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UNIT - III, , CHAPTER - 7

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INRTODUCTION, Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced, by and for Islamic patrons and purposes. ... Both types of building essentially consist of a, single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so, important to Hindu temple architecture., ❖, , The advent of Islamic rule in India in the end of 12th century A.D. brought its own richness in, terms of art and architecture. Indian architecture was of straight style which included, horizontal beams, pillars and lintels. Mughals brought their curved style wherein an arch or, dome was built as a method of bridging a space leaving the interiors free of pillars. The, fusion of both styles on Indian soil in terms of structural techniques, stylized shapes and, surface decorations is termed as Indo-Islamic architecture. This merger of styles led to the, addition of decorative brackets, balconies. calligraphy, inlay work (Pietra dura), use of, coloured marble, painted plaster and luminously glazed tiles etc., , ❖, , All Mughal rulers took great interest in buildings and art, their capitals still boast of, magnificent structures which are now India's famous tourist destinations. From Red, sandstone in Akbar's era to white marble in Shahjahan period Indo-Islamic architecture, speaks volumes of their great sense of aesthetics and enthusiasm.

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❖, , Indo-Islamic architecture can be categorised, into the following:, , 1. Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate), 2. Provincial Style (Mandu, Gujarat, Bengal,, and Jaunpur), , 1. Qutub Minar, Delhi, , 2. Atala Mosque, Uttar Pradesh, , 3. Mughal Style (Delhi, Agra, and Lahore), 4. Deccani Style (Bijapur, Golconda), 3. Taj Mahal, Uttar Pradesh, , 4. Gol Gumbad, Bijapur, , Broadly, the Islamic architecture in India is of two types : religious and secular. Mosques, and Tombs represent the religious architecture. while palaces and forts form a part of, secular Islamic architecture. We an clearly see Indian influence in work because they, employed Indian craftsmen under an Islamic patron/ruler and a head architect..

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Medium, , : Dark gray Basalt & decorated, plaster work, , Period, , : 1627-57 A.D. (Built in 1659), , Dynasty, , : Adil Shah, , Size, , : 185 Sq. mt. (600 Ft), , Courtesy, , : Archaeological Survey of India

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DESCRIPTION : The Gol Gumbad or Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627-57) is the largest dome cubicle in the, world and the largest and the most prominent building in Bijapur. It was Built in 1659 AD at the architectural zenith of, the Adil Shahi dynasty, probably by a master builder, Yaqut of Dabul. This masterpiece of Muslim Architecture and, splendor is one of the most celebrated in India., The mausoleum is actually a building complex with a gateway, a Naqqar Khana (orchestra space), a mosque and a, sarai located within a large walled garden., , The tomb resembles a giant cube crowned by a large hemispherical dome resting on a circular drum. The row of, petals at the base of the dome and wonderful foliage designs on the drum complement each other. This dome with a, diameter of 125 feet covers a total interior surface of over 18.337 square feet. The hemispherical dome over a square, base was constructed with the help of pendentives*. These pendentives not only gave a stable shape to the dome, but also evenly transferred its weight to the walls below. It has seven storey octagonal towers at each of its four, corners, capped by smaller domes. These towers have seven small arched windows on every storey. Winding, staircases connect these towers to the main building and further up till the top of the dome., The most outstanding feature of this building is the whispering gallery 3.4 m wide resting on its interior at the level of, the drum (dome's base). It had the finest echo where a whisper, clap or sound gets echoed around 7 times. A circular, balcony borders the dome that overlooks this whispering gallery. The exterior has a heavily bracketed frame resting, on extensions on all four sides adding to its overall appeal., Its interior construction includes bits consisting of a square grave chamber underground and a large massive single, square chamber above ground. The tomb chamber contains the burial place of the Sultan, his wives and other, relatives, while their real graves lie perpendicularly below in a vault, reached by stairs., Many styles from Timurid to Persian influenced the architecture of Gol Gumbad of Bijapur in Karnataka. Bijapur is the, prime location to look for the greatest Deccan architecture where the enthusiasm, magnificence, greatness and, beauty of Islamic architecture blended with the local material and local styles of ornamentation., , * Pendentive- a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.

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, , Medium, , : Red Buffed Sandstone & Marble Structure, , , , Period, , : 12th Century A.D. (1206 A.D.), , , , Dynasty, , : Qutub-Din-Aibak (Completed by Illtutmis), , , , Location : Mehrauli, New Delhi, , , , Courtesy : Archaeological Survey of India, , Qutub-din-Aibak, Viceroy of Mohd. Ghori led the foundation of now, world famous Qutab Minar. was intended possibly as a "Tower of, victory" to celebrate the victory of Mohammed Ghori over Rajput, king, Prithviraj Chauhan, in 1192 AD. It is also seen as a Minar, attached to the Quwatul-Islam Mosque for the use of Mu'adhadin, (Mullah) to call prayers. Surprisingly a letter in Nagri inscription on, the Minar calls it Alluddin victory's column (Vijay Stambha)., Qutub-din-Aibak had perhaps only succeeded in raising the first storey: the remaining storeys were completed, by his successor Illtutmish. From the Nagri and Persian inscription on the Minar it appears that it was damaged, twice by lightening in 1326 and 1368. Later this was repaired by Ferozshah Tuglak and Sikander Lodhi who also, left their architectural influence on this tower. It is the highest stone tower in India and a perfect example of a, Minar known to exist. It signifies the might of Islam as a tower that was used for defence to see a distant enemy, from anywhere at that time. It still stands as one of the most beautiful minars in the world.

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DESCRIPTION : The Qutub Minar is a part of Qutub complex consisting of several other, ancient and medieval building structures and ruins. It is a 234-feet high tapering tower, divided into five storeys (top two were later additions or replacements). It has a diameter of, 14.32m at the base and about 2.75m on the top with a height of 72.5 m and 379 steps., It is largely built of red and buff sandstone with some use of marble in the upper storey. The, entrance doorway faces north. The interior has numerous superimposed (projecting) and, cylindrical shafts. The various coloured fluting of the exterior columns/shafts has a 40 cm, thick layer of red sandstone. The lower storey has round and angular groovings alternately,, the second has round grooving and the third one has only angular. Bands of calligraphic, inscriptions along with foliated designs further beautify the fluting surface. Qutub Minar's, greatness lies in highly decorated projecting balconies on extended out miniature arches., The balconies have the support of brackets with small arches/alcoves (recesses) in clusters., These variations create a sort of harmony along with optical effects created by tapering, storeys in diminishing heights in the skyline., Its entire architecture, however bespeaks of its Islamic origin, yet certainly employed for its, construction. This is evident from a few Devnagari inscriptions on its surface. Sometimes, sculptured stones from temples have been found utilized in it. Presently located at Delhi. It is, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with surrounding buildings and monuments.

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Inscriptions, of, calligraphy, on angular, and round, fluted/, grooved, columns, , Motifs showing both Hindu & Islamic elements, , Elaborately, decorated, projecting, balcony