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A, ), ea eam nN IN INDIA rren-& ¢ POVE! 0), CHA Reet, “a a, Concept oF PO ety in th ‘, wil ho berste, wren finite 00 Oe, , a been enlarged on, , powerty bas ;, : wnal pevert, , of nqulti-dimens'®, , sfulti-dimensional = PX, , civation in term, asions. Matera, , s of both mat, dep, material dime, , privanion 18 tet, , , , ms of fooc, , to de, health, educanon., @ drinking woter and, , road connectivity, , , , access t0 sat, , , , focilities etc. The non mater Nension, associated with social discrimination, Poverty is one of the major challenges faced You should kaow =, by Indian economy. It is a socio- economic According © Prof. Amartyg §, phenomenon. Poverty is perceived as ‘social “Poverty is not just a lack of money, it iS nog, xelusion’ of a certain section of people in the having the capability to realize One's, ociety. Deprivation of basic needs and denial of potential as a human being” Capabilitig, pportunities has led to social exclusion refer to economic, social and Politigay, Fig. 8.1 gives an idea about the concept freedom. Lack of substantive freedom such q, elimi freedom to satisfy hunger, lack of nyt:, Poverty in India has a long history healthcare and educational facilities, denigg, pnomic drain of resources, decline of of political and civil liberties lead to oa, tdicraft and cottage industries, oppressive ny., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , nomic policies, recurrence of famines ete, e responsible for mass poverty among the, Mle during the British period, , Elimination of poverty has been the, agenda of the Indian Government since, rvendence. Policy measures such as, ‘mic planning, economic reforms and antity programmes such as 'garibi hatao' have, | in greater reduction of poverty ., , , , ing of Poverty :, the conventional sense, poverty refers toa, o in which a major section of the people, »ciety are unable to fulfil even the basic, ‘life such as food, clothing and shelter, ck of sufficient income.
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Being TOOU Piccs Ge peste, , i Jed to starvation among certain groups, «the society. His views encouraged policy, makers to pay attention not only to alleviating, "immediate suffering but also finding ways, to replace the lost income of the poor. For, ‘economic growth to be achieved, he argued, social reforms such as improvements, , jn education and public health must precede, economic reforms., , Can you tell :, Express your opinion on the following :, , « There is a thick line of rural-urban, economic divide in India ., , There is an equitable distribution of income, and wealth in the country., , » All the citizens have equal access to, education, health, energy and drinking, water., , « There is no hunger, starvation or, malnutrition in the country., , . There is lack of sanitation facilities in the, country., , ¢ Poverty ratio is uniform across all the states., , Concepts of Poverty :, , Poverty is multifaceted. The major concepts, of poverty in India include absolute poverty and, relative poverty. 3, a) Absolute Poverty : Absolute poverty is, measured in terms of minimum calorie, , intake. Earlier, Planning Commission, E determined per capita daily calorie, , x, , requirement of 2400 calories for a person, living in the rural area and 2100 calories., for a person living in the urban area., On an average, the per capita daily calorie, , uirement amounts to 2250 calories., bsence of minimum income to satisfy the, , ired level of calorie intake of food leads, to absolute poverty)It is mostly found in the, | developing countries like India. Absolute, poverty can be eradicated through effective, , verty alleviation measures., , , , , , , , , , , , , , Prepare a list of 5 Countries eT, having Absolute Poverty with reference, the latest World Bank Report., , b) Relative Poverty + It is difficult to define, , the concept of relative poverty. :, It is judged on the basis of comparison, of relative standards of living of different, sections of the people. [Relative poverty, is measured with respect to differences in, the levels of income, wealth, consumption., economic inactivity (unemployment, ol, age) etc. Such poverty is found in cll the, , : iversal, countries of the world. It is an univers!, poverty cannot be, , phenomenon. Relatiy: a a, completely eradicated) However it can, h appropriate, , reduced to some extent throug, policy measures., Poverty Line :, Caer line is an imaginary line tat, divides the poor and non-poor. It is determined, in terms of per capita household expenditure, Various Committees and Study Groups have, defined poverty line in different waysAs per the Task Force on Eliminating, , Poverty constituted by the NITI Aayog,, Poverty line is defined as "the, or the amount necessary [0, , purchase a basket of goods and services that, are considered necessary to satisfy basic human, needs at socially acceptable levels"., , Poverty line helps to fulfil the following, , objectives :, , To determine the population living above, poverty line (APL) and below poverty line, (BPL)., , 2) To identify the poor on the basis of the, household consumption expenditure., , 3) To track poverty in a region over a period, of time and compare it across regions., , 4) To provide an estimate of the required, , expenditure on poverty alleviation, programmes.
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ine differs from country to, cr geen to World Bank, "Poverty, ay defined at $1.90 per capita oa, line w l ate:, ices on rit, : aero this basis, 21.2% of India’s, euaion lived below poverty line., , ae. i resi individuals as per, , their income in the pyramid as given below:, 1) Contract labourer, Jesman in a shop, ono of a Multinational Company, 4) Executive in a Company, , , , Income Pyramid, Types of Poverty :, , 1) Rural poverty ;| Deprivation of basic needs, among certain section of the le living in the, , and informal sector as well as it creates jg, , 5 : Ww nq, order problems in the society., , Find out:, , Information about the informal Sect, list a few activities related to it as, observation., , ‘tor nd, Per your, , Do you know?, Following are some of the food and non., , food items required to be on the line, , oo, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Try this :, , 1) Given the number of members in, family prepare a list of food items and, non-food items purchased monthly,, , 2) Calculate the total monthly consumption, expenditure of your family’s Consumption, basket as per the current Prevailing prices,, , 3) Whatis the Ppercapita monthly expenditure?, , , , , , , Extent of Poverty in India:, , Extent of poverty is measured by the, poverty ratio. It is the ratio of the number of poor | to the total population. Studies were conducte! |, by individual economists as well as reseant, institutions to ascertain the extent of poverty, India. Since 1962, the Planning Commissioned, appointed several working groups, task for, and expert committees for estimation of poverty, , Estimates of Poverty : ;, Earlier, poverty lines were based on cao, intake. It didnot include thenon fade, such as education, health ete. Gove, India had appointed various Commies
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fine from time to time. In 2012,, & under the Chairmanship of Dr,, pp constituted, This Committee, , port in 2014. As per the report, his Committee, a new poverty line, ied for rural and urban areas., , provides estimates of poverty by, , |, |, , ‘, , ant of India, Planning Commission, , , , , , roverty Ratios (2011-12), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 10 | Kerala 7A, , 9 | Madhya 317, Pradesh, , 7 | Maharashtra 17.4, , ) | Odisha 32.6, , ) | Punjab 8.3, , |_| Rajasthan 14.7, Tamil Nadu 11.3, Uttar Pradesh 29.4, Uttarakhand | 11.3, Ww 19.9, : Economic Survey 2017-18, , , , Causes of poverty : F ajor |, oa of poverty in ere omee are the may, ; of aation exptoston + Unequal distribution, Sources among (the rapidly growing, Pee vouge has led to deprivation of basic, ‘Acilities causing widespread povert, o Blow Economic Growth :(Due to slow, Qgricultural and industrial ~growth, the, growth rate of national income and per, capita income has been slow over the, years. This has resulted in pove! id low, Standard of living among the people., ee and Underemployment =, Poverty in the rural and urban areas has, , Glso increased due to unemployment and, , indecume eae, , ) Economic inequalities : Wide inequalities, have been observed in the distribution of, income, assets, consumption expenditure,, credit facilities, agricultural landholdings, etc. This has also led to a high incidence of, poverty., , 5) Inaccessibility to _ infrastructural, facilities | Due to lack of purchasing power, infrastructural facilities such as energy:, transport, communication, health am, education are oh Me to the poor. This, , perpetuates poverty,, , 6) Inflation :{Inflation refers to a continuous, rise in the price level of essential, commodities especially the food items., Growing demand for food and its, insufficient supply causes the prices to, rise tremendously. This results in low, purchasing power making the poor still, poorer) Food crisis has led to malnutrition,, hunger and starvation among the people., , 7) Regional imbalance : |Regional imbalance, is also one of the causes of poverty. States, such as Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Sikkim, Arunachal, Pradesh, Assam etc. lag behind in terms of, economic development and therefore have, a high poverty yatio., , 8) Vicious Circle of Poverty { This concept, is given by Prof. Ragnar turkse)) The
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Operation~of vicious circle of poverty has, , ° Poor peop!, trapped Indians into miseries which in misery an, turn leads to low national income, low per e Poverty, Capita income, low capital formation, low- deteriorat, , Savings, low production, less employment, ), Fig 8.2 explains the vicious circle of poverty., , You should
