects of maturity,, i.e. physical maturity and mental maturity. An individual should be physically,, mentally and emotionally mature and ready to learn it, actual learning is to take, place. The physical education teacher should create interest in the students so, that they may be ready to receive the activities and put forth their best., 2., Law of Exercise : This law a emphasizes that practice makes a man perfect. By, repeating over and over again the reaction becomes automatic. We learn and, retain by use and forget by disuse. Individuals learn by doing. The examples, of exercise are practice of aerobics, shooting, gymnastics, etc. Charles A., Bucher has stated "the law of exercise" in respect to the development of skills, in physical education, means that practice makes for better coordination,, more rhythmical movement, less expenditure of energy. The learner through, repetition, and a clear conception of what is to be done steadily makes progress, towards a desired goal. In fact, the law of exercise and law of effect work, together. Generally, pleasurable or pleasant activities are forgotten because, we like the pleasant activities more in comparison to painful activities. Darwin, also mentioned in his "Theory of Evolution" that the organs of body which, are used, become powerful, whereas the organs which are not used, become, relaxed. This law is applied completely in the field of sports and games. This law, is applied in all types of sports such as football, hockey, volleyball, cricket and, table tennis, etc.
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Psychology and Sports, , 195, , 3., , Q5., Ans., , Law of Effect : According to this law, if the effort in doing any work is enjoyable, or pleasant, the individual tries to learn that activity quickly and learns it too. On, the contrary, if the result after effort is painful or full of sorrow, the individual, do not take interest in that activity and finally leave that activity. According to, Thornike, satisfaction enhances learning to a great extent than annoyance. By, effect, is meant the effective result of an activity. The speed of learning depends, on satisfaction., What are the types of transfer of learning ?, There are following types of transfer of training/learning :, 1., Positive Transfer : When learning in one context enhances a related performance, in another context, it is called positive transfer of learning or training., 2., Negative Transfer : In this type of transfer of learning, the acquisition of a, particular skill interferes with the learning of subsequent skill, it is known as a, negative transfer of learning., 3., Applicational Transfer : When previous learning is applied successfully to, life situations or problems of life leading to improvement, it is known as, applicational transfer of learning., 4., Bilateral Transfer : In this type of transfer of learning there is a change of, performance in a member on one side of the body as a result of training the, corresponding member on the other side., 5., Proactive Transfer : Learning of a skill affects the learning of a skill yet to be, learnt. It is called proactive transfer of learning. For example, having learnt the, forehand drive in tennis, the action is then modified to the forehand with top, spin., , Long Answer type Questions (150 to 200 Words), Q1., Ans., , Explain the development characteristics at different stages of growth., Growth and development are never ending process. In development, the changes, take place at mental, social, emotional level. We can judge all these qualities through, behaviour, social contacts. Whereas growth includes changes in size, shape, height,, weight of the individual. Growth is limited and it stops after certain age but there is no, end of development in our body., According to Hurlock, "Development is not limited to growing larger instead it consists, of a progressive series of changes an orderly, coherent type towards the goal of, maturity.", The stages of development in human being are almost similar for all individuals. These, stages of growth and development are :, (i), Pre-natal stage (From Conception till Birth), (ii), Infancy or Babyhood stage (From Birth to 3 years), (iii) Childhood Stages (From 3 to 12 years)
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196 Physical Education-11, (iv), (v), (vi), (i), , (ii), , (iii), , (iv), , Adolescence stage (From 13 to 19 years), Adulthood stage (From 20 to 60 years), Old age stage (60 Years onwards), Pre-natal stage (From Conception till Birth) : The development of individual, starts from conception period. Its stages are Zygote stage then embryo stage, and foetus stage. The development (especially growth) is very rapid during, prenatal stage as it starts from single cell to multi systems of the body. During, this stage, mother has to take proper diet and should have regular medical, check-ups and follow doctor's advice., Infancy or Babyhood stage (From Birth to 3 years) : The stage of child birth, to age of 3 years is called infancy. During this stage of body the growth and, development occurs in progressive manner. An infant has all the feeling in this, stage and feels the attitude of other people the care of the body. The growth of, body size is influenced by the hereditary and environmental factors. The rapid, growth of body and brain during first two years of life transfers the neonate, into a toddler who is walking, talking and asserting a new found sense of, self. His memory and thinking ability increases. During this period, there is a, rapid growth in size and weight. During this stage of child, parents (especially, mother) should understand the child's needs like proper feeding, hygienical, environment, sufficient rest and sleep, vaccination of child, etc., Childhood Stage (from 3 to 12 years) : Childhood stage is divided into two, stages., (a), Early Childhood Stage : This is the age from 3 to 8 years of child stage., It follows the infancy stage and begins with toddlerhood when the, child starts speaking or taking step independently. While toddlerhood, (learning to walk ) ends around age 3 when the child becomes less, independent on parental assistance for basic needs. The child should, participate in multi-activities. These activities should consist of easy and, light exercise; playful with lots of recreational games., (b), Later Childhood Stage : This is the age from 8 to 12 year child stage., During this stage growth is slower whereas development is very rapid., Their neuromuscular co-ordination becomes enough efficient. In this, stage, concentration power and thinking ability increases at a fast rate., Social and emotional changes occur in the children. In this stage they, have the best motor learning ability., Adolescence Stage (from 13to 19 years) : This period is delicate period and, challenge for parents. The adolescence is a stage of complex changes, which, begins after childhood and ends before adulthood. It is a very crucial period, of life because all kind of physical, biological, cognitive and social changes, take place during this period of time. In this age sexual difference is prominent, and brings sex consciousness.Teenagers often give importance to friends and
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Psychology and Sports, , 197, , neglect family. Adolescents need good diet, heavy physical workout, creative, activities, logical explanation, good friends. Teenager should be motivated to, develop moral values, controlling the emotions, proper use of finances etc., (v), Adulthood (20 to 60 years) : Adulthood is the period of facing the challenges of, life. Adulthood period is divided into three stages :, , 1. Young adulthood 2. Mature adulthood 3. Aged adulthood, , Physiologically young adults are at their peak energy, strength, endurance, and sexual responsiveness are all optimal. Mature adulthood stage marriage,, parenthood take place. Aged people are more conscious about their health., (vi), Old Age (60 years onwards) : Old age persons are more conscious about their, health. They have many health problems in this period but they have experience, of life more than adults., Q2., What is meant by transfer of learning ? Discuss the types of transfer of learning in, detail., Ans. Transfer of Learning : The concept of transfer or learning is not a new one in the field, of education. All learning involves transfer, for it always takes place within the context, of some previous learning. Transfer of learning is based on the principle that a new, skill learned in one situation can be used in another. Transfer of learning is the extent, to which the learning of any response facilities or inhibits the learning of subsequent, responses. The term transfer is used because it is implied that what is learnt with respect, to one task is transferred to the learning of future tasks. The transfer is greater if the, performer understands the general principles which are appropriate to two or more, tasks. As matter of fact, the ultimate goals of education are not attained unless transfer, of learning occurs. So, to understand the transfer of learning is more important for all, of us, specially to those who are related to the field of education or physical education., To know the clear-cut meaning of transfer of learning, the following definitions will, proved as beneficial., Definition, 1., According to Perkins and Saloma, "When learning in one context enhances, (or undermines) a related performance in another context is called transfer of, learning.", 2., According to Crow and Crow, "The carry over of habits of thinking, feeling or, working, of knowledge or of skills, from one learning area to another usually, is, referred to as the transfer of training.", 3., According to Alexander and Murphy, "The process of using knowledge of skills, acquired in one context is a new or varied context is called transfer of learning.", Types of Transfer of Learning or Training : There are following types of transfer of, training/learning :, 1., Positive Transfer : When learning in one context enhances a related performance, in another context, it is called positive transfer of learning or training. In simple
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198 Physical Education-11, , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , words, when there is an improvement in a performance as a result of previous, learning or training, it is called positive transfer of learning. For example, when a, player learns to play Tennis, it will be easier to him to learn Squash racquet both, being raoquest games. The amount of positive transfer of learning depends on, the similarities of the elements, the amount of over learning of previous skill,, the assistance given by physical education teacher., Negative Transfer : In this type of transfer of learning, the acquisition of a, particular skill interferes with the learning of subsequent skill, it is known as, a negative transfer of learning. When the previous learning is a handicap, or it, inhabits the acquistion of some skill in subsequent situation, it will be negative, transfer of learning. This usually happens when a stimulus common to both, skills requires a different response. For example, a squash player who takes, up tennis may find it hard to learn to not use his wrist during shots. Negative, transfer of learning can be avoided by making sure the athlete is aware of the, differences and making practice sessions similar situations., Applicational Transfer : When previous learning is applied successfully to, life situations or problems of life leading to improvement, it is known as, applicational transfer of learning., Bilateral Transfer : In this type of transfer of learning there is a change of, performance in a member on one side of the body as a result of training the, corresponding member on the other side. For example, a change in the right, foot performance as a result of left foot training., Proactive Transfer : Learning of a skill affects the learning of a skill yet to be, learnt. It is called proactive transfer of learning. For example, having learnt the, forehand drive in tennis, the action is then modified to the forehand with top, spin., Retroactive Transfer : A skill recently being learnt affects the previously learnt, skill, e.g. a hockey player learns the flicking skill which may have a negative, effect on the previously learnt push-pass., qqq
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Psychology and Sports, , 199, , MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS, 1., , Who opines that "Psychology is the science of conduct or behaviour.", (a) Wordsworth, (b) Crow and Crow, (c) Mc. Dougall, (d) Pillsbury, 2. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word 'Psyche' which means ....................., and loge which means ..............., (a) Soul and Science, (b) Mind and Science, (c) Body and Mind, (d) Soul and Body, 3. ................... is the study of human behaviour, (a) Sociology, (b) Physiology, (c) Psychology, (d) Kinesiology, 4. Psychology helps the players in relation to, (a) Goal setting, (b) Goal achievement, (c) Both (a) and (b), (d) None of these, 5. Which of the following is related to cells?, (a) Growth, (b) Development, (c) Both (a) and (b), (d) Neither (a) nor (b), 6. Age of infancy is, (a) 0-5 years, (b) 6-10 years, (c) 7-12 years, (d) 13-19 years, 7. At which age nueromuscular co-ordaination gets developed?, (a) Infancy, (b) Childhood, (c) Adolescene, (d) Manhood, 8. When does brain grows rapidly?, (a) Infancy, (b) Childhood, (c) Adolescene, (d) All of these, 9. Childhood stage starts from ............. and ends on ..............., (a) 0-5, (b) 6-12, (c) 13-19, (d) 7-15, 10. What is the period of adolescence in humans?, (a) 3 to 12 years, (b) 13 to 19 years, (c) 20 to 60 years, (d) Above 60 years, 11. Which one of the following can be helpful in managing adolescene problems?, (a) Knowledge of adolescene problems (b) Knowledge of adolescene psychology, (c) Friendly attitude, (d) All of the above
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200 Physical Education-11, 12. Adolescence beings from the .......... years of age., (a) 14th, (b) 17th, (c) 16th, (d) 20th, 13. From which language the word psyche+logy (Psychology) is derived?, (a) Sanskrit, (b) English, (c) Latin, (d) German, 14. In which stage of life the humans are known as 'Senior Citizen'?, (a) Adolescence, (b) Adulthood, (c) Lateral adulthood, (d) Childhood, Answer : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c), 14. (c), qqq
