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4. Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first of all in England?, Or, , In which country did the Industrial Revolution occur first and why?, , Ans. The Industrial Revolution implies the changes due to which factory system emerge,, in the 18th century. This revolution occurred first in England. Following were its Main, causes:, , () Increase in Population: Population in England had greatly increased, which, resulted in a great demand for goods. So the English paid their attention toward,, increasing industrial production., , (i) British colonies: Demand for goods in colonies set up by the British had increaseq, So the British could consume their surplus goods in these colonies., , (ut) Availability of Raw Material: The British empire had expanded to a great extent,, So the British were able to not only sell their goods in their colonies but also ray, materials at lower rates from there. This is the reason why the Industrial Revolution, occurred first in England., , (‘v) Great Number of Banks: There were a great number of banks in the country to, help people in their transactions of money. So, banks also helped in the occurrence, of the Industrial Revolution first of all England., , (v) Coal and Iron Mines: There were a great number of iron and coal mines in England., , These mines were situated very close to each other. Nearness of these mines too, became a cause of the Industrial Revolution to occur first of all in England., , (vi) Expansion of Foreign Trade: The British were good navigators. They undertook, voyages, discovered new lands and established trade contacts with the newly, discovered territories. Therefore, increasing trade also caused the Industrial, Revolution., , (vii) Ships: The British had a good fleet of ships. It made transportation of goods much, more convenient. So, with the help of ships, the Industrial Revolution occurred first, in England., , (viii) Freedom of Ideas: The British enjoyed a complete freedom ofideas. The government, had not imposed any restrictions on them. So, people made new discoveries, which, became a major cause of the Industrial Revolution.

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6, Explain the development of Canals in England., , “Ans. (i) Canals were initially built to transport coal to cities. This was because the bulk and, , weight of coal made its transport by road much slower and more expensive than by, barges on canals., , (ii) The demand for coal, as industrial energy and for heating and lighting homes in, cities, grew constantly., , b) (iti) The making of the first English canal, the Worsley Canal (1761) by James Brindley, , (1716-72), had no other purpose than to carry coal from the coal deposits at Worsley, , (near Manchester) to that city; after the canal was completed the price of coal fell by, half., , (iv) Canals were usually built by big landowners to increase the value of the mines,, , quarries or forests on their lands. v. The confluence of canals created marketing, Mt centres in new towns,, , () The city of Birmingham, for example, owed its growth to its position at the heart, of a canal system connecting London, the Bristol Channel, and the Mersey and, Humber rivers., , (vi) In the period known as the ‘canal-mania’, from 1788 to 1796, there were another 46, new projects and over the next 60 years more than 4,000 miles of canal were built.

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16. What were the ill-effects of industries?, Ans. (?) The life expectancy of the workforce was reduced., (%) People died at a younger age., (zz) Children failed to survive beyond the age of five., (w) Air and water pollution brought epidemics like Cholera and Typhoid., , (v) There was a lack of health services in factory areas.

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9, Analyse the role of coal and iron and how it changed throughout the industrial, revolution., , Ans. (i) England was fortunate in thatcoal and iron ore, the staple materials for mechanisation,, were plentifully available, as were other minerals — lead, copper and tin - that were, used in industry., , (i) Until the eighteenth century, there was a scarcity of usable iron. [ron is drawn out, from ore as pure liquid metal by a process called smelting. For centuries, charcoal, (from burnt timber) was used for the smelting process., , (iii) This had several problems: charcoal was too fragile to transport across long distances;, its impurities produced poor-quality iron; it was in short supply because forests had, been destroyed for timber; it could not generate high temperatures., , (iv) The solution to this problem had been sought for years before it was solved by a, family of ironmasters, the Darbys of Shropshire. In the course of half a century,, three generations of this family — grandfather, father and son, all called Abraham, Darby — brought about a revolution in the metallurgical industry., , (v) It began with an invention in 1709 by the first Abraham Darby (1677-1717). This, was a blast furnace that would use coke, which could generate high temperatures;, coke was derived from coal by removing the sulphur and impurities. This invention, meant that furnaces no longer had to depend on charcoal., , (vi) The process was further refined by more inventions. The second Darby, (1711-68) developed wrought-iron (which was less brittle) from pig-iron. Henry, Cort (1740-1823) designed the puddling furnace (in which molten iron could be, rid of impurities) and the rolling mill, which used steam power to roll purified iron, into bars., , (vii) It now became possible to produce a broader range of iron products. The durability, of iron made it a better material than wood for everyday items and for machinery., Unlike wood, which could burn or splinter, the physical and chemical properties of, iron could be controlled., , (viii) In the 1770s, John Wilkinson (1728-1808) made the first iron chairs, vats for, breweries and distilleries, and iron pipes of all sizes., , (ix) In 1779, the third Darby (1750-91) built the first iron bridge in the world, in, Coalbrookdale, spanning the river Severn*., , (x) The iron industry then came to be concentrated in specific regions as integrated, units of coal mining and iron smelting., , (xi) Britain was lucky in possessing excellent coking coal and high-grade iron ore in the, same basins or even the same seams. These basins were also close to ports; there, were five coastal coalfields which could deliver their products almost straight into, , ships., (xii) Since the coalfields were near the coast, shipbuilding increased, as did the shipping, trade., , (xiii) The British iron industry quadrupled its output between 1800 and 1830, and its, product was the cheapest in Europe., , (xiv) In 1820, a ton of pig iron needed 8 tons of coal to make it, but by 1850 it could be, produced by using only 2 tons. By 1848, Britain was smelting more iron than the, rest of the world put together., , The Industrial Revolution | 49

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2. What was Luddism and what were its demands?, , Ans. It was a movement led by General Ned Ludd, a prominent leader of factory workers,, Its demands were:, , () To get minimum wages fixed by the government., (#) Prevent child and women labor,, (#2) Give work to the people retrenched due to installation of machines,, , (tv) Give the right to form trade unions.