More from Atul Pandey

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EDITION : 2018, ISBN :978-81-933919-9-0, BOOK CODE : 1114, Price : Rs. 750/-, , Published By:, , Altis Vortex, , (Books & Publications), C-146, Gautam Nagar, Green Park, New Delhi - 110049, Ph. No. - 011-26567270, Email : [email protected], Website : www.aim4aiims.in, Rights, All rights will be reserved by Publisher. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any, manner whatsoever without the Written permission from author or publisher., Disclaimer : Every effort has been taken in compiling/editing of the concerned data/information given in this book in various section, Also the questions in books contain are memory based, so it is possible to remain some mistake due to human error if so kindly compare the data with, the government publication, journals and notification.

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PREFACE, It gives me immense pleasure in introducing the book "Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology" which is enriched with, unparalleled nature of content & lots of new challenging and innovative questions in every chapter. This book provides a, 360° view of NCERT with questions exclusively based on NCERT and previous year's AIIMS & NEET., As the level of Biology is rising in exams, the student really need to cop up with it. This book will help them to meet their, expectations., As per the current trend, most of questions asked in AIIMS and NEET are from NCERT Books. Our team tried to, justify this objective by developing this book to provide each & every PMT Aspirant an opportunity to read theory and, practice MCQs which are directly extracted from NCERT Books., According to me, aspirants should always go antegrade & read authentic theory from NCERT, supplemented by the Crisp, Notes of NCERT given in this book for Biology and then should attempt MCQs. This helps in remembering the subject and, gives confidence to attempt new questions easily. The goal behind writing this book is to give students a very easy, lucid and, palatable material. This wonder book help aspirants to learn and self assess Biology in the most efficient way., This is an endeavor by Aim4AIIMS/NEET, to extend a helping hand to all future Medicos and we hope it serves as a, succor for them. The Gear Up Series is a compilation of 3 books, including Physics, Chemistry and Biology, providing, you smart methods to prepare for any PMT Exam. It specifies exactly ‘What & How’ to study to clear the Exam., I sincerely hope that this endeavor will be highly beneficial to all the students., , This Book Consists of, NCERT Crisp Notes, Topic Wise NCERT Based MCQs, NCERT Page-wise References of MCQs, Image Based Questions, Round wise Higher Order MCQs, NCERT Exemplar Problems, Selected NEET Past Year Questions, Trending Assertion & Reason, Accurate and Elaborative Explanations, Flowcharts and Tables Included, , AIIMS/NEET Toppers and Faculty Teams have Simplified the NCERT for you so that you can easily get, grip on NCERT., We thankfully welcome your queries and suggestions towards its further improvement. Kindly write your, reviews to [email protected], , Author, Dr. Ajay Mohan, AIIMS Delhi

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR, , Dr. Ajay Mohan secured 6th position in all India MBBS AIIMS exam in 2011 and is currently, pursuing MD Medicine and DM Infectious Medicine from AIIMS New Delhi., A student of India’s finest medical college, Dr. Ajay Mohan always realized the dearth of good, and inexpensive medical coaching in the country. In October 2014, he came up with an initiative, Aim4AIIMS/NEET to help and mentor medical aspirants achieve their dreams., At the nascent stage, guidance from the team to more than three lakh medical aspirants through, Facebook, YouTube, Email, Quora and WhatsApp helped many students crack some toughest medical, exams across India., His classes on General Studies for medical entrance witnessed around 2,000 students on an average, in a single session. Owing to an increased demand, Dr. Ajay Mohan authored and launched a book, ‘Aim4AIIMS MBBS Entrance Exam’ to help medical students sway through General Knowledge and, Past Years Questions., Ever since Aim4AIIMS/NEET caught the attention of medical students, the initiative started, gathering recognition in media. Leading publications like Press Trust of India (PTI), The Hindu,, Hindustan Times, Deccan Chronicle and Dainik Bhaskar wrote about how the initiative is making, medical coaching easier and assessable for the aspirants., NDTV anchor Ravish Kumar in his Prime Time applauded the initiative by Dr. Ajay Mohan in, giving medical coaching through mobile phone and helping them secure seats in prominent medical, colleges., Informative blogs, innovative study material, test series, topper’s videos on YouTube and Facebook, group has been encouraged and appreciated by many. Dr. Ajay is also the Co-founder of AIIMS Delhi, social service organization ‘AIIMS Parivartan’ and the contributor of book AIIMS Assertion and, Reason and Aim4AIIMS Biology Prepguide., "I wanted the aspirants to know that someone is there to guide them. I wanted them to know that, they can pour all their problems on us and study without tension. I spent days in writing books on, simplifying medical questions and answers using which the students do not have to run from one, coaching institute to another. I wanted to break the stigma of failure which a student faces every, second of his life. The study pattern should be smooth and should focus on smart study,”, says Dr. Ajay Mohan.

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TESTIMONIES, , To become doctor was my childhood dream which came true on 4th June. I really thanks to my elder sister and my brother who helped, me a lot in my study., I believe that a thorough & repeated revision of NCERT and solving questions based on NCERT made my rank in NEET & AIIMS Exam., I recommend to all my juniors that they must have complete knowledge of NCERT especially in Biology. I used to read every chapter of, Biology line by line and tried to frame questions out of them which helped me a lot in my main exam., Many students says that social media always distract us but for me it was helpful in my preparation. I used to see Toppers interviews which, Aim4AIIMS/NEET released from time to time. Those videos gave me great direction on how to prepare, preparation strategy and how to, manage time for the real exam., So basically I used social media to keep myself motivated and inspired by AIIMS Toppers., Monthly GK on Aim4AIIMS website helped me in my GK and Reasoning preparation and I also read Aim4AIIMS Assertion & Reason, book which helped me to score best in A&R sections of all 3 subjects for my AIIMS Exam. Surprisingly many questions of my NEET &, AIIMS paper were direct or indirect replica of the questions practised from Aim4AIIMS/NEET Books, , , , Kalpana Kumari, AIR-1, NEET-2018, , I am so happy that I secured 9th Rank in AIIMS and 5th Rank in NEET. I want to thanks Dr. Ajay Mohan for his guidance and help, during my preparation. I studied to the NCERT and prefer supplement which elaborates the NCERT and questions based on it., So, i will suggest everyone study NCERT. This year I found that 90% to 95% MCQs in biology had been asked in the Exam. So, for, Biology NCERT is most important. You need to pay more attention to the language and examples of NCERT because many questions, come from these examples., Many aspirants think that NCERT is only important for biology. But it is not true. It is also important for chemistry and physics. NCERT, is really important for Surface and state of matter in Physical chemistry., For inorganic chemistry, you need to read every reaction, example and experimental data given in NCERT. So read and analyze line by, line and revise repeatedly., Coming to the organic chemistry which was really hard for me personally, for some topics like Environmental Chemistry, Biomolecules,, Polymers and Chemistry in Everyday Life, you really need to read NCERT. Solve examples given in the NCERT which would be really, helpful for the exam., In Physics, NCERT is very important for A & R questions. Analyze logically to the concepts and solved examples given in the NCERT., At the last, once again I would like to say that “Never ignore NCERT if you really want to secure good Rank”., , ABHISHEK DOGRA, AIR-9 AIIMS-2017, AIR-5 NEET-2017, I am really happy that all my hard work has paid off. I would thank my parents for this success as it would not be possible without, their support., The Aim4AIIMS initiative proved to be boon to me. It gave me a clear idea of the kind of questions asked in exam. Vashishta Sir and Ansh, sir helped me a lot in my preparation. Dr. Ajay Mohan sir's guide to AIIMS preparation really helped me out in the GK section as many as, 15 questions could be answered with the information on current affairs in the book and posted on the website., I wish all the AIIMS aspirants good luck for their exam., , SATHVIK REDDY ERLA, AIR-1 AIIMS-2016, AIR-20 JIPMER-2016

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https://rebrand.ly/DownloadMore, , CONTENTS, Class XI, The Living World, , 1, , Biological Classification, , 17, , Plant Kingdom, , 42, , Animal Kingdom, , 66, , Morphology of Flowering Plants, , 92, , Anatomy of Flowering Plants, , 113, , Structural Organization in Animals, , 136, , Cell : The Unit of Life, , 158, , Biomolecules, , 180, , Cell Cycle and Cell Division, , 198, , Transport in Plants, , 219, , Mineral Nutrition, , 240, , Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, , 259, , Respiration in Plants, , 282, , Plant Growth and Development, , 301, , Digestion and Absorption, , 319, , Breathing and Exchange of Gases, Body Fluids and Circulation, Excretory Products and Their Elimination, , 344, 364, 389, , Locomotion and Movement, , 412, , Neural Control and Coordination, , 432, , Chemical Coordination and Integration, , 455, , Class XII, Reproduction in Organisms, , 1, , Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, , 23, , Human Reproduction, , 50, , Reproductive Health, , 77, , Principles of Inheritance and Variation, , 94, , Molecular Basis of Inheritance, , 125, , Evolution, , 155, , Human Health and Disease, , 181, , Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, , 207, , Microbes in Human Welfare, , 229, , Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, , 247, , Biotechnology and its Applications, , 271, , Organisms and Population, , 291, , Ecosystem, , 318, , Biodiversity and Conservation, , 342, , Environmental Issues, , 363

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CLASS XI

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https://rebrand.ly/DownloadMore, , 1, , The Living World, , NCERT Crisp, •, , Father of Biology and , Zoology , : Aristotle, , •, , The Darwin of the 20th , century : Ernst Mayr, , •, , Father of Botany , , •, , Father of Plant Physiology : Stephan Hales , Father of Experimental , Genetics , : Morgan, , •, , Father of Mycology , , : Micheli, , •, , Father of Eugenics , , : Francis Galton, , •, , Father of DNA finger , printing , : Alec. Jaffery, , •, , Father of Indian Ecology, , •, , •, , In animals, this growth is seen only up to a certain age., , •, , In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and, reproduction are mutually exclusive events., , •, , Increase in body mass is considered as growth., , •, , In living organisms, growth is from inside., , •, , Growth cannot be taken as a defining property of living, organisms., , •, , In Planaria (flat worms): True regeneration, , •, , The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of, mosses, all easily multiply by fragmentation., , •, , Bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction, is synonymous with growth, i.e., increase in number of, cells., , Father of Experimental , physiology , : Galen, , •, , Reproduction cannot be an all-inclusive defining, characteristic of living organisms., , •, , Father of Indian Mycology, , : E. J. Butler, , •, , •, , Father of Mutation , , : Hugo de Vries, , No non-living object is capable of reproducing or, replicating by itself., , •, , Father of Special Creation, Theory, , •, , : Father Suarez, , The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in, our body is metabolism., , •, , Father of Modern Genetics, , : Bateson, , •, , No non-living object exhibits metabolism., , •, , The study of kind of life in outer space is known as, exobiology., , •, , •, , Ernst Mayr pioneered the currently accepted definition, of a biological species., , An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an, organism, performed in a test tube is neither living nor, non-living., , •, , •, , Morphological concept of species given by Linnaeus., , •, , Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals, are twin characteristics of growth., , Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms, without exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro, are not living things but surely living reactions., , •, , •, , A multicellular organism grows by cell division., , Cellular organization of the body is the defining, feature of life forms., , •, , In plants, this growth by cell division occurs, continuously throughout their life span., , •, , The most obvious and technically complicated feature of all, living organisms is this ability to sense their surroundings, or environment and respond to these environmental stimuli, which could be physical, chemical or biological., , : Theophrastus, , : Ramdeo Mishra

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2, •, , Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders., , •, , •, , Human being is the only organism that is aware of, himself, i.e., has self-consciousness., , The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital, letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter., , •, , •, , Consciousness is the defining property of living organisms., , •, , Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent, cells but arise as a result of interactions among the, constituent cells., , Name of the author appears after the specific epithet,, i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an, abbreviated form., , •, , Characterization, identification, classification and, nomenclature are the processes that are basic to taxonomy., , •, , The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’, which means systematic arrangement of organisms., , •, , Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his, publication., , •, , Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative, and reproductive features of plant species., , •, , Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are, included in the order Polemoniales mainly based on the, floral characters., , •, , Order Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon, is placed in class Mammalia along with order Carnivora, that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog, , Biodiversity, •, , The number of species that are known and described, range between 1.7-1.8 million. This refers to biodiversity, • Largest group is insecta., • Maximum Biodiversity is found in tropical, , Rain forest:, • Around 1500 new species discovered every., , Nomenclature, •, , Binomial nomenclature system given by Carolus, Linnaeus. Each name has two components – the generic, name and the specific epithet., , •, , Tautonyms: If both generic and specific names are same,, these are called tautonyms., , •, , Nomenclature: Standardize the naming of living organisms, ▪▪ International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)., , Taxonomical Hierarchy – As we go from species to, organisms, similarities decrease/differences increase., Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class →, Phylum / Division → Kingdom, Organisms with their Taxonomic categories:, ◊ Man: Homo sapiens → Homo → Hominidae →, Primate → Mammalia → Chordata, , ▪▪ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)., , ◊ Housefly: Musca domestica → Musca → Muscidae, → Diptera → Insecta → Arthropoda, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Rules of Nomenclature, •, , Biological names are generally in Latin and written, in italics. They are latinized or derived from Latin, irrespective of their origin., , •, , The first word in a biological name represents the genus, while the second component denotes the specific epithet., , •, , Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten,, are separately underlined, or printed in italics to, indicate their Latin origin., , ◊ Mango: Mangifera indica → Mangifera →, Anacardiaceae → Sapindales → Dicotyledonae →, Angiospermae, ◊ Wheat: Triticum aestivum → Triticum → Poaceae →, Poales → Monocotyledonae → Angiospermae, •, , Suffix -ales is used for order & suffix -aceae is used for, family., , Taxonomical Aids, Herbarium, , Botanical Garden, , Store house of collected, Collection of living plants for, plant specimens that, reference., are dried, pressed and, preserved on sheets., General Sheet size: 29 × Each plant in Botanical Gar41.5 cm or, den indicating its botanical/, 16 ½ × 11 ½ Inch, scientific name and its family., , Museum, , Zoological Parks, , Collections of preserved Places where wild animals, plant and animal specimens are kept in protected envifor study and reference., ronments under human care, Specimens are preserved in Enable us to learn about, the containers or jars in pre- their food habits and beservative solutions(Forma- havior., lin)

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3, Herbarium, , Botanical Garden, , Museum, , Zoological Parks, , Vasculum: Special type of Royal Botanical Gardens are Insects are preserved in insect, box where plants are kept., at Kew (England) (Largest boxes after collecting, killing, herbarium in world), and pinning., Indian Botanical Garden,, Howrah (India) (Largest, herbarium in India), HgCl2 is used to protect National Botanical Research, specimens from pests and Institute, Lucknow (India)., insects, , Larger animals like birds and, mammals are usually stuffed, and preserved., Museums, often, have, collections of skeletons of, animals too., Plant and animal specimens, preserved as dry specimens., , Other Taxonomical Aids, ▪▪ Used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities., Key, , ▪▪ Based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet., ▪▪ Results in acceptance of only one and rejection of the other., ▪▪ Analytical in nature., , Flora, Manuals, Monographs, , ▪▪ Contains the actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a given area. These provide the, index to the plant species found in a particular area., ▪▪ J. D. Hooker wrote “Flora of British India”, ▪▪ Useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area., ▪▪ Contain information on any one taxon., , •, , Concepts of Hotspots : Norman Myers, , •, , Most diversity rich zone in India : Western Ghat and Eastern Himalaya., , •, , Term classification: A.P.de Candolle, , •, , Three domains of Life : Carl Woese, 1990, , •, , Sympatric : Species inhabiting same geographical area, , •, , Allopatric : Species inhabiting different geographical area, , The Living World

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4, , Self Assessment, Questions, What is Living? [NCERT Pg 3-5], 1. Defining property of living organism?, a. Reproduction, b. Metabolism, c. Consciousness, d. Cell division, 2. Which of the following do not reproduces?, a. Phytoplankton, b. Worker bee, c. Queen bee, d. Mycoplasma, 3. Isolated metabolism reaction outside the body performed, in test tube, a. Living , b. Non - living, c. Neither living nor Non-living, d. Both (a) and (b), 4. Defining feature of life forms?, a. Metabolism, b. Consciousness, c. Cellular organization, d. All of the above, 5. In which organism reproduction can be considered as, synonymous with growth?, a. Amoeba , b. Planaria, c. Star fish , d. More then one option are correct, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 6. The twin characteristics of growth are:, a. Increase in number of individuals, increase in mass, b. Increase in height and increase in mass, c. Increase in molecular weight and increase in mass, d. Increase in size and decrease in mass, 7. A living organism is unexceptionally differentiated from, a nonliving structure on the basis of, a. Reproduction, b. Growth and movement, c. Interaction with environment, d. Responsiveness, 8. The statement ‘nothing lives forever, yet life continues’, illustrates the role of, a. Embryogenesis, b. Morphogenesis, c. Replication, d. Reproduction, , Diversity in Living World [NCERT Pg 6-8], 9. Described biodiversity range?, a. 1.7 - 1.8 million b. 1.1 - 1.8 trillion, c. 1.7 - 1.8 billion d. 17 - 18 billion, 10. ICBN codes for?, a. International code for Botanical Nomenclature, b. International code for Binomial Nomenclature, c. International code for Botanimal Naming, d. International code for Binomial Naming, 11. ICZN codes for:, a. International code of zoological Nomenclature, b. International code for zoological Naming, c. International coding for zoological Nomenclature, d. Inbreeding code for zoological Nomenclature, 12. Linnaeus used the title for his publication is?, a. Systema Naturae, b. Genera Naturae, c. Altis vortex, d. Die Nature lichen pflanzen, 13. The science of giving names to living beings called, a. Nomenclature, b. Identification, c. Classification, d. Characterization, 14. Select the correctly written botanical/ zoological name, a. Panthera tigris, b. Mangifera indica, c. Sativum pisum, d. Homo sapiens, 15. Biological names, when hand written, should necessary, be:, a. Underlined, b. Bold (antics), c. In capital letter, d. Italics, 16. In binomial nomenclature, the first and second, components represent:, a. Genus and species, b. Genus and class, c. Species and genus, d. Kingdom and class, 17. The main purpose of classification of organisms is to, a. Study geography, b. Locate plants and animals, c. Establish relationships amongst organisms, d. Study evolution, 18. First book of Botany, Historia Plantarum, was given by:, a. Theoprastus, b. A. P. de Condolle, c. Aristotle , d. None of these

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5, 19. The word systematics is derived from, a. Greek word systema, b. Italic word systema, c. Latin word systema, d. English word systema, 20. In Mangifera indica Linn. indica refers to, a. Genus , b. Author, c. Family , d. Species, 21. Term biology was introduced by:, a. Aristotle , b. Darwin, c. John Ray, d. Lamarck and Treviranus, 22. Improvement of human race through improvement of, human environment is:, a. Anthropology, b. Euthenics, c. Euphenics, d. Eugenics, 23. Edaphology is:, a. Study of soils, c. Study of snakes, , b. Study of amphibians, d. Study of elephants, , 24. As we go lower from kingdom to species the number of, common characteristics goes on, a. Increasing, b. Remain unchanged, c. Decreasing, d. Sometimes decreasing, 25. A prediction made by a scientist based on his observation, is known as:, a. Law, b. Principle, c. Theory, d. Hypothesis, 26. The simplest amino acid is:, a. Aspartic acid, b. Tyrosine, c. Lysine, d. Glycine, 27. Glucose in taken in test tube and acted upon by, hexokinase enzyme. Resulting substrate is glucose - 6 phosphate. This isolated metabolic reaction is:, a. Occurring in test tube which can be considered as, living, b. Considered to be in vivo, c. Considered to be in vitro and living reaction., d. Considered as non-living reaction, , 29. The scientific name of banyan is written as Ficus, bengalensis L. which of the following is a correct, statement regarding this?, a. Letter L signifies Latin language., , Taxonomic Categories [NCERT Pg 8-11], 30. Systematics takes accounts:, a. Evolutionary relationship between organisms., b. Breeding relationship between organisms., c. Economic relationship between organisms., d. None of these, 31. Taxon represents:, a. Rank in classification, b. Basic unit of classification, c. Both of these, d. None of these, 32. In taxonomy the first step is:, a. Identification, b. Nomenclature, c. Classification, d. Affinities, 33. Term classification was given by:, a. A.P de Condolle, b. Norman E. Borloug, c. Tansley , d. None of these, 34. Which of the following taxonomic categories contains, organisms least similar to one another?, a Genera , b. Family, c. Class , d. Species, 35. Which of the following combinations is correct for, wheat ? , a. Genus : Triticum, Family : Anacardiaceae, Order :, Poales, Class : Monocotyledonae, b. Genus : Triticum, Family : Poaceae, Order : Poales,, Class : Dicotyledonae, c. Genus : Triticum, Family : Poaceae, Order : Sapindales,, Class : Monocotyledonae, d. Genus : Triticum, Family : Poaceae, Order : Poales,, Class : Monocotyledonae, 36. The suffix – inae signifies the rank:, a. Tribe , b. Subtribe, c. Suborder , d. Family, , The Living World, , 28. Basis of Taxonomy are:, a. Identification - Characterization - Classification Nomenclature, b. Characterization - Identification - Classification Nomenclature, c. Classification - Characterization - Identification Nomenclature, d. Nomenclature - Classification - Identification characterization, , b. The name should be reverse with bengalensis, preceding Ficus, c. Letter L signifies taxonomist Linnaeus, d. Bengalensis is generic name, , 37. Species living in different geographical areas are called:, a. Allochronic, b. Allopatric, c. Sympatric, d. Siblings, , 38. Determination of age by counting growth rings falls, under:, a. Chorology, b. Chronology, c. Dendrology, d. Dendrochronology

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6, 39. What is ethnobotany?, a. Cultivation of flower yielding plants, b. Use of plants and their parts, c. Relationship between plants and primitive people, d. Study of soil, 40. The timing of seasonal activity of plants in relation to, change in environmental conditions is termed as:, a. Dendrochronology, b. Phenology, c. Time lapse, d. Biological clock, 41. In a scientific name, the name of the author is printed in, a. Capital letters, b. Bold ( antics), c. Italics , d. Roman, 42. Few rules are written following regarding binomial, nomenclature. Identity the wrong one:, a. Biological names are latinized and written in italics, b. Generic and specific name starts with capital letter, c. Generic and specific name when hand written are, underlined, d. All are correct, 43. Identity the incorrect statement:, a. Class like Mammalia is involved in phylum Chordata, b. Order like Insecta is involved in class Mandibulate, c. Genus like Panthera is involved in family Felidae., d. Order like Primata is involved in class Mammalia, 44. Which is not the component of taxonomy?, a. Identification, b. Responsiveness, c. Nomenclature, d. Classification, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 45. Taxonomic hierachy is given following; select the, correct match:, Taxonomic category, , Examples, , a., , A, , Sapindales, Insecta, , b., , B, , Primata, Diptera, , c., , C, , Musca, Poales, , d., , D, , Triticum, Muscidae, , Species [NCERT Pg 9], 46. Which of the following is a species?, a. Tamarindus, b. Homo, c. Triticum aestivam d. Indica, 47. Which is less general in characters as compared to, genus?, a. Family , d. Class, c. Division, d. Species, , 48. Species is considered:, a. As basic unit of classification, b. The largest unit of classification, c. Artificial concept of human mind which cannot be, defined in absolute terms, d. Real unit of classification devised by taxonomists, , Genus [NCERT Pg 9], 49. Genera Plantarum was given by:, a. Bentham Hooker, b. Engler & Prantl, c. A.P de Condole, d. None of these, 50. Linnaeus put similar species into a larger group called, the, a. Species , b. Family, c. Kingdom, d. Genus, 51. In a taxonomic hierarchy, genus is interpolated between, a. Kingdom and class, b. Phylum and order, c. Order and species, d. Family and species, 52. The taxonomic category below the lovel of family is, a. Class , b. Species, c. Phylum , d. Genus, , Family [NCERT Pg 9], 53. Die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien was given by., a. Engler & Prantl, b. Lamarck, c. Curier, d. None of these, 54. Olericulture is cultivation of:, a. Flowers, b. Vegetables, c. Fruits, d. All the above, 55. Family and order of Triticum aestivum (wheat) are, a. Poaceae, Monocotyledonae, b. Poaceae, Poales, c. Poales, Monocotyledonae, d. None is correct, 56. Family - order - class of Musca domestica (Housefly) are, respectively:, a. Muscidae - Insecta - Hymenoptera, b. Muscidae - Diptera - Mandibulata, c. Hymenoptera - Insecta - Mandibuleta, d. Muscidae - Diptera - Insecta

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7, 57. Family of man (Homo sapiens) is:, a. Hominidae, b. Hominini, c. Primata , d. Ceboideae, 58. The word ending with - aceae indicates:, a. Genera , b. Family, c. Order , d. Class, 59. In a taxonomic hierarchy, family is interpolated between:, a. Kingdom and class, b. Class and order, c. Order and genus, d. Class and genus, 60. Cohort is a group of correlated:, a. Order , b. Species, c. Genera , d. Families, , Order [NCERT Pg 10], 61. Order polyemoniales include, a. Convolvulaceae b. Solanaceae, c. Both of this, d. None of these, 62. Carnivora includes, a. Canis , c. Both of these, , b. Felis, d. None of these, , 63. Order polyemoniales based on, a. Reproductive character, b. Floral character, c. Evolutionary character, d. None of these, 64. Poales is the order of, a. Mango, b. Wheat, c. Maize, d. Corn, 65. Sapindales is the order of, a. Mango, b. Maize, c. Wheat, d. Corn, , 67. The category that includes related order is, a. Families , b. Phylum, c. Class , d. Kingdom, , Phylum [NCERT Pg 10], 68. Term phylum was given by:, a. Haeckel , b. H. J. Lam, c. Eichler , d. Linnaeus, , 70. Two animals belong to the same kingdom but different, classes. They may belong to the same, a. Phylum , b. Order, c. Division , d. Family, , Taxonomical Aids [NCERT Pg 11-14], 71. Father of Indian Taxonomy:, a. Ajay phadke, b. Henry Santapau, c. Har Govind Khorana, d. Chanukah, 72. The term taxon for plants coined by, a. Curier, b. Adolf Meyer, c. H.J Lam, d. DeCandolle, , Herbarium [NCERT Pg 11-12], 73. Largest Herbarium in the world situated in, a. Kew , b. L.A., c. Johannesburg, d. Brazil, 74. Herbarium sheet size?, a. 29 * 41.5 cm, b. 29 * 40 cm, c. 30 * 20 cm, d. 20 * 20 cm, 75. Pesticide used in the Herbarium is:, a. 2 , 4 - D, b. NAA, c. CS2, d. HgCl2, 76. Employment of hereditary principles in the improvement, of human race is:, a. Ethnology, b. Euphenics, c. Eugenics, d. Euthenics, , Botanical Garden and Museum [NCERT Pg 12], 77. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after:, a. Collecting - Killing - Pinning, b. Killing - Collecting - Pinning, c. Killing - Pinning - Collecting, d. None of these, , The Living World, , 66. When organisms are in the same class but not in same, family, the taxonomic term is called as:, a. Order , b. Genus, c. Family , d. Species, , 69. Which of the following categories possess least number, of related characters?, a. Order , b. Phylum, c. Class , d. Species, , 78. Royal Botanical Garden consists of how many, specimens?, a. 6.5 millions, b. 6 millions, c. 6.5 billions, d. 6.5 trillions

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8, 79. Plant species in botanical gardens are labeled to indicate, a. English and local name, b. Collectors name, c. Botanical name and family, d. Family and place of collection, 80. Father of Botany:, a. Aristotle, c. Lamark , , b. Theophrastus, d. Whittaker, , 81. National Botanical Research Institute located in:, a. Chennai , b. Lucknow, c. Darjeeling, d. Kolkata, 82. Rearing of bees is:, a. Horticulture, c. Silviculture, , b. Sericulture, d. Apiculture, , 83. The collection of preserved plants and animals for study, and reference is called:, a. Museum , b. Keys, c. Herbarium, d. Flora, 84. In museums, larger animals like birds and mammals are:, a. Collected, killed and pinned, b. Stuffed and preserved, c. Preserved in natural habitat, d. Both (a) and (b), , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 85. Museums are known to preserve:, a. Insects, b. Larger animals, c. Skeleton of animals, d. All of these, , Zoological Parks [NCERT Pg 13], 86. First book of Zoology Historia animalicum was given, by:, a. Aristotle , b. Theophrastus, c. Carl woese, d. Alberto del rio, 87. Father of zoology:, a. Theophrastus, c. Carl correns, , b. Aristotle, d. Von - Tschemark, , 88. Not applicable to zoological parks:, a. In vivo mode of conservation, b. Wild animals are kept under human care, c. Wild animals are kept in separate enclosures, d. All are true, , Key [NCERT Pg 13], 89. Each statement in key is called, a. Couplet , b. Lead, c. Principle , d. None of these, 90. Which of the following provide information of any, one taxon?, a. Manuals , b. Monograph, c. Flora , d. Fauna, 91. Providing information for identification of names of, species found in an area, a. Fauna , b. Flora, c. Monograph, d. Manuals

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9, , Higher Order, Questions, Fact Based Round, 1. Herbarium is:, a. A garden where medicinal plants are grown, b. Garden where herbaceous plants are grown, c. Dry garden, d. Chemical to kill plants, 2. Which one of the following branch is applicable to both, plants and animals?, a. Herpetology, b. Saurology, c. Taxonomy, d. Ichthyology, 3. For higher plants, flowers are chiefly used as a basis of, classification, because:, a. These show a great variety in colour, b. It can be preserved easily, c. Reproductive parts are more conservative than, vegetative parts, d. They have strong fragrance, 4. Which of the following species are restricted to a given, area?, a. Sympatric species b. Allopatric species, c. Sibling species, d. Endemic species, 5. The most convenient way for easy identification of, plants and animals by applying diagnostic feature is use, of, a. Herbarium, b. Botanical gardens, c. Museum , d. Taxonomic keys, , Combination Round, , Ernst Haeckel, Bateson, , 4., 5., , a., , A-3 B-5, , C-2 D-4, , E-1, , b., , A-3 B-5, , C-1 D-4, , E-2, , c., , A-1 B-3, , C-5 D-2, , E-4, , d., , A-4 B-2, , C-5 D-1, , E-4, , 8. Read the following and choose the correct combinations:, A., , Biosphere Reserves, , 1., , 16, , B., , National Parks, , 2., , 34, , C., , Sanctuaries, , 3., , 90, , D., , Biodiversity hot spots, , 4., , 448, , a., , A-3, , B-1, , C-4, , D-2, , b., , A-2, , B-1, , C-4, , D-3, , c., , A-3, , B-1, , C-2, , D-4, , d., , A-1, , B-3, , C-4, , D-4, , 9. Read the following and choose the correct combinations:, Place, , Number of types of birds Latitude, , 1., , Colombia, , 1400, , 00 N, , 2., , New York, , 105, , 410 N, , 3., , Greenland, , 56, , 710 N, , a. All correct, c. 1 & 2 , , b. One, d. Except two, , 10. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, Common name, , A., B., C., , 1., 2., 3., , Coined the term, Biology, Genetics, Taxonomy, , Biological name, , A., , Tobacco, , 1., , Mangifera indica, , B., , Potato, , 2., , Triticum vulgare, , C., , Brinjal, , 3., , Nicotiana tabacum, , D., , Wheat, , 4., , Solanum tuberosum, , 5., , Solanum melongena, , 7. Read the following and choose the correct combinations:, Scientist, A.P. de Candolle, Herbert Spencer, Lamarck, , Ecology, Organic evolution, , a., , A-4, , B-3, , C-1, , D-2, , b., , A-3, , B-4, , C-5, , D-2, , c., , A-1, , B-2, , C-3, , D-4, , d., , A-2, , B-1, , C-4, , D-3, , The Living World, , 6. Classification systems have many advantages. Which of, the following is not a goal of biological classification?, a. To depict convergent evolution, b. To clarify relationships among organisms, c. To help us remember organisms and their traits, d. To identify and name organisms, , D., E.

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10, 11. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., D., , Family, Kingdom, Order, Species, , a., b., c., d., , A-5, A-4, A-1, A-3, , B-4, B-5, B-2, B-2, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., C-2, C-3, C-3, C-4, , nigrum, Polemoniales, Solanum, Plantae, Solanaceae, , D-1, D-2, D-4, D-5, , 12. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., , Couplet, Lead, Monograph, , 1., 2., 3., , D., , Manuals, , 4., 5., , a., b., c., d., , A-5, A-4, A-1, A-3, , B-4, B-2, B-3, B-1, , C-1, C-3, C-2, C-4, , Information of any one taxon, Preserved specimen, Specially designed for ready, reference, Each statement in the key, A pair of contrasting characters, D-3, D-1, D-4, D-2, , Conceptual Round, 13. Choose the correct statements from following:, , A. Taxonomic hierarchy includes seven obligate, categories., B. Haeckel introduced the taxon phylum., C. Three - domain classification was introduced by, Carl Woese., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , a. A & B, c. A & C , , b. B & C, d. All, , 14. Read the following statements and identify the correct, statements:, A. Biodiversity refers to the number and types of, organisms present on earth., B. The local names would vary from place to place,, even within a country., C. The number of species that are known and described, range between 1.7-1.8 million., D. International Code for Botanical Nomenclature, (ICBN) provides scientific names for plants, E. Nomenclature or naming is only possible when the, organism is described correctly., a. A and B only, b. A, B and C only, c. A, D and C only d. All of these, 15. Incorrect statement is:, a. Naming is only possible when the organism is, described correctly., b. Scientific names are based on the principles and, , criteria provided in ICBN., c. Description of any organism should enable the people, (in any part of the world) to arrive at the same name., d. Category denotes rank, and these categories or ranks, are merely morphological aggregates., 16. Incorrect statement are:, A. Animals, mammals, dogs, alsatians represent taxa at, different levels., B. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to, change its phenotype in response to environment., C. Nomenclature is only possible when the organism is, described correctly., D. In animals, growth is seen only up to a certain age., E. Non-living objects also grow if we take increase in, body mass as a criteria of growth., F. Human being is the only organism who is aware of, himself., a. C, b. B, c. A , d. Zero, 17. Read the following statements., A. Isolated-metabolic reactions in-vitro are living, things., , B. Reproduction is synonymous with growth in, Chlamydomonas., C. Reproduction is an all inclusive defining, characteristic of living organisms., D. Extrinsic growth cannot be taken as defining, property of living organisms., , How many of the above statement (s) is/are not true?, a. One, b. Two, c. Three, d. Four, 18. Consider the following statements and select correct set, of option., A. The most obvious and technically complicated, features are metabolism and consciousness., B. Growth and reproduction are mutually inclusive, events for euglenoids and chrysophytes., C. Generally, families and orders are identified on the, basis of aggregates of vegetative characters only., D. Herbarium serves as quick referral system in, taxonomical studies., a. B, C & D , b. A, C & D, c. B & D , d. A, B, C & D, 19. Read the following statements., A. Manuals are useful in providing information for, identification of names of species found in an area., B. Potato and brinjal are related species, which has, more characters in common in comparison to shimla, mirch., C. CO2 dissolving in water, a physical process, is a, catalysed reaction in living systems., D. The ribosomes of polysome translate the mRNA, into multiple copies of the same protein., a. A and C are correct, b. Only B correct, c. B incorrect, d. All are correct

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11, , NCERT Exemplar, Problems, 1. As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic, hierarchy, the number of common characteristics:, a. Will decrease, b. Will increase, c. Remain same, d. May increase or decrease, 2. Which of the following ‘suffixes’ used for units of, classification in plants indicates a taxonomic category of, ‘family’?, a. — Ales , b. — Onae, c. — Aceae , d. — Ae, 3. The term ‘systematics’ refers to:, a. Identification and study of organ systems, b. Identification and preservation of plants and animals, c. Diversity of kinds of organisms and their relationship, d. Study of habitats of organisms and, their classification, 4. Genus represents:, a. An individual plant or animal, b. A collection of plants or animals, c. Group of closely related species of plants or animals, d. A group of plants in a given area., , d. Collection of only local plants and animals, 7. Taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the, identification and classification of plants and animals. It, is used in the preparation of:, a. Monographs, b. Flora, c. Both (a) and (b) d. None of these, 8. All living organisms are linked to one another because:, a. They have common genetic material of the same type, b. They share common genetic material but to varying, degrees, c. All have common cellular organization, d. All of the above, 9. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of, living organisms?, a. Growth , b. Ability to make sound, c. Reproduction, d. Response to external stimuli, 10. Match the following and choose the correct option., A. Family, , 1. Tuberosum, , 5. The taxonomic unit ‘Phylum’ in the classification of, animals is equivalent to which hierarchical level in, classification of plants:, a. Class , b. Order, c. Division , d. Family, , B. Kingdom, , 2. Polymoniales, , C. Order, , 3. Solanum, , D. Species, , 4. Plantae, , E. Genus, , 5. Solanaceae, , 6. Botanical gardens and Zoological parks have:, a. Collection of endemic living species only, b. Collection of exotic living species only, c. Collection of endemic and exotic living species, , a., b., c., d., , A-4, A-5, A-4, A-5, , B-3, B-4, B-5, B-3, , C-5, C-2, C-2, C-2, , D-2, D-1, D-1, D-1, , E-1, E-3, E-3, E-4, , The Living World

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12, , Past Year, Questions, 1. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information, on:, a. Local names, b. Height of the plant, c. Date of collection, d. Name of collector, 2. Biodiversity of a geographical region represents:, a. Genetic diversity present in the dominant species of, the region, b. Species endemic to the region, c. Endangered species found in the region, d. The diversity in the organisms living in the region, 3. A living organism can be unexceptionally differentiated, from a non-living thing on the basis of its ability for:, a. Reproduction, b. Growth and movement, c. Responsiveness to touch, d. Interaction with environment and progressive, evolution, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 4. Biosystamatics aims at:, a. The classification of organisms based on broad, morphological characters., b. Delimiting various taxa of organisms and establishing, their relationships., c. The classification of organisms based on their, evolutionary history and establishing their phylogeny, on the totality of various parameters from all fields of, studies., d. Identification and arrangement of organisms on the, basis of their cytological characteristics., 5. First life on earth was:, a. Cyanobacteria, b. Chemohetrotrophs, c. Autotrophs, d. Photoautotrophs, 6. Viable material of endangered species can be, preserved by:, a. Gene bank, b. Gene library, , c. Herbarium, , d. Gene pool, , 7. Which arrangement is in correct ascending order?, a. Species < genus < order < family, b. Genus < species < family < order, c. Order < family < genus < species, d. Species < genus < family < order, 8. ‘Taxon’ is the unit of a group of:, a. Order , b. Taxonomy, c. Species , d. Genes, 9. Sequence of taxonomic categories is:, a. Class-phylum-tribe-order-family-genus-species, b. Division-class-family-tribe-order-genus-species, c. Division-class-order-family-tribe-genus-species, d. Phylum-order-class-tribe-family-genus-species, 10. The high boiling point of water is advantageous to living, organisms because, a. The environment seldom reaches the boiling point of, water., b. Organisms can easily boil off enough water to keep, themselves cool., c. It allows organisms to spread heat evenly throughout, their bodies., d. Organisms can absorb a great deal of heat before they, reach the boiling point from organisms and population., 11. A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any, rank is:, a. Species , b. Genus, c. Order , d. Taxon, 12. The term “New Systematics” was introduced by:, a. Bentham and Hooker, b. Linnaeus, c. Julian Huxley, d. A. P. de Candolle, 13. Static concept of species was put forward by:, a. de Candolle, b. Linnaeus, c. Mayr, d. Darwin

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13, , Assertion &, Reason, Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these, questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses., A., B., C., D., , If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion., If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion., If Assertion is True but the Reason is False., If both Assertion and Reason are False., , 1. Assertion: Both the words in a biological name when, handwritten, are separately underlined or printed in, italics., Reason: This is done to indicate their latin origin., 2. Assertion: Character of family is more general as, compared to character of genus., Reason: Genera aggregates closely related species., 3. Assertion: Botanical garden are one of the important, taxonomic aids used in taxonomic studies., , separately underlined., Reason: Underlining indicates their Latin origin., 9. Assertion: Complexity of classification increases from, kingdom to species., Reason: Common characters increase from kingdom to, species., 10. Assertion: The biological species concept helps us to, ask how species are formed., , Reason: Botanical garden play significant role in, identification of plants., , Reason: The concept of biological species focuses our, attention on the question of how reproductive isolation, comes about., , 4. Assertion: Chemotaxonomy is classifying organism at, molecular level., , 11. Assertion: A morphology based approach to taxonomy, is called ‘alpha taxonomy’ and it is old fashioned., , Reason: Cytotaxonomy is classifying organism at, cellular level., , Reason: A multi-disciplinary approach to taxonomy, called ‘omega taxonomy’ is favored in recent years, as it, excludes morphological features., , 5. Assertion: Natural system fails to give phylogenetic, relationship., Reason: Natural system may use habit or habitat for, classifying organism., , Reason: Living organisms undergo the process known, as accretion., 7. Assertion: New names in binomial nomenclature are, derived from Latin or are Latinized., Reason: Latin is a technical language., 8. Assertion: In binomial nomenclature, both words are, , Reason: Characters of a larger category (like division), are not repeated for smaller/lower categories (family and, order)., , The Living World, , 6. Assertion: Living organisms show internal as well as, external growth., , 12. Assertion: Hierarchical system of classification is useful, to reduce the voluminous description in the catalogue of, organisms., , 13. Assertion: Museums are places/institution where, preserved plant, animal artistic and educational material, are exhibited to public., , Reason: Museums are of different kinds, like art,, history, science and general museum which exhibit their, material to public awareness.

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14, , Answer Key, Self Assessment Questions, 1, c, 18, a, 35, d, 52, d, 69, b, 86, a, , 2, b, 19, c, 36, b, 53, a, 70, a, 87, b, , 3, c, 20, d, 37, b, 54, b, 71, b, 88, a, , 4, d, 21, d, 38, d, 55, b, 72, b, 89, b, , 5, a, 22, b, 39, c, 56, d, 73, a, 90, b, , 6, a, 23, a, 40, b, 57, a, 74, a, 91, d, , 7, d, 24, a, 41, d, 58, b, 75, a, , 8, d, 25, d, 42, b, 59, c, 76, c, , 9, a, 26, d, 43, b, 60, d, 77, a, , 10, a, 27, c, 44, b, 61, a, 78, a, , 11, a, 28, a, 45, b, 62, c, 79, c, , 12, a, 29, c, 46, d, 63, b, 80, b, , 13, a, 30, a, 47, d, 64, b, 81, d, , 14, a, 31, a, 48, a, 65, a, 82, d, , 15, a, 32, a, 49, a, 66, a, 83, a, , 16, a, 33, a, 50, d, 67, c, 84, b, , 17, c, 34, c, 51, d, 68, a, 85, d, , 12, a, , 13, d, , 14, d, , 15, d, , 16, d, , 17, b, , Higher Order Questions, 1, c, 18, c, , 2, c, 19, d, , 3, c, , 4, d, , 5, d, , 6, a, , 7, b, , 8, a, , 9, a, , 10, b, , 11, a, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1, a, , 2, c, , 3, c, , 4, c, , 5, c, , 6, c, , 7, c, , 8, b, , 9, d, , 10, b, , Past Year Questions, 1, b, , 2, d, , 3, a, , 4, c, , 5, b, , 6, a, , 7, d, , 8, b, , 9, c, , 10, b, , 11, d, , 12, c, , 13, b, , 9, b, , 10, d, , 11, d, , 12, a, , 13, b, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Assertion & Reason, 1, a, , 2, b, , 3, a, , 4, b, , 5, d, , 6, d, , 7, c, , 8, a, , Explanations and NCERT References, Higher Order Questions, 1. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 11, 2. (c) Herpetology: study of amphibians., Saurology: study of lizards., Ichthyology: study of fish science., , Taxonomy: Classification of animals and plants., 3. (c) The reproductive structures of flowering plants, are subjected to a much lesser degree of evolutionary, pressure while vegetative characters such as structure,, size or shape of leaves are often environmentally, controlled and extremely variable within a genus or, species.

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15, 4. (d) Endemic species are plants and animals that exist in, a defined geographical location., 5. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 13, Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification, of plants and animals based on the similarities and, dissimilarities. The keys are based on the contrasting, characters generally in a pair called couplet. Keys are, generally analytical in nature., 6. (a) The goals of classification includes recognition and, complete description of different species; development, of a system for easy identification of various species;, to establish relationships on the basis of resemblance, and differences between organisms; and formulating a, scheme of hierarchical grouping of species., 13. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 10, 14. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 6, 15. (d) Category denotes rank and each rank or taxon, represents a unit of classification. These taxonomic, categories are distinct biological entities and not merely, morphological aggregates., 16. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 4, 5 & 7, , endemic living species., Rest of the options are incorrect., 7. (c) Taxonomic keys are tools that help in identification, of organism based on the characters, which includes, both monograph and flora., 8. (b) All living organisms share common genetic material,, i.e., DNA but with variations, e.g., bacteria have, single stranded circular DNA while in highly evolved, eukaryotic cells of plants and animals, DNA is a long, double stranded helix., 9. (d) Response to external stimuli or to the environment, in which an organism lives, is the most important, characteristic of any living organism, besides growth, and reproduction., Growth and ability to make sound are some properties, that can also be observed in non-living things. While, virus (which is not included under living organisms), also show growth and reproduction., Hence, these options are not true., 10. (b) The correct options matching with the columns, represent the taxonomic classification of plant potato are, , 17. (b) Statement A and C are incorrect. An isolated, metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an organism,, performed in a test tube is neither living nor non-living., Reproduction also cannot be an all-inclusive defining, characteristic of living organisms., , Family, , —, , Solanaceae, , Kingdom, , —, , Plantae, , Order, , —, , Polymoniales, , Genus, , —, , Solanum, , 18. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 4 & 12, , Species, , —, , tuberosum, , 19. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 9 & 14, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1. (a) Lower the taxa, more are the characteristic that the, members within the taxon share. So, lowest taxon share, the maximum number of morphological similarities,, while its similarities decrease as we move towards the, higher hierarchy, i.e., class, kingdom., Thus, rest of the option are incorrect., , 4. (c) Genus comprises a group of closely related species, which has more characters in common in comparison to, species of other genera. The other options do not define, genus., 5. (c) Division includes classes with few similar characters, of group of organism. It is equivalent to ‘Phylum’ in case, of animals., 6. (c) Botanical gardens and Zoological parks are used to, restore depleted population, reintroduce species, i.e.,, wild and restore degraded habitats of both exotic and, , 1. (b) The herbarium sheets carry a label providing, information about date and place of collection, English,, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc, 2. (d) Biodiversity represents total number of species, present on earth. There are approximately 1.7-1.8, million species present on earth., 3. (a) All living things reproduce passing on traits from one, generation to next. Non – living things cannot reproduce., 4. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 8, , The Living World, , 3. (c) The word systematics is derived from Latin word, ‘Systema’ which means systematic arrangement of, organisms., , Past Year Questions, , 5. (b) First living beings were formed in the environment, having abundant organic molecules. They absorbed the, organic materials for the sake of nutrition and hence, were chemoheterotrophs., , 6. (a) Gene bank maintains stocks of viable seeds (seed, banks), live growing plants (orchards), tissue culture, and frozen germplasm with the whole range of genetic, variability., 7. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 10, 8. (b) Taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank., 9. (c) To make taxonomic position of a species more

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16, precise, the various obligate categories in hierarchical, classification are explained. The correct sequence is:, Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus →, Species, 10. (b) This is one of the reason for organisms being, homeostatic (constant body temperature)., 11. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 8, 12. (c) The term ‘New Systematics’ was given by Julian, Huxley (1940). Characters of plants collected through, different branches of science are considered, e.g.,, ecology, physiology, biochemistry, cytology, genetics,, etc., 13. (b) Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial System of, Nomenclature in his book Species Plantarum (1753). He, said that there can be variation within species, but they, do not change from one species to another., , Assertion & Reason, 1. (a) Biological names are generally in latin and written, in italics, they are latinised or derived from latin, irrespective of their origin. When hand written, generic, and specific epithet both the words in biological name, are separately underlined or printed in italics showing, their latin origin., 2. (b) Family has a group of related genera with still less, number of similarities as compared to genus and species., So character of family is more general as compared to, character of genus., 3. (a) Botanical gardens have collections of living plants., So, they play significant role in identification of plants, and thus, used in taxonomical studies., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 4. (b) Cytotaxonomy that is based on cytological, information like chromosome number, structure,, behaviour and chemotaxonomy that uses the chemical, constituents of the plant to resolve confusions, are also, used by taxonomists these days., 5. (d) Natural classification systems (George Bentham, and Joseph Dalton Hooker) developed, which were, based on natural affinities among the organisms and, consider not only the external features, but also internal, features, like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and, , phytochemistry., 6. (d) Living organism show internal growth due to addition, of material and formation of cells inside the body. Such, a method is called intussusception. Non-living things, grow due to the addition of similar materials to their, outer surface. The process is called accretion., 7. (c) Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing, organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting, of two words, first generic and second specific. The, original names were taken from the Latin language or, are Latinized. This is because Latin language is dead, and, therefore; it will not change in form or spelling with, passage of time., 8. (a) Both the words in binomial nomenclature when, handwritten are separately underlined., 9. (b) Most common characters among individual members, are found in taxon species. Common characters decrease, from species to kingdom and members of a kingdom have, least number of common characters. Similarly, complexity, of classification decreases from species to kingdom., T : Higher the hierarchy, lesser are the C’s, C’s : Common characters and complexity., 10. (d) Ernst Mayr defined species as group of potentially, interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively, isolated from other groups. This focuses our attention on, how this isolation arise., 11. (d) Alpha taxonomy is based on morphology and omega, taxonomy brings out toxonomic affinity on the basis of, phylogenetic relationships. The latter is more favoured., 12. (a) Hierarchical classification reduces volume in, catalogue of plants and animals. It can be illustrated by, an example like Canis familiaris (dog)., It belongs to the family - Canidae, Genus-Canis is applied, to wolf and jackal of same family, but these belong to, different species therefore species have more similarities, than genus but genus has more organisms and vice-versa., 13. (b) Museums are source of ancient and present, information matter where preserved plants, animals,, artistic and educational material are exhibited for public, awareness. Museums can be categorized.

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2, , Biological, Classification, NCERT Crisp, , Introduction, , •, , Aristotle , , The kingdoms defined by him includes Monera, Protista,, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia., •, , The main criteria for classification used by him:, , •, , Earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for, classification., , •, , Used simple morphological characters to classify plants, into trees, shrubs and herbs., , ◊ Thallus organization,, , •, , Divided animals into two groups, those which had red, blood and those that did not., , ◊ Phylogenetic relationships., , R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom, Classification., , ◊ Cell structure,, ◊ Mode of nutrition,, Three Kingdom of Classification: Haeckel (Added new, kingdom Protista), Four Kingdom Classification: Copeland (Added Monera), , Table: Characteristics of the five kingdoms, Five Kingdoms, , Characters, , Monera, , Protista, , Fungi, , Cell type, , Prokaryotic, , Cell wall, , Non-cellulosic (Polysaccha- Present in some, ride + amino acid), , Eukaryotic, , Eukaryotic, , Plantae, Eukaryotic, , Animalia, Eukaryotic, , Present (without Present, cellulose), (cellulose), , Absent, , Nuclear membrane Absent, , Present, , Present, , Present, , Present, , Body organization, , Cellular, , Cellular, , Multicellular/, loose tissue, , Tissue/organ, , Tissue/organ/, organ system, , Mode of nutrition, , Autotrophic (chemosynthet- Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, ic and photosynthetic) and, (photosynthetic) (saprophytic/, heterotrophic (saprophytic/ and heterotrophic parasitic), parasitic), , Earlier classification systems , • It included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses,, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under, ‘Plants’ (All having cell wall)., • It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and the blue, green algae with other groups which were eukaryotic., , Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, (photosynthetic) (holozoic/, sapropytic, etc.), , • It also grouped together the unicellular organisms, and the multicellular ones, say, for example,, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together, under algae., • The classification did not differentiate between the, heterotrophic group – fungi, and the autotrophic green, plants.

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18, In Five Kingdom Classification , • Kingdom, Protista, has, brought, together, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae, within Plants and both having cell walls) with, Paramoecium and Amoeba (which were earlier placed, in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall)., , Kingdom Monera, , • They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell, wall (polysaccharide and amino acids), and if motile,, a flagellum., Types of flagellation:, ▪▪ Monotrichous : Flagella at one end, ▪▪ Lophotrichus : Group of flagella at one end, , •, , Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera., , ▪▪ Amphitrichus : Group of flagella at both ends, , •, , They are the most abundant micro-organisms., , ▪▪ Peritrichus : Flagella all over the body, , •, , Rigid cell wall of murein or peptidoglycan., , •, , Histones are absent. Ribosomes are of 70S type., , •, , Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria, are present in a handful of soil., , •, , They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs,, deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life, forms can survive., , •, , Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites., Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on, their shape:, ▪▪ Spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci), , •, , • Cyanobacteria are unicellular., • Hormocyst: Thick walled multicellular akinete found, in blue green algae (Cyanobacteria)., • A filament without mucilaginous sheath is called, trichome, e.g., Nostoc, • Colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath., • They often form algal blooms in polluted water bodies., , ▪▪ Comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio), ▪▪ Spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla), , • Oscillatoria: Shows Pendulum Movement, , # Wherever is U it means Singular, •, , • Cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae/, myxobacteria) have chlorophyll a similar to green, plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs., , • Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen, in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and, Anabaena., , ▪▪ Rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli),, , They are very complex in behavior. Show the most, extensive metabolic diversity., Some bacteria synthesize their own food from inorganic, substrates., , Archaebacteria , • They live in some of the most harsh habitats., ▪▪ Halophiles (salty areas): Strictly Anaerobes, ▪▪ Thermoacidophiles (hot springs): Aerobic in nature, Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Eubacteria , , ▪▪ Methanogens (marshy areas): Anaerobic in nature, • Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a, different cell wall structure (Branched chain lipids) and, this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme, conditions., • Methanogens are present in the gut of several, ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they, are responsible for the production of methane (biogas), from the dung of these animals and also helps in, digestion of cellulose., , ◊ Chemosynthetic autotrophic, • Obtained food by oxidation of inorganic substance., • They play a great role in recycling nutrients like, nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur., ◊ Heterotrophic bacteria, • They are the most abundant in nature. The majority, are important decomposers., • They are helpful in making curd from milk,, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume, roots, etc., • Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well, known diseases caused by bacteria.

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19, • Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission., , tetracycline., , • Sometimes, under unfavorable conditions, they produce, spores., •, , All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista., , •, , It include Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids,, Slime moulds and Protozoans., , •, , Members of Protista are primarily aquatic., , •, , R-factor is type of plasmid which contains genes for, antibiotic resistance., , This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with, plants, animals and fungi., , •, , Episomes: When plasmids are integrating into the, bacterial DNA chromosomes., Sexual Reproduction in Bacteria , , Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a, well defined nucleus and other membrane-bound, organelles., , •, , Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process, involving cell fusion and zygote formation., , Plasmids, •, , Plasmid term given by Lederberg, , •, , Plasmids are extra-chromosomal small, circular double, stranded DNA molecules, , •, •, , Kingdom Protista, , ▪▪ Conjugation: Direct contact between two cells., Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum., ▪▪ Transformation: Transformation was first demonstrated, in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith., , Chrysophytes, •, , This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids)., , •, , They are found in fresh water as well as in marine, environments., , •, , They are microscopic and float passively in water, currents (plankton)., , •, , Most of them are photosynthetic., , •, , ▪▪ Appears as dark violet or ▪▪ Appears as pink or redpurple coloured after Gram, coloured, after, Gram, staining., staining., , In diatoms, the cell walls form two thin overlapping, shells, which fit together as in a soap box. The walls, are embedded with silica and thus the walls are, indestructible., , •, , ▪▪ Have a thick peptidoglycan ▪▪ Have a thin peptidoylycan, layer and lacks lipopolyslayer and an outer, accharide., lipopolysaccharide, , Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall, deposits in their habitat; this accumulation over billions, of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’., , •, , Being gritty, this soil is used in polishing, filtration of, oils and syrups., , •, , Diatoms are the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans., , ▪▪ Transduction: Transfer of Bacterial DNA with the, help of bacteriophage / virus., #Transduction, Lederberg., , was, , discovered, , by, , Zinder, , and, , Gram positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria, Gram - Positive bacteria, , ▪▪ Teichoic acid is present., , Bacillus subtilis, , membrane., ▪▪ Teichoic acid is absent., ▪▪ E.g., E.coli, Rhizobium, , Dinoflagellates (Fire algae), , Biological Classification, , ▪▪ E.g., Streptococcus,, , Gram - Negative bacteria, , •, , These organisms are mostly marine and photosynthetic., , •, , • They are the smallest living cells known and can, survive without oxygen., , They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending, on the main pigments present in their cells., , •, , • Many Mycoplasma’s are pathogenic in animals and, plants., , The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer, surface., , •, , Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally, and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall, plates., , Mycoplasma: Joker of plant Kingdom, • They are organisms that completely lack a cell wall., , • Mycoplasma is insensitive to penicillin but sensitive to

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20, •, , Red dinoflagellate Gonyaulax makes the sea appear red, (red tides)., , •, , Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill, other marine animals such as fishes., , Euglenoids, , • Entamoeba histolytica are endo-parasites., • Contractile vacuoles are present in Entamoeba but, absent in Amoeba., ◊ Flagellated protozoan, , •, , Majority of them are fresh water organisms found in, stagnant water., , • The members of this group are either free-living or, parasitic., , •, , Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer, called pellicle which makes their body flexible., , • They have flagella., , •, , They have two flagella, a short and a long one., , • Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma gambiense., Parasite is transmitted by Tse Tse fly(Glossina), , •, , They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight,, when deprived of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs, by predating on other smaller organisms., , • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kalaazar or black fever, or Dumdum fever caused by, Leishmania., , •, , The pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present, in higher plants. E.g., Euglena, , • Leishmania tropica is causative agent of oriental sore., , Slime Moulds (Slime Fungi), , • Surra Disease in cattle, horse, donkey caused by, T. evansi, , •, , Slime moulds are saprophytic protists., , • Chaga’s Disease caused by T. cruzi in man, monkeys,, cat, etc., , •, , The body moves along decaying twigs and leaves, engulfing organic material., , • Giardiasis/Diarrhoea also known as Back packer, disease caused by Giardia intestinalis., , •, , Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation, called plasmodium which may grow and spread over, several feet., , •, , During unfavorable conditions, the plasmodium, differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores, at their tips., , •, , The spores possess true walls., , •, , They are extremely resistant and survive for many years,, even under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed, by air currents., , •, Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , • Marine forms have silica shells on their surface., , Examples: Physarum and Physarella are acellular slime, moulds, , Protozoans, •, , All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators, or parasites., , •, , They are believed to be primitive relatives of animals., , There are four major groups of protozoan., ◊ Amoeboid protozoan, • They move and capture their prey by putting out, pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba (Fresh Water)., , ◊ Ciliated protozoan, • These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because, of the presence of thousands of cilia., • They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside, of the cell surface., • The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes, the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet., Example: Paramoecium, • Paramoecium respond to electric current. This property, of Paramoecium is known as galvanotaxis., ◊ Sporozoans, • This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious, spore-like stage in their life cycle., • The most notorious is Plasmodium (malarial parasite), which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering, effect on human population., • Plasmodium is digenetic means required two host:, Primary host is Man and secondary host is Female, Anopheles., • Final host of malarial parasite is female Anopheles, mosquito and man is intermediate host.

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21, • Plasmodium is intracellular parasite in man., • Schuffner’s dots: Yellow colored excretory granules, formed on the surface of RBC in case of malaria., , Kingdom Fungi, •, , A unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms., , •, , Bread develops a mould or orange rots because of fungi., , •, , The common mushroom and toadstools are also fungi., , •, , White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a, parasitic fungus., , •, , Unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and, beer., , •, , Wheat rust-causing fungi is Puccinia., , •, , Source of antibiotics: Penicillium., , •, , Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and, on animals and plants., , •, , They prefer to grow in warm and humid places., , •, , In very cold area like freeze, fungi do not grow and it, helps to prevent food from going bad due to bacterial or, fungal infections., , ▪▪ Symbiotic association of fungi with roots called, lichens., ▪▪ Symbiotic association of fungi with roots of higher, plants (Pinus) as Mycorrhiza., ▪▪ There are two types of mycorrhiza: Endo and, ectomycorrhiza, ▪▪ VAM (Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) is an, example of endomycorrhiza., Reproduction in fungi can take place by, • Vegetative means – fragmentation, fission and, budding., • Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or, sporangiospores or zoospores., Sexual reproduction , , •, , With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi, are filamentous., , •, , Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures, called hyphae., , •, , The network of hyphae is known as mycelium., , •, , Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with, multinucleated cytoplasm – these are called Coenocytic, hyphae., The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and, polysaccharides., , •, , Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic, matter from dead substrates and hence are called, saprophytes., , • The various spores are produced in distinct structures, called fruiting bodies., Sexual cycle involves the following three steps:, • Plasmogamy: Fusion of protoplasm between two motile, or non-motile gametes., • Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei., • Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores., ▪▪ In fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes), an, intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per, cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and, the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus., ▪▪ Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become, diploid. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which, reduction division occurs, leading to formation of, haploid spores., Basis for the division of Fungi , • Morphology of the mycelium, • Mode of spore formation, • Fruiting bodies, , Table: Classes of Kingdom Fungi, Characteristics, Habitat, , Phycomycetes, , Ascomycetes, (Sac-fungi), Found in aquatic habitats, on Saprophytic,, decaying wood in moist and decomposers, parasitic, damp places or as obligate or coprophilous, parasites on plants, (growing on dung), , Basidiomycetes, Deutromycetes, (Bracket fungi), (Imperfect fungi), Grow in soil, on logs Mostly decomposers,, and tree stumps and in some are saprophytes, living plant bodies as or parasites., parasites, , Biological Classification, , •, , • By oospores, ascospores and basidiospores (BOA).

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22, Mycelium, Reproduction, , Examples, , Aseptate and coenocytic, Asexual: Zoospores(motile), or aplanospores (nonmotile)., These, spores, are, endogenously produced in, sporangium., , Branched and septate, Asexual:, Conidiophoresconidia produced exogenously on the special, mycelium, Sexual: Ascosporesproduced endogenously, in sac like asci, ▪▪ Mucor: Grow on the dung Aspergillus:, of cats and dogs, ▪▪ Produces aflatoxins, , Branched and septate, Sex organs are absent,, but plasmogamy is, brought about by fusion of two vegetative, or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes., , Branched and septate, Reproduce only by, asexual spores known, as conidia., , ▪▪ Agaricus, (mushroom), , ▪▪ Alternaria,, Colletotrichum and, Trichoderma., , carcinogenic to hu- ▪▪ Ustilago (smut), mans., ▪▪ Puccinia (rust fun- ▪▪ Red rot of sugarcane, is caused by Colle▪▪ Albugo: The parasitic fun- ▪▪ Guinea pig of plant, gus), totrichum, kingdom – Aspergil- ▪▪ Poisonous, gi on mustard, falcatum, lus flavus, Mushroom : Amantia, Claviceps:, ▪▪ Cap mushroom (Co- ▪▪ Alternaria and Trichoderma are predatory, ▪▪ The most powerful, prinus): Used in, fungus, feed on living, hallucinogen LSD is, manufacturing ink., worms (Nematodes),, produced by Clavi- ▪▪ Bracket, i.e., Nematophagus, ceps purpurea and, Fungi(Fusarium):, Fungi., also cause Ergot of, grown on rotten, rye., wood., ▪▪ Rhizopus:, mould, , The, , bread, , • Clamp connection: It is a small looped hypha which, develops at the time of cell division and septa formation in, dikaryon of basidiomycetous fungus., • Two types of gametes:, ◊ Isogamous- Gametes are similar in morphology, ◊ Anisogamous or oogamous - Dissimilar in morphology, , Kingdom Plantae, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , •, , Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyllcontaining organisms commonly called plants., , •, , A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the, insectivorous plants or parasites., , •, , Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are of insectivorous, plants., , •, , Cuscuta is an endoparasite., , •, , The plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent, chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose., , •, , Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – the diploid, sporophytic and the haploid gametophytic – that alternate, with each other. This phenomenon is called alternation, of generation., , Kingdom Animalia, •, , This kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their, cells lack cell walls., , •, , They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food., , •, , They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food, reserves as glycogen or fat. Their mode of nutrition is, holozoic – by ingestion of food., , •, , Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor, mechanism., , •, , Most of them are capable of locomotion., , •, , The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and, female followed by embryological development., , Viruses, •, , In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no, mention of some acellular (non-cellular) organisms like, viruses and viroids, and lichens., , •, , The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are, characterized by having an inert crystalline structure, outside the living cell. Once they infect a cell they take, over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves,, killing the host., , •, , The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid, was given by Pasteur. D. J. Ivanowsky (1892).

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23, •, , Viroids, , Bacteriophage was discovered by Towrt and Deherelle., Pasteur. D. J. Ivanowsky (1892), ▪▪ He recognized certain microbes as causal organism of, the mosaic disease of tobacco. These were found to, be smaller than bacteria because they passed through, bacteria-proof filters., M.W. Beijerinek (1898), ▪▪ He demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants, of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants, and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum, (infectious living fluid)., W.M. Stanley (1935), ▪▪ He showed that viruses could be crystallized and, crystals consist largely of proteins. They are inert, outside their specific host cell., , •, , In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent, that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle, tuber disease., , •, , It was found to be a free RNA., , •, , It lacks the protein coat that is found in viruses, hence, the name viroid., , •, , The RNA of the viroid was of low molecular weight., , Lichens, •, , Lichens are symbiotic associations, i.e., mutually useful, associations, between algae and fungi., , •, , The algal component is known as phycobiont, (Chlorophyceae) and fungal component as, mycobiont (Ascomycetes), which are autotrophic and, heterotrophic, respectively., , •, , Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter, and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner., , •, , Lichens are very good pollution indicators – they do not, grow in polluted areas as sensitive to sulphur dioxide., , ▪▪ Viruses are obligate parasites., • In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic, material that could be either RNA or DNA., • No virus contains both RNA and DNA., • A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is, infectious., • In general, viruses that infect plants have single stranded, RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single, or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA., , Lichens grow on, ▪▪ Rocks - Saxicolous, ▪▪ Tree bark - Corticolous, ▪▪ Soil - Terricolous, , • Bacterial viruses or bacteriophage (viruses that infect, the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA viruses., • The protein coat called capsid made of small subunits, called capsomeres protects the nucleic acid., , Exam Oriented Information, Phylogenetic classification system: Engler and Prantl, , •, , • Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes,, measles, polio, swine flu, common cold, yellow fever, and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus., , Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien a book: Engler and, Prantl, , •, , Word New Systematics: Julian Huxley, , • In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation,, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing,, dwarfing and stunted growth., , •, , Ray fungi are not fungi, it is an eubacteria, , •, , Early blight of potato: Alternaria solani, , •, , Late blight of potato: Phytopthora infestans, , ▪▪ Lytic cycle: Host cell die when virus infects host., , •, , Downy mildew: Sclerospora graminicola, , ▪▪ Lysogenic cycle: In this cycle host is not killed by, virus., , •, , Damping off seedlings: Pythium, , •, , Cladonia rangifera (Reindeer moss) is a type of lichen, , • Viruses are used for biological control of pests, population., , •, , Lecanora: Litmus dye obtained, , •, , Usnea and Cladonia: Useful for preparations of antibiotics., , Biological Classification, , •, , • These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral, geometric forms.

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24, , Self Assessment, Questions, Classification [NCERT Pg 16-18], 1. Who divided the animals into 2 groups, those which had, red blood and those that did not?, a. Whittaker, b. T.O. Diener, c. Aristotle, d. W.M. Stanley, 2. Basis of classification according to Whittaker, a. Cell structure, b. Mode of reproduction, c. Phylogenetic relationship, d. All of these, 3. Which of the following shows extensive metabolic, diversity?, a. Humans , b. Fungi, c. Snakes , d. Blue - green algae, 4. Which of the following there is no mention in Whittaker’s, classification?, a. Virus , b. Viroids, c. Lichens , d. All of these, 5. Four kingdom system of classification was proposed by:, a. Whittaker, b. Copeland, c. Linnaeus , d. Oswald Tippo, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 6. Which of the following organisms were never included, in Protista?, a. Bacteria , b. Red algae, c. Slime moulds, d. Mosses, 7. Biochemical resemblances are used in the identification, of:, a. Protistan species b. Moneran species, c. Fungal species, d. Higher plants, 8. Whittaker is famous for :a. Two kingdom classification, b. Four kingdom classification, c. Five kingdom classification, d. Distinguishing in Bacteria & blue gree Algae, 9. Which characteristic placed the fungi in a separate, kingdom?, a. Cell wall composition, b. Cell wall structure, c. Nutrition, , d. Nuclear membrane, , Monera [NCERT Pg 18-20], 10. Peptidoglycan / Murein is present in the cell wall of, a. Animals , b. Plants, c. Fungi , d. Bacteria, 11. Match the following, A. Peritrichous, , 1. One flagella at one end, , B., , Monotrichous, , 2. Tuft of flagella at one end, , C., , Amphitrichous 3. Two flagella at one end, , D. Lopptrichous, , 4. Present on entrire surface, , a., , A-4, , B-2, , C-3, , D-1, , b., , A-4, , B-3, , C-2, , D-1, , c., , A-4, , B-1, , C-3, , D-2, , d., , A-4, , B-2, , C-1, , D-3, , 12. Old name of Blue green algae:, a. Cyanobacteria, b. Myxophyceae, c. Spectrum algae d. None of these, 13. New name of Blue green algae:, a. Chlorella, b. Spirulina, c. Cyanobacteria, d. None of these, 14. Which of the following found in harsh habitat?, a. Eubacteria, b. Cyanobacteria, c. Archaebacteria, d. None of these, 15. Which of the following is aerobic in nature?, a. Halophiles, b. Methanogens, c. Thermoacidophiles, d. None of these, 16. Which of the pigment present in cyanobacteria?, a. Chlorophyll ‘a’ b. Chlorophyll ‘b’, c. Chlorophyll ‘c’ d. Xanthophylls, 17. Colonies of Eubacteria is surrounded by, a. Polysaccharide sheath, b. Gelatinous sheath, c. Mucous sheath, d. None of these

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25, 18. Which of the following shows pendulum movement and, fix atmospheric nitrogen?, a. Nostoc, b. Anabaena, c. Oscillatoria, d. Rhodospirillum, 19. Which of these is a bacterial disease?, a. Chlorella, b. Measles, c. Citrus canker, d. Both (a) & (c), 20. Who is the Joker of plant kingdom?, a. Mycoplasma, b. Chlorella, c. Chlamydomonas d. Spirullina, 21. Mycoplasma is:, a. Insensitive to penicillin, sensitive to tetracycline, b. Insensitive to tetracycline, sensitive to penicillin, c. Sensitive to both penicillin & tetracycline, d. None of these, 22. Plasmids was given by, a. Tatum, b. Lederberg, c. Zinder, d. Griffith, 23. Which type of plasmid contains Antibiotic resistance, gene?, a. “R”- factor, b. “S”- factor, c. “G” - factor, d. “r” - factor, 24. Match the following, , d. Cellulose, 29. Which one of the following sets includes the bacterial, diseases?, a. Diptheria, Leprosy, Plague, b. Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Measles, c. Malaria, Mumps, Poliomyelitis, d. Cholera, Typhoid, Mumps, 30. The folds of plasma membrane in bacterial cells are, known as:, a. Episomes, b. Spherosomes, c. Mesosomes, d. Acrosomes, 31. A Dutch scientist A.V. Leeuwenhoeck discovered, bacteria for the first time in:, a. Soil, b. Rain water, c. Air, d. Garden soil, 32. Bacteria responsible for nitrificatin come under the, following groups:, a. Bacillus, b. Vibrio, c. Coccus, d. Spirilla, 33. In cyanophyceae, flagella are:, a. Present in zoospores only, b. Present, c. Present in gamete stage only, d. Absent, , A. Conjugation, , 1. Lederberg & Tatum, , B., , Transformation, , 2. Zinder & Lederberg, , C., , Transduction, , 3. Fredrick Griffith, , 34. Bacteria were discovered by:, a. Robert Koch, b. A.V. Leeuwenhoek, c. Robert Hooke, d. Louis Pasteur, , C-2, C-2, C-1, C-3, , 35. Diphtheria is caused by:, a. Diplococcus, b. Bacillus, c. Corynebacterium, d. Vibrio, , a., b., c., d., , A-1, A-3, A-2, A-2, , B-3, B-1, B-3, B-1, , b. Algae, d. Fungi, , 26. O2 does not evolve in the photosynthesis of, a. BGA , b. Green algae, c. Bacteria , d. Autotrophic plant, 27. Pigment present in cynobacteria is the, a. r - phycocyanin, b. r - phycoerythrin, c. c - phycocyanin, d. Anthocyanins, 28. The wall of bacteria consist of, a. n - acetyl glucosamine, b. n - acetyl muramic acid, c. Both (a) & (b), , 36. The main difference in Gram (+)ve and Gram (-)ve, bacteria resides in their:, a. Flagella, b. Cell membrane, c. Cytoplasm, d. Cell wall, 37. Currently bacteria are included in:, a. Thallophyta, b. Monera, c. Mycota, d. Protista, 38. An obligate anaerobe is:, a. Ulothrix, b. Methane bacteria, c. Spirogyra , d. Onion, , Biological Classification, , 25. Ray fungi is a/an, a. Eubacteria, c. Flower, , 39. Bacteria lack alternation of generations because there is:, a. No exchange of genetic material, b. Distinct chromosomes are absent, c. No conjugation, d. Neither syngamy nor reduction division

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26, 40. Endospores develop in:, a. Bacillus and Clostridium, b. Saccharomyces and Clostridium, c. Mnococcus and Clostridium, d. Mucor and Bacillus, 41. Streptococcus is used in preparation of:, a. Wine, b. Cheese, c. Idli, d. Bread, 42. Match the columns and find the correct answer:, Column I, , Column II, , A., , Streptomyces, , 1., , Food poisoning, , B., , Rhizobium, , 2., , Source antibiotics, , C., , Nitrosomonas, , 3., , Nitrogen fixation, , D., , Acetobacter, , 4., , Nitrification, , 5., , Vinegar synthesis, , a., , A-2, , B-3, , C-4, , D-5, , b., , A-5, , B-2, , C-3, , D-4, , c., , A-2, , B-3, , C-1, , D-5, , d., , A-4, , B-5, , C-1, , D-3, , 43. Murein does not occur in the wall of:, a. Blue green algae b. Nostoc, c. Eubacteria, d. Diatoms, 44. Entamoeba coil causes:, a. None, b. Diarrhoea, c. Dysentery, d. Pyorrhoea, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 45. Infection of Entamoeba histolytica is prevented by:, a. Uncontaminated food, b. Avoiding clothes of patient, c. Avoiding kissing, d. None of the above, 46. Recurrence of high temperature in malaria at intervals is, due to completion of:, a. Exoerythrocytic schizogony, b. Sporogony, c. Gamogony, d. Erythrocytic schizogony, 47. Euglena stores food as:, a. Paramylum, b. Starch, c. Fat, d. Protein, 48. Which of the following can be used as bacteriological, filter?, a. Cymbella, b. Batrachospermum, c. Oscillatoria, d. Gelidium, 49. What is not true of Euglena?, a. Presence of cellulose cell wall, b. Presence of proteinaceous pellicle, , c. Presence of chlorophyll, d. Presence of flagellum, , Protista [NCERT Pg 20-22], 50. Chief producers in oceans are, a. Diatoms, b. Desmids, c. Archaebacteria, d. All of these, 51. Red tides are caused by, a. Red algae b. Brown algae, c. Golden algae, d. Fire algae, 52. Acellular slime mould:, a. Physarum, b. Physarella, c. Both of these, d. None of these, 53. Primitive relatives of animals:, a. Protozoans, b. Bacteria, c. Algae , d. Humans, 54. Amoeba is found in:, a. Fresh water, b. Marine water, c. Dirty water, d. All of these, 55. Passive food ingestion in Amoeba is known as, a. Import , b. Invagination, c. Circumfluence, d. Circumvallation, 56. Slime mould is characterized by the presence of, a. Elaters , b. Pseudoelaters, c. Capillitum, d. Capitulum, 57. When a fresh water protozoan, possessing a contractile, vacuole is placed in a glass containing marine water, the, vacuole will?, a. Disappear, b. Increase in number, c. Increase in size d. Decrease in size, 58. Longitudinal binary fission found in, a. Euglena , b. Plasmodium, c. Planaria , d. Paramecium, 59. Nutrition in Amoeba is:, a. Holophytic, b. Holozoic, c. Parasitic, d. Saprobic, 60. Amoeba secretes digestive enzymes for hydrolysing:, a. Protein , b. Starch, c. Fat, d. All the above, 61. Protists obtain food as:, a. Holotrophs, b. Photosynthesisers, c. Chemosynthesisers, d. Photosynthesisers, symbionts and holotrophs, 62. Multiple fission in Plasmodium is:, a. Schizogony, b. Sproulation, c. Gamogamy, d. None of the above

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28, 84. Drosophila of the plant kingdom is:, a. Alternaria, b. Aspergillus, c. Neurospora, d. Albugo, 85. Ergot of rye is caused by:, a. Claviceps , b. Phytophthora, c. Puccinia , d. Ustilago, 86. Coenocytic hyphae is found in:, a. Rhizopus , b. Mucor, c. Saprolignia, d. All of the above, 87. Dolipore septum is the characteristics of:, a. Myxomycetes, b. Basidiomycetes, c. Ascomycetes, d. Phycomycetes, , Kingdom Plantae [NCERT Pg 25], 88. Which of the following is irrelavent to the kingdom, Plantae?, a. Spirogyra , b. Rhizopus, c. Funaria , d. Cycas, 89. Considering two-kingdom classification system, the, organisms that are included in kingdom Plantae are, a. Volvox, Amoeba and Paramecium, b. Golgi bodies, algae and fungi, c. Amoeba, bacteria and fungi, d. Fungi, bacteria and algae, 90. According to two-kingdom classification, the kingdom, Plantae consists of, a. Autotrophs, b. Heterotrophs, c. Mesotrophs, d. Chemotrophs, 91. Cell wall of kingdom Plantae organisms is made up of, a. Chitin , b. Cellulose, c. Polysaccharides d. Lipids, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Kingdom Animalia [NCERT Pg 25], 92. Kingdom Animalia is characterized by, a. Unicellular, prokaryotic and autotrophic, b. Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic, c. Multicellular, prokaryotic and saprophytic, d. Unicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic, 93. Which of the following is true for Kingdom Animalia?, a. Cell wall are present in animal cell., b. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic., c. They do not follow a definite growth pattern., d. All of them are capable of locomotion., , Virus, Viroids and Lichens [NCERT Pg 25-27], 94. In plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,, yellowing of plant parts, vein clearing, dwarfing and, stunted growth, necrosis, etc., are the symptoms of, a. Bacterial diseases, b. Mycoplasmal diseases, c. Viral diseases, d. Fungal diseases, 95. Virion is, a. Nucleic acid of virus, b. Antiviral agent, c. Protein of virus, d. Completely assembled virus outside host, 96. Virus could be crystallized and crystals consist largely of, proteins. This was shown by, a. W. M. Stanley, b. M. W. Stanley, c. W. M. John, d. None of these, 97. Viruses are, a. Obligative parasite, b. Facultative, c. Either facultative or obligative, d. None of these, 98. Those viruses infect plants have which type of genetic, material?, a. Single stranded DNA, b. Single stranded RNA, c. Double stranded RNA, d. Double stranded DNA, 99. Viruses that infect animals have which type of genetic, material?, a. Either single or double stranded RNA, b. Either single/double stranded RNA or double stranded, DNA., c. Single stranded DNA, d. None of these, 100. Genetic material of bacteriophage, a. Double stranded DNA, b. Single stranded RNA, c. Double stranded RNA, d. Single stranded DNA, 101. Viroid was discovered by, a. Ernst Mayr, b. Norman E. Borlaug, c. T. O. Diener, d. None of these, 102. Lichens are very good pollution indicator because they, are sensitive to, a. Sulfur trioxide, b. Sulfur dioxide, c. Carbon dioxide d. Global warming

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29, 103. Match the following, A., B., C., a., b., c., d., , 113. Find the correct matches:, , Saxicolous lichen, Corticolous lichen, Terricolous lichen, A-3, A-3, A-2, A-1, , B-1, B-2, B-3, B-3, , 1., 2., 3., , Grows on tree bark, Grows on soil, Grows on rock, , C-2, C-1, C-1, C-2, , 104. Coliphase ϕ × 174 virus contains:, a. Single stranded RNA, b. Single stranded DNA, c. Double stranded RNA, d. Double stranded DNA, 105. In Rous Sarcoma Virus information flow is:, a. RNA → cDNA → Protein, b. cDNA → RNA → Protein, c. RNA → cDNA → Protein, d. cDNA → Protein → RNA, 106. Reverse transcriptase is:, a. RNA dependent DNA polymerase, b. DNA dependent RNA polymerase, c. DNA dependent DNA polymerase, d. RNA dependent RNA polymerase, 107. Tailed bacteriophage is:, a. Motile on surface of plant leaves, b. Actively motile in water, c. Motile on bacterial surface, d. Nonmotile, 108. T-bacteriophages possess:, a. Rounded shape b. Irregular shape, c. Tadpole shape, d. Rhomboid shape, 109. Virus was discovered by:, a. Stanley, b. Herellel, c. Ivanowski, d. Beijerinck, , A., B., C., D., a., b., c., d., , List II, , M13 bacteriophase, Rice Dwarf Virus, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, Polio Virus, A-4, A-2, A-3, A-3, , B-3, B-1, B-4, B-1, , C-1, C-3, C-2, C-4, , dsRNA, ssRNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, , D-2, D-4, D-1, D-2, , 114. Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS):, a. Is caused by a variant of common cold virus (Corona, virus), b. Is an acute form of asthma, c. Affects non-vegetarians faster than vegetarians, d. Is caused by a variant of Pneumococcus pneumoniae, 115. Virion is a/an:, a. Virus , c. Prion, , b. Enucleated virus, d. Virus without protein coat, , 116. Potato Spindle Tuber disease is caused due to:, a. Viroid, b. Virus, c. Bacterium, d. Nematode, 117. The technique of developing pure culture of bacteria was, developed by:, a. J. Lister, b. L. Pasteur, c. R. Koch, d. A.V. Leeuwenhoek, 118. The smallest organisms which cause diseases among, plants are:, a. Mycoplasma, b. Fungi, c. Bacteria, d. Viruses, 119. Majority of lichens are made of:, a. Blue-green algae and basidiomycetes, b. Brown algae and higher plants, c. Red algae and ascomycetes, d. Blue-green algae and ascomycetes, , Image Based Questions, 120. In a bacteriophage, select the correct information?, , 111. Franklin Conrat demonstrated that RNA is genetic, material in:, a. HIV, b. TMV, c. CMV, d. Mouse Sarcoma, 112. RNA retroviruses have a special enzyme that:, a. Transcribles viral RNA to cDNA, b. Translates host DNA, c. Disintegrates host DNA, d. Polymerises host DNA, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , a. A - Head, B - Neck, b. A - Head, D - Sheath, c. B - Collar, D - Tail fibres, d. C - Sheath, A - Collar, , Biological Classification, , 110. Circular single stranded DNA occurs bacteriophage:, a. T2, T4, b. T3, ϕ6, c. ϕ × 174, M13, d. δ, T5, , List I

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30, 121. What kind of reproduction is shown in this diagram?, , 123. Identify the bacterial shape given in the figure., , a. Bacilli , c. Spirilla, , a., b., c., d., , Mode of Reproduction, Budding, Binary fission, Spore formation, Budding, , Conditions, Favourable, Favourable, Unfavourable, Unfavourable, , 122. Name the virus and identify the correct statement about, it:, , b. Cocci, d. Vibrio, , 124. Name the labeled part of Bacteriophage., , a. Neck, b. Sheath, c. Coiled circular double stranded DNA, d. Collar, 125. The given organism belongs to which group?, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , a. Genetic material is single stranded DNA, b. Elongated capsid, c. Reverse transcriptase enzyme is present, d. It is an animal virus, , a. Protozoans, c. Euglenoids, , b. Chrystophytes, d. Diatoms

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31, , Higher Order, Questions, Fact Based Round, 1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by, a. Escherichia coli b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, c. Mycobacterium d. Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2. Bacteria with flagella on both sides are, a. Amphitrichous, b. Cephalotrichous, c. Peritrichous, d. Lophotrichous, 3. Subterranean masses of hyphae which pass the, unfavourable periods in dormant stage are known as, a. Sclerotia , b. Mycelium, c. Rhizomorph, d. Puff balls, 4. In which of the following patterns of viral replication,, viruses enter a cell, replicate and then cause the cell to, burst, releasing new viruses?, a. Lytic , b. Lysogenic, c. Repreogenic, d. Both (a) and (b), 5. Small proteins produced by vertebrate cells naturally, in response to viral infections and which inhibit, multiplication of viruses are called, a. Immunoglobulins b. Interferons, c. Antitoxins, d. Lipoproteins, 6. Which of the following cannot be grown on artificial, culture medium?, a. Escherichia coli b. TMV, c. Aspergillus, d. Yeast, 7. The first life on earth consisted of, a. Provirus, b. Protovirus, c. Virus , d. Bacteria, , 9. In bacteria, the site for respiratory activity is found in:, a. Episome , b. Microsome, c. Ribosome, d. Cell membrane, 10. Which of the following are absent in Eubacteria, A. 80S Ribosomes, B. Cellulosic cell walls, C. Plasma membrane, D. Circular dsDNA, , b. B & C, d. C & D, , 11. Toxin is secreted during storage condition by, a. Fusarium , b. Colletotrichum, c. Penicillium, d. Aspergillus, 12. VAM are, a. Saprophytic bacteria, b. Saprophytic fungi, c. Symbiotic fungi, d. Symbiotic bacteria, 13. Litmus dye is made from, a. Fungi , b. Bacteria, c. Algae , d. Lichens, 14. Choose the incorrect statement about the given, organism?, , a. Two, unequal flagella are found, b. It dies, when deprived of sunlight, c. Member of kingdom Protista, d. Photosynthetic pigments are similar to those of higher, plants, 15. Which of the following statement is correct w.r.t above, diagram?, , Biological Classification, , 8. Sometimes virus attacks a bacterium but none of them, dies. The phenomenon is, a. Transduction, b. Penetration, c. Lysogeny d. Adsorption, , a. A & C , c. A & B , , a. ‘A’ is mucilaginous sheath and is also found in, Rivularia, b. ‘A’ is mucilaginous sheath and is also found in, Anabaena, c. ‘A’ is heterocyst and is also found in methanogens, d. ‘A’ is heterocyst and is also found in Anabaena

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32, , Combination Round, 16. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., D., a., b., c., d., , Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes, A-3, A-3, A-1, A-1, , B-4, B-4, B-2, B-4, , C-1, C-2, C-3, C-2, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , Fungi imperfecti, Club fungi, Algal fungi, Solanum tuberosum, , D-2, D-1, D-4, D-3, , Cleistothecium, Perithecium, Apothecium, Puffballs, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , a., b., c., d., , A-4, A-4, A-3, A-3, , D-2, D-1, D-2, D-4, , B-3, B-3, B-4, B-1, , C-1, C-2, C-1, C-2, , Saucer-shaped ascocarp, Basidiocarp, Flask-shaped ascocarp, Closed globose ascocarp, , 18. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., D., a., b., c., d., , Viroid, Virus, Prion, Virion, A-4, A-2, A-3, A-4, , B-1, B-4, B-1, B-2, , 1., 2., 3., 4., C-2, C-1, C-2, C-3, , Nucleoprotein, Infectious protein, Infectious nucleic acid, Infectious viral particle, , D-3, D-3, D-4, D-1, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 19. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., D., a., b., c., d., , Red rot, Smut, Rust, Early blight, A-4, A-4, A-3, A-3, , B-3, B-3, B-1, B-5, , C-1, C-2, C-2, C-2, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , Ustilago, Puccinia, Colletotrichum, Albugo, Alternaria, , D-2, D-1, D-5, D-4, , 20. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., , Binary fission, Budding, , 1., 2., , a., b., c., d., , Somatogamy, Oogamy, A-1, A-4, A-1, A-4, , B-2, B-2, B-4, B-1, , C-3, C-1, C-2, C-2, , 3., 4., , Some higher fungi, Algal, , D-4, D-3, D-3, D-3, , Conceptual Round, , 17. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., B., C., D., , C., D., , Bacteria, Yeast, , 21. Which of the following statement about Mycoplasma is, true?, a. They are smallest, disease causing thin walled, organisms., b. They differ from viruses in being cellular in organization., c. Insensitive to several antibiotics as they have 70S, ribosomes., d. They can survive without photosynthetic pigments, and genetic material., 22. Read the statements (A-D) and select the incorrect ones., A. Though the bacterial cell structure is very simple,, they are very complex in behaviour., B. Chrysophytes include diatoms, desmids and, dinoflagellates., C. Slime moulds, during suitable conditions, forms, fruiting bodies., D. Lichen, in nature , had two different organisms, within them., a. A & B , b. C & D, c. A & D , d. B & C, 23. Incorrect statement is:, a. Mycoplasma plays a significant role in the evolution, of aerobic forms of life., b. Tolypothrix and Aulosera fixes N2 non-symbiotically, in rice fields., c. Anabaena, Microcystis and Aphanizomenon are, known to cause algal blooms., d. Bryophytes (liverworts) are first archegoniates., 24. Identify the correct statements from the following., A. All monerans show non-cellulosic cell walls., B. All protistans show true nucleus., C. All fungi are plants with cellulosic cell walls., D. All protists are autotrophic and all monerans are, heterotrophic., a. A & B, b. B & D, c. B & C, d. A & D, 25. Identify true statements about archaebacteria., A. They can live in harsh habitats., B. Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycon., C. Cell membrane contains branched chain lipids., D. Some of them are capable of producing biogas., a. A & B only, d. A, B & C only, c. B & C only, d. All of these

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33, , NCERT Exemplar, Problems, 1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to:, a. Monera , b. Protista, c. Fungi , d. Bacteria, 2. The five kingdom classification was proposed by:, a. RH Whittaker, b. C Linnaeus, c. A Roxberg, d. Virchow, 3. Organisms living in salty areas are called as:, a. Methanogens, b. Halophiles, c. Heliophytes, d. Thermoacidophiles, 4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are, the characteristics of:, a. Monera , b. Protista, c. Fungi , d. Slime, 5. An association between roots of higher plants and fungi, is called:, a. Lichen , b. Fern, c. Mycorrhiza, d. BGA, 6. A dikaryon is formed when:, a. Meiosis is arrested, b. The two haploid cells do not fuse immediately, c. Cytoplasm does not fuse, d. None of the above, 7. Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by:, a. DJ lvanowsky, b. MW Beijernek, c. Stanley , d. Robert Hook, , 8. Association between mycobiont and phycobiont are, found in:, a. Mycorrhiza, b. Root, c. Lichens , d. BGA, 9. Difference between virus and viroid is:, a. Absence of protein coat in viroid but present in virus., b. Presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus but, absent in viroid., c. Both (a) and (b), d. None of the above, 10. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the correct, sequence of events., a. Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis, b. Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy, c. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis, d. Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy, 11. Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but replicate, themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of, the following kingdom do viruses belong to?, a. Monera , b. Protista, c. Fungi , d. None of these, 12. Members of phycomycetes are found in:, A. Aquatic habitats, B. On decaying wood, C. Moist and damp places, D. As obligate parasites on plants, , Choose from the following options., a. (A) and (D), b. (B) and (C), c. (B) and (D), d. All of these, , Biological Classification

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34, , Past Year, Questions, 1. Match c correct option using the codes given below:, Column-I, , Column-II, , A. Pistils fused together, , 1., , Gametogenesis, , B. Formation of gametes, , 2., , Pistillate, , C. Hyphae of, Ascomycetes, , higher 3., , Syncarpous, , D. Unisexual, flower, , female 4., , Dikaryotic, , a., , A-1, , B-2, , C-4, , D-3, , b., , A-3, , B-1, , C-4, , D-2, , c., , A-4, , B-3, , C-1, , D-2, , d., , A-2, , B-1, , C-4, , D-3, , 2. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi, is:, a. Chitin , b. Peptidoglycan, c. Cellulose, d. Hemicellulose, 3. A location with luxuriant growth of lichens on the trees, indicate that the, a. Location is not polluted, b. Trees are very healthy, c. Trees are heavily infested, d. Location is highly polluted, 4. Male gametes are flagellated in:, a. Ectocarpus, b. Spirogyra, c. Polysiphonia, d. Anabaena, 5. Which one of the following matches is correct?, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , a. Mucor, , Reproduction, by Conjugation, b. Agaricus, Parasitic fungus, c. Phytophthora Aseptate, mycelium, d. Alternaria, Sexual, reproduction, absent, 6. True nucleus is absent in:, a. Vaucheria, b. Volvox, c. Anabaena, d. Mucor, 7. Cell wall is absent in:, a. Funaria , b. Mycoplasma, c. Nostoc , d. Aspergillus, , Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes, , 8. The imperfect fungi which are decomposer of litter and, help in mineral cycling belong to:, a. Basidiomycetes b. Phycomycetes, c. Ascomycetes, d. Deuteromycetes, 9. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H., Whittaker is not based on:, a. Complexity of body organization, b. Presence or absence of a well defined nucleus, c. Mode of reproduction, d. Mode of nutrition, 10. Archaebacteria differ from Eubacteria in:, a. Mode of reproduction, b. Cell membrane structure, c. Mode of nutrition, d. Cell shape, 11. Read the following five statements (A - E) and answer as, asked next to them., A. In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is retained on, the parent sporophyte., B. In Ginkgo male gametophyte is not independent., C. The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than, that in Polytrichum., D. Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous., E. The spores of slime molds lack cell walls., How many of the above statements are correct?, a. Two , b. Three, c. Four , d. One, 12. How many organisms in the list given below are, autotrophs? Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas,, Nitrobacter,, Streptomyces,, Saccharomyces,, Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolfia:, a. Four , b. Five, c. Six , d. Three, 13. Nuclear membrane is absent in:, a. Nostoc , b. Penicillium, c. Agaricus, d. Volvox, 14. Which is common about Trypanosoma, Noctiluca,, Monocystis and Giardia?, a. They are all parasites, b. They are all unicellular protists, c. They have flagella, d. They produce spores

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35, 15. Auxospores and hormocysts are formed respectively by:, a. Some diatoms and several Cyanobacteria, b. Some Cyanobacteria and several diatoms, c. Several Cyanobacteria and several diatoms, d. Several diatoms and a few Cyanobacteria, 16. Barophilic prokaryotes:, a. Occur in water containing high concentration of, barium hydroxide, b. Grow slowly in alkaline frozen lakes at high , altitude, c. Grow and multiply in very deep marine , sediments, d. Readily grow and divide in sea water enriched, with soluble salt of barium., , c. Ribosome, , d. Cytoplasm, , 22. What is true for cyanobacteria?, a. Oxygenic with nitrogenase, b. Oxygenic without nitrogenase, c. Non oxygenic with nitrogenase, d. Non oxygenic without nitrogenase, 23. Indicator of water pollution:, a. E. Coli , b. Chlorella, c. Beggiatoa, d. Ulothrix, 24. Nucleic acid in HIV:, a. ssRNA , b. dsRNA, c. ssDNA , d. dsDNA, , 17. Phenetic classification of organisms is based on:, a. The ancestral lineage of existing organisms, b. Dendogram based on DNA characteristics, c. Sexual characteristics, d. Observable characteristics of existing organisms, , 25. Which of the following survives a temperature of 104°C, to 106°C?, a. Marine Archaebacteria, b. Hot water spring thermophiles, c. Seeds of angiosperms, d. Eubacteria, , 18. Viruses are no more “alive” than isolated chromosomes, because:, a. They require both RNA and DNA, b. They both need food molecules, c. They both require oxygen for respiration, d. Both require the environment of a cell to replicate, , 26. Transduction in bacteria carried out by:, a. Bacteriophage, b. B.G.A., c. Mycoplasma, d. Rickettsiae, 27. The site of respiration in bacteria is:, a. Ribosome, b. Microsome, c. Episome , d. Mesosome, , 19. The chief advantage of encystment to an Amoeba is:, a. The ability to survive during adverse physical, conditions, b. The ability to live for some time without ingesting, food, c. Protection from parasites and predators, d. The chance to get rid of accumulated waste products, , 28. Which are the sex organs provided in some bacteria?, a. Sex pili , b. Plasmid, c. Circular DNA, d. Gametes, , 20. Lipids are insoluble in water because lipids molecules, are:, a. Hydrophilic, b. Hydrophobic, c. Neutral , d. Zwitter ions, , 30. The black rust of wheat in a fungal disease caused by:, a, Albugo candida, b. Puccinia graminis tritici, c. Melampsora lini, d. Claviceps purpurea, , Biological Classification, , 21. Difference in Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria is due to:, a. Cell wall , b. Cell membrane, , 29. The tailed bacteriophages are:, a. Motile on surface of bacteria, b. Non-motile, c. Motile onsurface of plant leaves, d. Actively motile in water

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36, , Assertion &, Reason, Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these, questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses., A., B., C., D., , If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion., If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion., If Assertion is True but the Reason is False., If both Assertion and Reason are False., , 1. Assertion: Protozoans are believed to be primitive, relatives of animals., Reason: All protozoans are heterotrophs usually and, live as predators or parasites., 2. Assertion: Deuteromycetes are called as fungi imperfect., Reason: Only Asexual or vegetative phases of these, fungi are known., 3. Assertion: Pili are surface structure of bacteria but not, play a role in motility., Reason: Pili is made up of pilin protein which is non, contractile., 4. Assertion: Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom, monera, Reason: Bacteria have Eukaryotic cellular organization, only., 5. Assertion: Eubacteria photosynthesis is not oxygenic, (do not produce oxygen)., Reason: Eubacteria lack PS-II., 6. Assertion: Neurospora is called as Drosophila of plant, kingdom., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Reason: Neurospora is used most extensively in, biochemical and genetic work., 7. Assertion: Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing,, filteration of oil and syrups., , Reason: Diatoms are chief producer in ocean., 8. Assertion: Species is reproductively isolated natural, population., , Reason: Prokaryotes were kept under different species, on the basis of reproductive isolation., 9. Assertion: Dinoflagellates show water bloom., , Reason: Dinoflagellates float with the help of stored, food., 10. Assertion: Azolla increases the production of rice, , significantly., Reason: Anabaena are found in the leaves of Azolla., 11. Assertion: Archaebacteria are called ancient bacteria., Reason: Archaebacteria are presently living., 12. Assertion: Flagellais 11 (Eleven) stranded in protista., Reason: Protista has 9 + 2 arrangement., 13. Assertion: Slime moulds lack cell wall., Reason: In reproductive phase, slime moulds contain, cell wall., 14. Assertion: Amoeba contains a contractile vacuole., Reason: It helps in both digestion and osmoregulation., 15. Assertion: Malarial fever appear at merozoite stage of, Plasmodium., Reason: The infective stage of Plasmodium is, sporozoite., 16. Assertion: In Paramecium, excess of water is removed, from the cytoplasm by means of contractile vacuoles., Reason: The contractile vaculoes show osmoregulation., 17. Assertion: Euglena is studied as an animal as well as a plant., Reason: Euglena is more an animal than a plant., 18. Assertion: Sporozoans may have silica shells on their, surface., Reason: Shells of sporozoans help in protection from, acidic environment of the host., 19. Assertion: Fungal cellulose or chitin is a polysaccharide., Reason: It is made of acetyl glucosamine., 20. Assertion: Flagellation is important in classifying, Phycomycetes., Reason: Flagellation differs from class to class., 21. Assertion: “Fungi imperfecti” does not show alternation, of generation., Reason: The diploid phase is only present.

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37, , Answer Key, Self Assessment Questions, 1, c, 18, c, 35, c, 52, a, 69, d, 86, d, 103, a, 120, c, , 2, d, 19, d, 36, d, 53, a, 70, c, 87, a, 104, b, 121, b, , 3, d, 20, a, 37, b, 54, d, 71, a, 88, b, 105, a, 122, b, , 4, d, 21, a, 38, b, 55, a, 72, a, 89, d, 106, a, 123, a, , 5, b, 22, b, 39, d, 56, c, 73, a, 90, a, 107, d, 124, b, , 6, d, 23, a, 40, a, 57, d, 74, c, 91, b, 108, c, 125, c, , 7, b, 24, b, 41, b, 58, a, 75, a, 92, b, 109, c, , 8, c, 25, a, 42, a, 59, b, 76, a, 93, b, 110, c, , 9, a, 26, c, 43, d, 60, d, 77, a, 94, c, 111, b, , 10, d, 27, c, 44, a, 61, d, 78, d, 95, d, 112, a, , 11, c, 28, c, 45, a, 62, d, 79, a, 96, a, 113, d, , 12, b, 29, a, 46, d, 63, b, 80, a, 97, a, 114, a, , 13, c, 30, c, 47, a, 64, b, 81, a, 98, b, 115, a, , 14, c, 31, b, 48, a, 65, b, 82, b, 99, b, 116, a, , 15, a, 32, a, 49, a, 66, d, 83, a, 100, a, 117, b, , 16, a, 33, d, 50, a, 67, d, 84, c, 101, c, 118, a, , 17, b, 34, b, 51, a, 68, c, 85, a, 102, b, 119, d, , 12, d, , 13, d, , 14, b, , 15, d, , 16, b, , 17, a, , Higher Order Questions, 1, c, 18, c, , 2, b, 19, c, , 3, c, 20, a, , 4, a, 21, b, , 5, b, 22, d, , 6, b, 23, a, , 7, b, 24, a, , 8, c, 25, d, , 9, d, , 10, c, , 11, d, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1, b, , 2, a, , 3, b, , 4, d, , 5, c, , 6, b, , 7, b, , 8, c, , 9, a, , 10, c, , 11, d, , 12, d, , Past Year Questions, 2, a, 19, a, , 3, a, 20, b, , 4, a, 21, a, , 5, d, 22, a, , 6, c, 23, a, , 7, b, 24, a, , 8, d, 25, b, , 9, b, 26, a, , 10, b, 27, d, , 11, d, 28, a, , 12, c, 29, b, , 13, a, 30, b, , 14, b, , 15, d, , 16, a, , 17, d, , 11, b, , 12, a, , 13, b, , 14, c, , 15, a, , 16, b, , 17, a, , Assertion & Reason, 1, a, 18, d, , 2, a, 19, a, , 3, a, 20, a, , 4, c, 21, c, , 5, a, , 6, a, , 7, b, , 8, c, , 9, c, , 10, a, , Biological Classification, , 1, b, 18, d

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38, , Explanations and NCERT References, Self Assessment Questions, 120. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (b), 121. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20, fig 2.3, 122. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (a), 123. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 18, fig 2.1, 124. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (b), 125. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 21, fig 2.4 (b), , Higher Order Questions, 1. (c) Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium,, that spread from person to person through microscopic, droplets released into the air., 2. (b) Cephalotrichous: a tuft of flagella at one end;, lophotrichous: group of flagella at one end; amphitrichous:, group of flagella at both ends; peritrichous: flagella all, over the body., 3. (c) Rhizomorphis a ‘root-like’ or ‘string-like’ elongated, structure of closely packed and interwoven hyphae., 4. (a) Difference between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Lytic Cycle, Viral DNA destroys cell, DNA, takes over cell, functions and destroys, the cell., The virus replicates and, produces progeny phages, There are symptoms of, viral infection., Virulant viral infection, takes place, , Lysogenic Cycle, Not destroys the cell., , The virus does not produce, progeny., There are no symptoms of, viral infection., Temperate viral replication, takes place., , 5. (b) Interferons are signaling proteins secreted by host, cells in response to the presence of several pathogens,, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells., , without destroying it., 9. (d) The site of respiration in prokaryotes such as bacteria, is cell membrane. The cytoplasm of outer cell membrane, forms much coiled invaginations called mesosome that, participates in aerobic respiration., 10. (c) Eubacteria is characterized by the presence of a rigid, cellulosic cell wall and 80S ribosomes., 11. (d) Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are, produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and, Aspergillus parasiticus)., 12. (d) VAM: Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) is, the symbiotic association between certain phycomycetes, fungi and angiosperm roots., 13. (d) The commonly used lichen in making litmus papers, is Roccella tinctoria., 14. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 21, fig 2.4 (a), 15. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 19, fig 2.2, 21. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20, 22. (d) Crystophytes includes diatoms and golden algae, (desmids). Slime moulds, during unfavourable, conditions, forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their, tips., 23. (a) Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a, cell wall. They are the smallest living cells known and, can survive without oxygen., 24. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20 & 22, 25. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 19, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1. (b) Protista is a group of all unicellular eukaryotic plants, and animals. The organisms included in this group are, either photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or parasites., On the other hand,, , 6. (b) TMV is a kind of virus that cannot grow outside, living host., , Monera includes prokaryotes like bacteria, unicellular, organism., , 7. (b) Life is originated from simple, inorganic compounds, by slow chemical reactions spread over millions and, millions of years. In this way, the pre-cellular first, inhabitants of the earth known as the protoviruses have, originated. The present-day viruses are survivors of, these inhabitants of the earth., , Fungi are eukaryotic but are mostly multicellular, (exception yeast is unicellular)., , 8. (c) In lysogeny, a bacteriophage infects certain bacteria, , 2. (a) RH Whittaker (1969), an American taxonomist, in, order to develop phylogenetic classification, divided, organism into five kingdoms, i.e.,, (i) Monera , , (ii) Protista

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39, (iii) Fungi , , (iv) Plantae, , filterable nature of viruses and one of the founder of virology., , (v) Animalia, Whereas, C Linnaeus, classification, i.e.,, (i) kingdom-Plantae, , developed, , two, , kingdom, , (ii) kingdom-Animalia., , and Virchow is associated with the discovery of cell theory., 3. (b) Halophiles are organisms that live in areas of high, concentration of salts. The name halophiles is originated, from the Greek word that means ‘salt loving’., Whereas, heliophytes are the plants that grow best in, sunlight and cannot survive in salty conditions., Methanogens are the bacteria that produces methane as, a metabolic by products in anaerobic conditions., Thermoacidophiles are archaebacteria striving under, strong acidic environments and high temperatures, but, cannot tolerate high salt concentrations around them., 4. (d) Slime moulds are saprophytic protists, moving along, the dead leaves engulfing organic material. These are, multinucleated and do not possess cell wall and have, naked cytoplasm., Whereas, monerans are prokaryotes, which include all, bacteria. These do not contain naked cytoplasm, Protista, is a group of eukaryotic organisms, that bear a welldefined membrane around cytoplasm, may be uni- or, multinucleated and fungi lack naked cytoplasm. Their, cell has well developed cell wall made of chitin., , Stanley Miller was a Jewish American chemist, experimented on origin of life. Robert Hooke was the first, to study and record cells using his primitive microscope., Robert Hooke was the first to study and record cells, using his primitive microscope., 8. (c) Lichens are dual organisms which has a permanent, symbiotic association of fungus and an alga. The fungal, partner is called mycobiontand the algal partner is called, phycobiont., Mycorrhiza is association of fungus with roots, but not, with an algae, while BGA is blue green alga a member, of Monera having a prokaryotic cell., 9. (a) Virus contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and, a protein coat, whereas viroids have no protein coat but, only RNA as their nucleic acid. This is the reason why, viroids are carried inside viruses. e.g., hepatitis-D is a, viroid that is carried in the capsid of hepatitis-B virus., 10. (c) Plasmogamy means fusion of protoplasm and, karyogamy means fusion of nucleus. These two events, lead to the formation of zygote (2n) which is diploid, structure where meiosis takes place., 11. (d) In five kingdom classification of Whittaker, noncellular organisms like viruses and viroids are not, mentioned. Viruses did not find a place in classification, since they are not truly ‘living’ and hence, they are, considered as non-cellular., , 5. (c) Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association of fungus with, roots of a higher plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms., , Monera contains all unicellular prokaryotes called, bacteria in which viruses cannot be included., , The fungus is dependent on plants for food and shelter,, while the plants are benefitted by the fungal hyphae as they, are involved in absorption of water and dissolved minerals, present in the soil debris and makes it available to the, plants., , Protista includes all eukaryotic unicellular plant and, animals and fungi are heterotrophic /parasitic. Cellular, organism is devoid of chlorophyll., , 6. (b) Dikaryon is a cell containing two nucleus. This, results when two somatic cells fuse but their nucleus, does not fuse immediately. Meiosis does not result in, such conditions., 7. (b) MW Beijernek proposed contagiumvivumfluidum, means contagious living fluid. This phrase was first used, to describe virus, characteristic in escaping from the, finest mesh available., DJ lvanowsky was a Russian Botanist who discovered the, , Biological Classification, , Whereas lichens are the symbiotic association between, algae and fungi. Ferns are group of plants, belong to, pteridophytes like other vascular plants and BGA is, blue-green algae with a prokaryotic cell., , 12. (d) Phycomycetes are the members of fungi that can, thrive well on dead and decaying wood as saprophytes., These prefer to live in moist and damp places and need, water for the movement of zoospore and sexual gametes., Few members of phycomycetes are obligate parasites, like Phytophthora infestans causing late blight of potato, and Peronosporaviticola causing downy mildew of, grapes., , Past Year Questions, , 2. (a) The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin (n-acetyl, glucosamine) and polysaccharides., , 3. (a) Lichens are very good pollution indicators; they do, not grow in polluted areas.

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40, 4. (a) Gametes are pyriform (pear - shaped) and bear two, laterally attached flagella in phaeophyceae (Brown, algae). E.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, and Fucus., 5. (d) Mucor - Phycomycetes, Agaricus - Non - parasitic fungus, Phytophthora - Septate mycelium, Alternaria - Absence of sexual reproduction , (Deuteromycetes), 6. (c) Vaucheria and Volvox are eukaryotes (Plant kingdom), while Mucor is a fungi (Ascomycetes) is eukaryote but, Anabaena is prokaryotes., 7. (b) Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack cell, wall. They are the smallest living cells known and can, survive without oxygen., 8. (d) Deuteromycetes is an artificial class of fungi which, includes all those fungi in which sexual stage is not, known. They are commonly known as imperfect fungi., 9. (b) Main criteria for classification used by R.H., Whittakar are cell structure, Thallus organization, mode, of nutrition, reproduction and Phylogenetic relationship., 10. (b) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a, different cell wall structure., 11. (d) Equisetum: Homosporous pteridophytes, 12. (c) Photosynthetic autotrophs are Nostoc, Porphyra, Wolfia,, Chara, Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter are chemosynthetic., 13. (a) Nuclear membrane is absent in Nostoc (Prokaryote), while remaining three are eukaryotes., 14. (b) They are all unicellular eukaryotes (Protista), 15. (d) Several diatoms and a few Cyanobacteria, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 16. (a) Barophilic prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic, bacteria. They grow and multiply in very deep marine, sediments. Most basophiles grow better at a pH of 8.5 or, higher., , Assertion & Reason, 1. (a) Protozoans are simpler heterotrophs usually live as, predators parasites; they are called primitive relative of, animals., 2. (a) Deuteromycetes are one of the classes of kingdom, fungi. Deuteromycetes are called imperfect fungi. It is, simply because the only known mode of reproduction is, asexual or vegetative reproduction., 3. (a) Pili is composed of a protein pilin which forms the, surface structure of bacteria. This pilin protein is non-, , contractile protein hence does not play a role in bacterial, motility., 4. (c) Bacteria are prokaryotic organism. Cellular, organization of kingdom monera is prokaryotic and, bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monera., 5. (a) Photosystem-II involves the role of oxygen but as, eubacteria lack PS –II, they do not produce oxygen, during photosynthesis., 6. (a) Neurospora, belongs to class ascomycetes of, kingdom fungi. Neurospora is extensively used in, biochemical and genetic work so we call it Drosophila of, kingdom fungi. Drosophila (fruit fly) in higher organism, is commonly used for genetic work., 7. (b) Diatoms are a major group of algae in chrysophytes, and are among the most common types of phytoplankton., Diatomaceous earth consists of fossilized remains of, diatoms. It is used in polishing, also as a filtration aid, because it is composed of microscopically small, hollow, particles and they are gritty soil., 8. (c) Prokaryotes were kept under different category on, basis of cell wall composition and type of cell., 9. (c) Dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lies longitudinally, and other transversally in furrow between plates. These, flagella helps the organism to float or in locomotion., 10. (a) Anabaena are photosynthetic autotrophs that can, fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called, heterocysts. They often form blooms in polluted water, bodies., 11. (b) Bacteria are classified mainly as Eubacteria and, Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are true bacteria and, archaebacteria are ancient bacteria. They lie under, conditions similar to those present on Earth at the time, of origin of life—high temperature, high salt content,, absence of oxygen, acidic pH, etc., 12. (a) Flagella, if present in protista, is 11 stranded with 9, + 2 organisation of microtubules that are composed of a, protein named tubulin., 13. (b) The vegetative structure of slime moulds is a, multinucleate mass of cytoplasm unbounded by rigid, walls, which flows in amoeboid fashion over the substrate., As long as conditions are favourable for vegetative, development, the plasmodium continues to increase, in bulk with accompanying repeated nuclear division., Fruiting (reproductive phase) occurs when a Plasmodium, migrates to a relatively dry region of the substrate. As, this fruiting body develops, small uninucleate sections, of the plasmodium become surrounded by walls to form, large number of uninucleate spores, borne on the fruiting

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https://rebrand.ly/DownloadMore, 41, structure., 14. (c) Contractile vacuole in Amoeba is a single, clear, rounded pulsating structure which is filled with a watery, fluid and enclosed by a unit membrane. It helps in the, osmoregulation and excretory activities., 15. (a) When the mosquito bites man, sporozoites present in the, salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquito are injected, into the blood of the man. The erythrocytic schizont gives, rise to merozoites. Malaria fever occurs when schizonts, in red blood corpuscles burst and set free their contained, merozoites and malarial pigment (haemozoin) in the blood, plasma bursting of shizonts tends to be synchronous as they, all burst at the same time. Haemozoin is said to be toxic, and so includes high fever and shivering (Haemozoin is an, unused hematin, which is produced by the breakdown of, haemoglobin). It is yellow brown to blackish in colour., 16. (b) In Paramecium, each contractile vacuole is surrounded, by 5 to 12 radial canals (feeding canals). Excess of water is, transferred from the cytoplasm to the radial canal. The latter, pour water into the contractile vacuole. The contractile, vacuole expels water outside the body. Thus the contractile, vacuoles and radial canals show osmoregulation., 17. (a) Euglena is a typical example of mastigophora., It is phytoflagellate as it possesses both chloroplast, and flagella. It is autotrophic in sunlight, but becomes, heterotrophic in dark. Because of its two fold nutritional, , abilities, it is usually studied as a plant as well as an, animal. But it is more an animal than plant because of, (a) The absence of cellulose cell wall overlying the, plasma membrane., (b) Presence of centriole forming blepharoplasts., (c) Reserve food is paramylon which is not a true starch., (d) Response to various stimuli like an animal., 18. (d) Sporozoans are endoparasites. The body is covered, with an elastic pellicle or cuticle., 19. (a) Chitin is the second most abundant organic, substance (after cellulose). It is complex carbohydrate, of hereropolysaccharide type. In chitin, basic unit is not, glucose but a nitrogen containing glucose derivative, known as n-acetyl glucosamine. Chitin is an unbranched, polysaccharide. Monomers are joined together by beta, 1-4 linkage., 20. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason, is a correct explanation of the Assertion., 21. (c) Fungi imperfecti is that group of fungi where only, the imperfect stage (asexual stages) is present. The only, known method of reproduction is by conidia (asexual, reproduction). As sexual reproduction is absent in this, group therefore diplophase is also absent. Hence, no, alternation of generation (i.e. alternation of haploid and, diploid phase) is shown here., , Biological Classification

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3, , Plant Kingdom, , NCERT Crisp, Fungi and members of the Monera and Protista having, cell walls have now been excluded from Plantae. So,, cyanobacteria that are also referred to as blue green algae, are not ‘algae’ any more., , Chemotaxonomy, •, , Artificial Classification System, •, , By C. Linnaeus, , •, , Artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative, and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since, we know that often the vegetative characters are more, easily affected by environment., , Algae, •, , Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid,, autotrophic and largely aquatic (both fresh water and, marine) organisms., , •, , Some of them also occur in association with fungi, (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear)., , Natural Classification systems, •, , George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker., , •, , Based on natural affinities among the organisms and, consider not only the external features, but also internal, features, like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and, phytochemistry., , Phylogenetic Classification Systems, •, , Based on evolutionary relationships between the, various organisms., , Numerical Taxonomy, •, , Also known as Phenetics given by E. Anderson, , •, , Based on all observable characteristics., , •, , Number and codes are assigned to all the characters., , •, , Each character is given equal importance and at the same, time, hundreds of characters can be considered., , Cytotaxonomy, •, , Based on cytological information like chromosome, number, structure, behavior., , Based on the chemical constituents of the plant to, resolve confusions., , ▪▪ Colonial form: Volvox, ▪▪ Filamentous forms: Ulothrix and Spirogyra., ◊ Filamentous but Branched: Cladophora, ◊ Filamentous but Not Branched: Spirogyra and, Ulothrix, ▪▪ Unicellular non-motile: Chlorella, ▪▪ Unicellular and Motile: Chlamydomonas, •, , Marine forms such as kelps form massive plant bodies., , •, , Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation. Each, fragment develops into a thallus., , •, , Asexual reproduction is by the production of different, types of spores, the most common being the zoospores., , •, , In sexual reproduction, gametes can be flagellated, and similar in size (as in Chlamydomonas) or nonflagellated (non-motile) but similar in sizes, (as in, Spirogyra). Such reproduction is called isogamous., , •, , Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size, as in some, species of Chlamydomonas is termed as anisogamous., , •, , Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female, gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed, oogamous, e.g., Volvox, Fucus.

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43, Importance, ▪▪ At least 50% of the total carbon dioxide fixation, is carried out by algae through photosynthesis., ▪▪ Primary producers of energy-rich compounds,, hence forms the basis of the food cycles of all, aquatic animals., ▪▪ 70 species of marine algae used as food, e.g.,, Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum., ▪▪ Certain marine brown and red algae produce, large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding, substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and, carrageen (red algae)., ▪▪ Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria, is, used to grow microbes and in preparations of icecreams and jellies., ▪▪ Chlorella, a unicellular protein-rich alga, used as, food supplement by space travellers., , Chlorophyceae (Green Algae), They are usually grass green due to the dominance of, pigments chlorophyll a and b., , •, , The pigments are localized in definite chloroplasts., , •, , The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate,, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped in different species., , •, , Most of the members have one or more storage bodies, called pyrenoids located in the chloroplasts. Pyrenoids, contain protein besides starch., , •, , Algae may store food in the form of oil droplets., , •, , Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an, inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose., , •, , Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by, fragmentation or by formation of different types of, spores. Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores, produced in zoosporangia., , •, , Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the, type and formation of sex cells and it may be isogamous,, anisogamous or oogamous., , •, , Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix,, Spirogyra & Chara., , •, , Colonies of Volvox is known as coenobium., , Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae), • The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae are, found primarily in marine habitats. They show great, variation in size and form., • Alginic acid is produced by brown alage., • Filamentous Brown algae is Ectocarpus., , • They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and, xanthophylls., • They vary in colour from olive green to various, shades of brown depending upon the amount of the, xanthophylls pigment, fucoxanthin present in them., • Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be, in the form of Laminarin or Mannitol., • The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually, covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin., • The protoplast contains, in addition to plastids, a, centrally located vacuole and nucleus., • The plant body is usually attached to the substratum, by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like, photosynthetic organ – the frond., • Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation., • Asexual reproduction, in most brown algae, is by, biflagellate zoospores that are pear-shaped and have two, unequal laterally attached flagella., • Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous, or oogamous., • Union of gametes may take place in water or within, the oogonium (oogamous species)., • The gametes are pyriform (pear-shaped) and bear two, laterally attached flagella., • Examples:, Ectocarpus,, Sargassum and Fucus, , Dictyota,, , Laminaria,, , Rhodophyceae (Red Algae), • The members of rhodophyceae are commonly called red, algae because of the predominance of the red pigment,, r-phycoerythrin in their body., • Majority of the red algae are marine with greater, concentrations found in the warmer areas., • Only 50 species are of freshwater., , Plant Kingdom, , •, , • Branched Brown algae kelps (Macrocystis), which, may reach a height of 100 meters., , • They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the, surface of water and also at great depths in oceans where, relatively little light penetrates., • The red thalli of most of the red algae are multicellular., , • The food is stored as floridean starch which is very, similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure., • Cell wall has cellulose, pectin, polysulphate esters., • The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by, fragmentation.

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44, • They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and, sexually by non-motile gametes., , Importance, ▪▪ Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat, that have long been used as fuel, and as packing, material for trans-shipment of living material, because of their capacity to hold water., , • Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by, complex post-fertilisation developments., • Examples:, Gelidium., , Polysihonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and, , ▪▪ Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms, to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological, importance., , Bryophytes, •, , Most primitive non-vascular land plants., , •, , Bryophytes include mosses and liverworts that are found, commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , ▪▪ Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the, plant kingdom because these plants can live, in soil but are dependent on water for sexual, reproduction., •, , They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded, localities., , •, , They play an important role in plant succession on bare, rocks / soil., , •, , The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than, that of algae., , •, , It is thallus-like and prostrate or erect, and attached to the, substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids., , •, , They lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess, root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures., , •, , The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid., , •, , It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte., , •, , The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular., , •, , The male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce, biflagellate antherozoids., , •, , The female sex organ called archegonium is flaskshaped and produces a single egg. The antherozoids, are released into water where they come in contact with, archegonium., , •, , An antherozoids fuses with the egg to produce the zygote., Zygotes do not undergo reduction division immediately., , •, , They produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte., , •, , The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the, photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment, from it., , •, , Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division, (meiosis) to produce haploid spores. These spores, germinate to produce gametophyte., , •, , Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance, but some mosses provide food for herbaceous, mammals, birds and other animals., , ▪▪ They decompose rocks making the substrate, suitable for the growth of higher plants., ▪▪ Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they, reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil, erosion., •, , The bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses., , ◊ Liverworts , • The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats, such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil,, and bark of trees and deep in the woods., • The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid, e.g.,, Marchantia & Ricia ., • The thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the, substrate., • The leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in, two rows on the stem-like structures., • Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place, by fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of, specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma)., • Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which, develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located, on the thalli., • The gemmae become detached from the parent body, and germinate to form new individuals. During sexual, reproduction, male and female sex organs are produced, either on the same or on different thalli. The sporophyte, is differentiated into a foot, seta and capsule., • After meiosis, spores are produced within the, capsule. These spores germinate to form free-living, gametophytes., • Example: Marchantia, ◊ Mosses, • The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the, gametophyte which consists of two stages., • The first stage is the Protonema stage, which develops, directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, branched, and frequently filamentous stage., • The second stage is the leafy stage, which develops, from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud.

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45, • They consist of upright, slender axes bearing spirally, arranged leaves., • They are attached to the soil through multicellular and, branched rhizoids., , leaf-like appendages called sporophylls., ▪▪ In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact, structures called strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum)., , • Sex organs are present in same plants, i.e., Monoecious, , ▪▪ Eustele: Much dissected siphonostele having, vascular strands separated apart by parenchyma,, e.g., Equisetum., , • Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation, and budding in the secondary protonema., , ▪▪ Polystelic condition: Presence of more than one, stele, e.g., Selaginella, , • Leafy stage bears the sex organs., , •, , • After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a sporophyte,, consisting of a foot, seta and capsule., , The sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore, mother cells., , •, , The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small, but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic, thalloid gametophytes called prothallus., , •, , These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to, grow., , •, , Because of this specific restricted requirement and, the need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living, pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow, geographical regions., , •, , The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively., , •, , Water is required for transfer of antherozoids – the, male gametes released from the antheridia, to the mouth, of archegonium., , •, , Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the, archegonium result in the formation of zygote., , •, , Zygote there after produces a multicellular welldifferentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase, of the pteridophytes., , •, , In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar, kinds; such plants are called homosporous., , •, , Heterosporous: Produce two kinds of spores, macro, (large) and micro (small) spores Selaginella and Salvinia., , •, , The megaspores and microspores germinate and give, rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The, female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the, parent sporophytes for variable periods., , •, , The development of the zygotes into young embryos, takes place within the female gametophytes., , •, , This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an, important step in evolution., , • The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that, in liverworts., • The capsule (semi-parasite) contains spores. Spores, are formed after meiosis., Capsule has three parts:, ▪▪ Apophysis (Basal Sterile part), ▪▪ Theca (Middle fertile part containing Spores), ▪▪ Operculum (Upper part with annulus and 32, peristome teeth in two rows which help in spore, dispersal)., • The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore, dispersal., • Examples: Funaria, Polygonatum, Polytrichum and, Sphagnum, , Pteridophytes, •, , The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns., , •, , Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as, soil-binders., , •, , They are also frequently grown as ornamentals., , •, , Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants to, possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem., , •, , The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places, though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions., , •, , Xylem is without vessels consist of only tracheids and, phloem without sieve tubes and companion cells., , •, , In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte, which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves., , •, , These organs possess well-differentiated vascular tissues., Leaves in pteridophyta:, ▪▪ Small (microphylls) as in Selaginella, ▪▪ Large (macrophylls) as in ferns., , •, , The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by, , The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes:, ▪▪ Psilopsida (Whisky ferns)-Psilotum, ▪▪ Lycopsida (Club mosses) – Selaginella & Lycopodium, ▪▪ Sphenopsida (Horse tails or scouring Rush) - Equisetum, ▪▪ Pteropsida (Ferns) - Dryopteris, Pteris & Adiantum., , Plant Kingdom, , • In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and, archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.

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46, Smallest Pteridophyte is Azolla., Largest Pteridophytes is Cyathea (Tall fern)., Age of pteridophytes : Late Paleozoic era, , •, , The male or female cones or strobili may be borne:, , Gymnosperms, •, , The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: seeds) are, plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any, ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after, fertilisation., , ▪▪ On the same tree – Pinus., ▪▪ On different trees - Cycas, •, , The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of, the cells of the nucellus., , •, , The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, are not covered,, i.e., are naked., , •, , The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite, structure is called an ovule., , •, , Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees, and shrubs., , •, , The ovules are borne on megasporophylls which may be, clustered to form the female cones., , •, , The giant coast redwood tree Sequoia sempervirens is, one of the tallest tree species., , •, , The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form, four megaspores., , •, , Smallest Gymnosperm: Zamia pygnaea, , •, , •, , The roots are generally tap roots., , •, , Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form, of Mycorrhiza (Pinus), , One of the megaspores enclosed within the, megasporangium develops into a multicellular female, gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia or female, sex organs., , •, , Transversely oriented conducting parenchyma tissue of, pine leaf is called transfusion tissue., , •, , The multicellular female gametophyte is also retained, within megasporangium., , •, , Coralloid roots present in Cycas and are associated, with N2- fixing cyanobacteria., , •, , Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms, the male and the female gametophytes do not have an, independent free-living existence., , •, , The stems are, , •, , They remain within the sporangia retained on the, sporophytes., , •, , The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium., , •, , They are carried in air currents and come in contact with, the opening of the ovules borne on megasporophylls., , •, , The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards, archegonia in the ovules and discharges their contents, near the mouth of the archegonia., , •, , In some plants vessels are present, e.g., Gnetum, Ephedra,, Welwitschia., , •, , Endosperm of gymnosperm is a haploid gametophytic, tissue formed before fertilization., , •, , Pollination in Pinus is anemophilous, , •, , Wings of pollen grain are help in pollination., , •, , Following fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo, and the ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered., , •, , Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo, , ◊ Unbranched - Cycas, ◊ Branched - Pinus & Cedrus., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or, megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or female, strobili., , •, , The leaves are of two types, i.e., dimorphic., , •, , In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years., , •, , The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand, extremes of temperature, humidity and wind., , •, , In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface, area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to, reduce water loss., , •, , The gymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce, haploid microspores and megaspores., , •, , The two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia, that are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally, along an axis to form lax or compact strobili or cones., , •, , The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia, are called microsporangiate or male strobili. The, microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited, number of cells., , •, , The reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain., , •, , The development of pollen grains takes place within the, microsporangia., , Angiosperms, •, , The angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains, and ovules are developed in specialized structures, called flowers., , •, , In angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed by fruits.

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47, •, , The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of, plants occurring in wide range of habitats., , •, , The polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce a diploid, secondary nucleus., , •, , Microscopic angiosperm tree: Wolfia, , •, , Tallest angiosperm tree: Eucalyptus regnans (over 100, meters)., , •, , The pollen grains germinate on the stigma and the, resulting pollen tubes grow through the tissues of stigma, and style and reach the ovule., , the, , •, , ▪▪ The dicotyledons are characterized by having, two cotyledons in their seeds while the, monocotyledons have only one., , The pollen tubes enter the embryo-sac where two male, gametes are discharged. One of the male gametes fuses, with the egg cell to form a zygote (syngamy)., , •, , The other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary, nucleus to produce the triploid primary endosperm, nucleus (PEN)., , •, , Because of the involvement of two fusions, this event, is termed as double fertilisation, an event unique to, angiosperms., , •, , The zygote develops into an embryo (with one or two, cotyledons) and the PEN develops into endosperm which, provides nourishment to the developing embryo., , •, , The synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation., , •, , During these events the ovules develop into seeds and the, ovaries develop into fruit., , ▪▪ They are divided into two classes:, dicotyledons and the monocotyledons ., , •, , The male sex organ in a flower is the stamen., , •, , Each stamen consists of a slender filament with an anther, at the tip., , •, , The anthers, following meiosis, produce pollen grains., , •, , Most reduced male gametophye or minimum no. of cells, in male gametophyte is present in angiosperms.(3-celled, male gametophyte)., , •, , The female sex organ in a flower is the pistil or the, carpel., , •, , Pistil consists of an ovary enclosing one to many, ovules. Within ovules are present highly reduced female, gametophytes termed embryo sacs., , •, , The embryo-sac formation is preceded by meiosis., Hence, each of the cells of an embryo-sac is haploid., Each embryo-sac has a three-celled egg apparatus – one, egg cell and two synergids, three antipodal cells and two, polar nuclei., , Plant Life Cycles & Alternation of Generations, •, , The haploid plant body produces gametes by mitosis., This plant body represents a gametophyte. Following, fertilisation, the zygote also divides by mitosis to produce, a diploid sporophytic plant body. Haploid spores are, produced by this plant body by meiosis., , Table: Plant life cycles, Haplontic life cycle, , Diplontic life cycle, , Haplo-diplontic life cycle, , Sporophytic generation is represented The diploid sporophyte is the dominant, An intermediate condition between, only by the one-celled zygote., photosynthetic, independent phase of haplontic and diplontic life cycles., the plant., The gametophytic phase is few to multi- Both gametophytic and sporophytic, celled., phases are multicellular and free living., However, they differ in their dominant, phases, , The dominant, photosynthetic phase, in such plants is the free-living, gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is, termed as haplontic., , The gametophytic phase is represented, by the single to few-celled haploid, gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is, termed as diplontic., , Haploid gametophyte is dominant,, independent, photosynthetic, thalloid, or erect phase., Example: Bryophytes, , Example: Many algae such as Volvox, Example: Fucus sp., all seed bearing Diploid sporophyte is dominant,, Spirogyra and some species of plants,, i.e.,, gymnosperms, and independent, photosynthetic, vascular, plant body., Chlamydomonas, angiosperms., Example: Pteridophytes, , Plant Kingdom, , No free-living sporophytes.

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49, , Self Assessment, Questions, Classification [NCERT Pg 29-30], 1. The phylogenetic classification was put forth by:, a. Carolus Linnaeus, b. Aristotle, c. Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl, d. Theophrastus, 2. Cyanobacteria is referred to as blue green algae due to, presence of, a. Chlorophyll a, b. Xanthophyll, c. Chlorophyll b, d. Phycocyanin, 3. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as:, a. Phylogeny, b. Ancestry, c. Palaneotology, d. Ontogeny, 4. ‘Ordines Anomali’ of Bentham & Hooker includes:, a. Seed plant showing abnormal form of growth and, development., b. Plant represented only in fossil state., c. Plants described in the literature, but which Bentham, & Hooker did not see in original., d. A few orders which could not be placed satisfactorily, in the classification., 5. Cytotaxonomy is based on, a. Chemical constituents, b. Morphological characters, c. Structure and behaviour of chromosomes, d. Both (a) and (b), 6. Tracheophyta consists of:, a. Pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, b. Pteridophytes only, c. Gymnosperms and angiosperms, d. Bryophytes only, , 8. Match the column:, I, , II, , A. Microspermae, , 1., , Alismaceae, , B., , Epigynae, , 2., , Liliaceae, , C., , Calycinae, , 3., , Iridaceae, , 4., , Orchidaceae, , D. Apocarpae, , a., b., c., d., , A-2, A-4, A-3, A-1, , B-3, B-3, B-4, B-2, , 5., C-4, C-5, C-5, C-3, , Palmae, D-5, D-1, D-1, D-4, , E-1, E-2, E-2, E-5, , Algae [NCERT Pg 30-34], 9. Trichoderma erythrium which gives colour to red sea is:, a. Green alga, b. Blue - Green alga, c. Red alga , d. Brown alga, 10. Algae which forms motile colony is:, a. Volvox , b. Nostoc, c. Spirogyra, d. Chlamydomonas, 11. Non - motile, greatly thickened, asexual spore in, Chlamydomonas is:, a. Carpospores, b. Aplanospores, c. Akinetes , d. Hypnospores, 12. The cell wall of algae is chemically composed of:, a. Hemicellulose, pectins, proteins, b. Chitin, c. Cellulose, galactans, Mannan, d. Pectins, cellulose, proteins, 13. Pyrenoids are made up of:, a. Core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein, b. Core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath, c. Proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath, d. Core of nuclei acid surrounded by protein sheath, 14. About 7% of total world production of iodine is obtained, by which algae?, a. Ulothrix, b. Polysiphonia, c. Spirogyra, d. Laminaria, 15. Spirogyral lateral conjugation takes place in:, a. Heterosporous species, b. Homosporous species, c. Heterothallic species, d. Homothallic species, , Plant Kingdom, , 7. Which of these is mismatched?, a. Bryon - liverworts, b. Kryptos - concealed, c. Gymno - naked, d. Phaneros - visible, , D. Coronariae, , 16. Zygote of Spirogyra produces four haploid nuclei in, which:, a. One is functional, b. Two are functional, c. Three are functional, d. All are functional

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50, 17. Which of the following is known as Pond Silk?, a. Spirogyra, b. Ulothrix, c. Nostoc , d. Anabaena, 18. A natural antibiotic is provided by:, a. Chlorella, b. Ulothrix, c. Dictyota , d. Chlamydomonas, 19. Meiosis in Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas and, most of the algae / thallophyta is:, a. Sporic , b. Zygotic, c. Gametic , d. Unequal, 20. A group of plants which are autotrophs their sex organs, are non-jacketed and whose zygotes secretes thick wall, are called:, a. Phycophytes, b. Lichens, c. Bryophytes, d. Thallophytes, 21. Ulothrix releases zoospore during:, a. Evening , b. Morning, c. Night , d. Noon, 22. Algae known for biological activity bioluminescence:, a. Spirogyra, b. Chlorella, c. Cyclotella, d. Noctiluca, 23. Which algae is chew as tobacco in Scotland?, a. Porphyra, b. Rodimenia palmata, c. Chlorella, d. Spirogyra, 24. Phycology is the study of:, a. Algae , b. Fungi, c. Bryophytes, d. Lichens, 25. Which is Mermaid’s tresses?, a. Nostoc, b. Ulothrix, c. Anabaena, d. Spirogyra, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 26. Moss protonema can be differentiated from filamentous, alga in:, a. Long rhizoids, b. Oblique septa, c. Coenocytic nature d. Absence of chloroplasts, 27. Ulothrix is:, a. Nonmotile colonial alga lacking reproductive stages, b. Filmaentous alga with nonflagellated reproductive, stages, c. Membranous alga producing zoospores, d. Filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages, 28. ‘Nonflagellate’ gametes occur in:, a. Ulothrix, b. Funaria, c. Spirogyra, d. Selaginella, 29. Which of the following algae are used by space travellers, as food suppliments?, a. Gracilaria, Gelidium, b. Volvox, Ulothrix, c. Spirogyra, Kelps, d. Spirulina, Chlorella, , 30. During asexual reproduction, in most of brown algae,, zoospores are produced which are:, a. Elongated with no flagella, b. Elongated with one flagella, c. Pear-shaped with one flagella, d. Pear-shaped with two flagella, 31. Volvox and Polysiphonia are members of algal class, A, and B respectively. Which of the following statement is, correct?, a. Cellulose and algin are cell wall components of, members of A., b. Floridean starch is stored material in B., c. Chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin are the photosynthetic, pigments found in class A., d. Two unequal flagella are found in members of B., 32. Match the following:, A., B., C., D., , Red algae, Liverworts, Walking fern, Gymnosperm, , a., b., c., d., , A-3, A-1, A-3, A-1, , B-4, B-2, B-1, B-1, , 1., 2., 3., 4., C-1, C-3, C-4, C-4, , Marchantia, Pinus, Polysiphonia, Adiantum, , D-2, D-4, D-2, D-3, , Bryophytes [NCERT Pg 34-36], 33. Elaters are absent in, a. Funaria , b. Marchantia, c. Pellia , d. Porella, 34. Calyptra develops from, a. Ventral wall of oogonium, b. Ventral wall of archegonium, c. Outgrowth of gametophyte, d. Neck wall of archegonium, e. Paraphysis of the archegonial branch., 35. Largest moss is:, a. Pogonatum, c. Dawsonia, , b. Funaria, d. Polytrichum, , 36. Which of the following is known as a “bog moss”?, a. Polytrichum, b. Funaria, c. Sphagnum, d. Porella, 37. Retort cells occurs in, a. Funaria , b. Pogonatum, c. Porella , d. Sphagnum, 38. Positive evidence of aquatic ancestary of bryophytes is, indicated by, a. Ciliated sperms, b. Gametophytic body, c. Biflagellate gametes, d. Paristomial teeth

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51, 39. In capsule of moss act as shock absorbers, a. Trabeculae, b. Peristone teeth, c. Seta , d. Annulus, 40. Mosses are attached to substratum by, a. Roots , b. Capsule, c. Rhizoids, d. Main axis, 41. Mosses occur in moist places because they, a. Cannot grow on land, b. Do not need sunlight for photo synthesis, c. Lack vascular tissue, d. Lack root and stomata, 42. Number of peristomial teeth in moss is, a. 16+16, b. 16+32, c. 8+16, d. 32+32, 43. Which of the following propagates through leaf-tip?, a. Walking fern, b. Sprout - leaf plant, c. Marchantia, d. Moss, 44. “Sanjeevani booti” is, a. Selaginella kraussiana, b. Selaginella chrysocaculos, c. Selaginella bryopteris, d. None of these, , c. Lilium, , d. Pinus, , 52. Plants commonly called vascular cryptogams are:, a. Bryophytes, b. Pteridophytes, c. Algae , d. Angiosperms, 53. Pteropsida includes:, a. Equisetum and psilotum, b. Lycopodium and Adiantum, c. Selaginella and pteris, d. Pteris and Adiantum, 54. Pteridophytes are also called, a. Phanerogams, b. Vascular cryptogams, c. Amphibians of the plant kingdom, d. Spermatophytes, 55. In Selaginella, trabecular are the modification of:, a. Epidermal cells, b. Cortical cells, c. Endodermal cells, d. Pericycle cells, 56. In pteridophytes, phloem is without:, a. Sieve cells, b. Sieve tubes, c. Companion cells d. Bast fibre, , 45. Ancestors of land plants/bryophytes were, a. Bryophytes, b. Brown algae, c. Red algae, d. Green algae, , 57. Indusium is found in:, a. Algae , b. Ferns, c. Moss, d. Cycas, , 46. Incorrect about Marchantia is :, a. Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule, b. It can asexually reproduce through gemmae, c. Gametophyte as protonema stage, d. Flagellated antherozoids are produced, , 58. The kidney shaped covering of sorus is, a. Placenta , b. Ramentum, c. Sporophyll, d. Indusium, , 47. Spores are liberated only after decay and decomposition, of thallus in:, a. Riccia, b. Anthoceros, c. Marchantia, d. Funaria, , 49. Apophysis occurs in:, a. Mosses, b. Pteridium, c. Apocyanaceae, d. Marchantia, , Pteridophytes [NCERT Pg 36-38], 50. Club moss belongs to, a. Algae , b. Pteridophytes, c. Fungi , d. Bryophyta, 51. Male gametophyte with least number of cells present in:, a. Pteris, b. Funaria, , 60. Ramenta is the characteristic of:, a. Marchantia, b. Funaria, c. Dryopteris, d. None of these, 61. Leaf in young condition in fern is called:, a. Scale leaf, b. Sporophyll, c. Circinate ptyxis d. None of these, , Plant Kingdom, , 48. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant, kingdom because, a. They require water to complete their life cycle, b. They require land to complete their life cycle, c. They require both land and water for survive, d. They require only marine water to complete their life, cycle, , 59. In the prothallus of vascular cryptogram, the antherozoids, and eggs mature at different times. As a result,, a. There is no change in success rate of fertilisation, b. There is a high degree of sterility, c. One can conclude that the plant is apomictic, d. Self-fertilisation is prevented, , 62. Which one of the following is called maiden - hair fern?, a. Dryopteris, b. Pteris, c. Adiantum , d. Lycopodium, 63. Dispersal of spores in ferns takes place through:, a. Annulus , b. Stomium, c. Both (a) & (b), d. Indusium, 64. Characteristic of ferns is:, a. Circinate venation, b. Reticulate Venation, c. Parallel venation, d. None of these

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52, 65. A drug for respiratory disorders is obtained from:, a. Ephedra , b. Eucalyptus, c. Cannabis, d. Saccharum, 66. Plants having (spores), xylem and phloem but lacking, seeds are:, a. Pteridophytes, b. Gymnosperms, c. Bryophytes, d. Angiosperms, 67. Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris/Dryopteris were, released together near the archegonia of Pteris/, Dryopteris. Only its sperms enter the archegonia as:, a. Pteris/Dryopteris archegonia release chemical to, attract its sperms, b. Funaria/Dryopteris sperms get killed by Pteris, sperms, c. Funaria sperms are less mobile, d. Pteris/Dryopteris archegonia repel Funaria sperms, 68. Neck canal cell is absent in the archegonium of:, a. Funaria, b. All pteridophytes, c. Dryopteris, d. Cycas, 69. Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of:, a. Starch , b. Enzymes, c. Fat, d. Proteins, 70. Walking ferm is named so as:, a. It spreads and propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips., b. It is dispersed through walking., c. Its spores are able to walk., d. It known walking., 71. Annulus occurs in:, a. Mosses, c. Annual plants, , b. Both mosses and ferns, d. Gymnosperms, , 72. Seed habit is linked with:, a. Homospory, b. Heterosposy, c. Parthenogenesis d. Parthenocarpy, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 73. Which of the following is considered important in the, development of Seed habit?, a. Dependent Sporophyte, b. Heterospory, c. Haplontic life cycle, d. Free-living gametophyte, 74. Vascular cryptogams are:, a. Gymnosperms, b. Angiosperms, c. Bacteriods, d. Pteridophytes/Ferns, 75. Prothallus is:, a. Gametophyte, dioecious, autotroph present in pteridophytes, b. Gametophyte, monoecious, autotroph found in, bryophytes, c. Sporophyte, dioecious, hetorotroph found in, bryophytes, d. Gametophyte, monoecious, autotroph present in, pteridophytes, , 76. Which one of the following is not common between, Funaria and Selaginella?, a. Roots, b. Embryo, c. Flagellate sperms d. Archegonium, , Gymnosperms [NCERT Pg 39-39], 77. Choose the wrong statement:, a. Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem., b. Gymnosperms does not have albuminous cells and, sieve cells in their phloem., c. The first formed primary xylem elements are called, protoxylem., d. Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells, in their phloem., 78. Fruits are not found in gymnosperms because:, a. They are seed less, b. They are not pollinated, c. They have no ovary, d. Fertilisation does not take place, 79. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes, because they lack:, a. Cambium, b. Phloem fibres, c. Thick - walled tracheids, d. Xylem fibres, 80. A mature pollen grain of Pinus has:, a. 2 cells, b. 3 cells, c. 4 cells, d. 5 cells, 81. Which is the source of Turpentine oil?, a. Gymnospermic wood, b. Angiospermic wood, c. Gymnospermic seed, d. Angiospermic seed, 82. In Cycas, pollination occurs at______ celled stage?, a. One , b. Two, c. Three, d. Four, 83. Which of the following is / are grouped under, phanerogams?, a. Angiosperms, b. Gymnosperms, c. Pteridophytes, d. Both (a) & (b), 84. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of, which one of the following sets?, a. Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra, b. Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla, c. Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis, d. Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas, 85. In Pinus/gymnosperms, the haploid structures are:, a. Megaspore, endosperm and embryo, b. Pollen grain, leaf and root, c. Megaspore, integument and root, d. Megaspore, pollen grain and endosperm

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53, 86. Coralloid roots of Cycas possess a symbiotic alga:, a. Anabaena, b. Spirogyra, c. Ulothrix, d. Aulosira, , b. It is one of the tallest angiosperm., c. It possess tap root system., d. Ovules are naked., , 87. A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and fruits, belongs to:, a. Gymnosperms, b. Mosses, c. Ferns, d. Pteridophytes, 88. Fern gametophyte is nutritionally:, a. Photoautotroph b. Parasite, c. Chemoautotroph d. Saprophyte, , 102. Polar nuclei fuse to produce, a. Diploid secondary nucleus, b. Zygote, c. Antipodal cells, d. Synergids, , 90. Female cone of Pinus develops seeds in:, a. One year, b. 2-3 year, c. Two years, d. Four years, 91. Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm to, denote, a. Carpels , b. Stamens, c. Leaves , d. Female cone, are, , 93. Gymnosperms have a mode of pollination called:, a. Zoophily, b. Entomophily, c. Anemophily, d. Hydrophily, 94. In Pinus, the male gametes are:, a. Uniciliate, b. Multiciliate, c. Biciliate, d. Non-ciliate, 95. Sago comes from:, a. Phoenix dactylifera, b. Areca catechu, c. Metroxylon rumphii, d. Calamus ritung, 96. Which one is living fossil?, a. Pinus, b. Selaginella, c. Cycas, d. Metasequoia, , 98. In gymnosperms, megaspore mother cell divides, meiotically to form four megaspores. Out of four, megaspores, one develops into a multicellular structure, termed as:, a. Female gametophyte, b. Archegonium, c. Ovule, d. Strobili, , 103. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms as they show:, a. Double fertilization, b. Triple fusion, c. Triploid to polyploid endosperms, d. All of the above, 104. Fusion product of polars is referred to as:, a. Primary endosperms, b. Secondary endosperm, c. Secondary nucleus, d. Zygote, 105. Seeds are present inside the fruit wall in:, a. Angiosperms, b. Gymnosperms, c. Pteridophytes, d. Bryophytes, 106. Embryo sac represents:, a. Megaspore mother cell, b. Female gametophyte, c. Megaspore, d. Microsporangium, 107. The smallest angiospermic flower is:, a. Wolffia , b. Ranunculus, c. Rafflesia , d. Stellariam, 108. In which of the following features, Cycas resembles, with angiosperms?, a. Presence of vessels, b. Circinate venation, c. Dichotomously branched leaves, d. Pollen tube is the carrier of male gametes, 109. Double fertilization occurs among:, a. Algae , b. Bryophytes, c. Angiosperms, d. Gymnosperms, , Plant Kingdom, , 97. In gymnosperms, how many male gametes are produced, by each pollen grain?, a. 4, b. 3, c. 2, d. 1, , 99. Incorrect statement about Sequoia:, a. It is also known as red wood tree., , 100. Like gymnosperms, the angiosperms also exhibit:, a. Heterospory, b. Siphonogamy, c. Seed formation d. All of these, 101. Which of the following is not included in ‘Archegoniate’?, a. Bryophytes, b. Pteridophytes, c. Gymnosperms, d. Angiosperms, , 89. Winged pollen grains are found in:, a. Cycas , b. Pinus, c. Mango, d. Dryopteris, , 92. Branched rhizoids and leafy gametophyes, characteristic of:, a. All bryophytes, b. Some pteriodophytes, c. All pteridophytes d. Some bryophytes, , Angiosperms [NCERT Pg 40-41], , 110. The seed coat in both gymnosperms and angiosperms is, derived from:, a. Megaspore, b. Microspore, c. Integument of megasporangium or ovule, d. Microsporangium

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54, 111. In angiosperms, ploidy of embryo sac is:, a. Diploid , b. Triploid, c. Haploid , d. Both (a) or (c), , Plant Life Cycles [NCERT Pg 42-43], 112. Life cycle of gymnosperm is:, a. Haplontic , b. Haplo-diplontic, c. Diplontic, d. Diplo-haplontic, , a. A and B both are homosporous, b. A and B both are heterosporous, c. A is homosporous while B is heterosporous, d. A is heterosporous while B is homosporous, 119. Identify the option with correct set of labellings:, , 113. Seeds of gymnosperms have three generations, that is:, a. Two sporophytic and one gametophytic generation, b. Two gametophytic and one sporophytic, c. All the three sporophytic generations, d. All the three gametophytic generations, 114. The plant life cycle has both a sporophyte and a, gametophyte generation. In the sporophyte stage,, a. Gametes are produced., b. Meiosis occurs., c. Only mitosis takes place., d. Gametophytes form., 115. All plants exhibit alternation of generations. This means, their life cycle:, a. Includes both haploid and diploid gametes., b. Shows only asexual reproduction., c. Has both a multicellular haploid stage and a, multicellular diploid stage., d. Does not include meiosis., 116. The life cycle of Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia is:, a. Haplo-diplontic b. Haplontic, c. Diplontic , c. Both haplontic and diplontic, 117. Find out the incorrect statement., a. Fucus, an alga is diplontic., b. The diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant,, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body., c. All seed-bearing plants follow diplontic life cycle., d. Sporophyte generation is represented only by the, three-celled zygote., , a. 1 - Microsporangium, 3 - Ovule, 7 - Embryo, b. 2 - Microspore, 3 - Megaspore, 6 - Male gamete, c. 4 - Megasporangium, 5 - Pollen grain, 7 - Egg, d. 2 - Microspore, 4 - Ovule, 5 - Microsporangium, 120. Select the correct statement following the diagram?, , Image Based Questions, Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 118. Select the option with correct information:, , a. A and B belong to same group and have cellulose in, their cell wall., b. B and D belong to different groups and both have, cellulose and pectin in their cell walls., c. A and C belong to same group and both have, chlorophyll a and b as major photosynthetic pigments., d. C and D belong to different groups and both have, starch as stored food material.

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55, 121. Select the option which gives correct information, regarding., , a. A green algae and its cell wall possess cellulose, but, lacks algin., b. A brown algae and its stored material is floridean, starch., c. A pteridophyte and is having protonema stage in its, life cycle., d. A moss and the plant body is thalloid., 122. Select the incorrectly labeled one, , a. A - Capsule, c. C - Main axis, , b. B - Foot, d. D - Rhizoids, , 123. Select the option which represents labeled parts (A, B, C, and D) correctly., , A, Capsule, Seta, Rhizoid, Leaves, , a., b., c., d., , B, Seta, Rhizoid, Seta, Rhizoid, , C, Leaves, Seta, Leaves, Capsule, , D, Rhizoid, Leaves, Capsule, Seta, , 124. Select the option which represents labeled parts (A, B, C, and D) correctly., , a., b., c., d., , A, Strobilus, Node, Branch, Branch, , B, Node, Branch, Node, Internode, , C, Branch, Internode, Strobilus, Node, , D, Internode, Strobilus, Internode, Strobilus, , Plant Kingdom

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56, , Higher Order, Questions, Fact Based Round, 1. In Funaria, annulus separates:, a. Apophysis and theca, b. Theca and operculum, c. Columella and apophysis, d. Operculum and apophysis, 2. Heterospory and seed habit are often discussed in, relation to a structure called:, a. Spathe , b. Bract, c. Petiole , d. Ligule, , 9. 200 million years ago, the dominant flora of the earth, was of:, a. Archaebacteria, b. Mosses and ferns, c. Gymnosperms, d. Angiosperms, 10. Brown colour of Phaeophyceae is due to excess of:, a. Fucoxanthin, b. Phycoerythrin, c. Lycopene, d. Zeaxanthin, 11. Choose the true statement:, , 3. The opening mechanism of sporangium in Dryopteris is, effectively operated by:, a. Annulus only, b. Stomium only, c. Annulus and Stomium both, d. Apical opening, 4. Which of the following has amphiphloic-siphonostele?, a. Rhizome of Marsilea, b. Stem of Lycopodium, c. Rhizome of Pteris, d. Stem of Equisetum, 5. While entering the neck of a achegonium in fern, sperms, show:, a. Phototaxis, b. Chemotaxis, c. Themotaxis, d. Cyclosis, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , 6. The winged pollen grains are the characteristic feature of, a. Cycas , b. Ephedra, c. Pinus , d. Gnetum, , a. A is sporophyte and is independent, b. A is sporophyte and is dependent on B, which is, gametophyte, c. B is sporophyte and is independent, d. B is sporophyte and is dependent on A for food, which, is gametophyte, , Combination Round, 12. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., , Apospory, , 1., , Development of gametophyte from sporophyte, , 7. Movement of water in transfusion tissue of Cycas leaflet, is:, a. Lateral , b. To upper side, c. To lower side, d. To acropetal, , B., , Apogamy, , 2., , Development of sporophyte from gametophyte, , C., , Homosporuos 3., Pteridophyte, , Selaginella, , 8. From the pith of stem of Cycas revoluta (sago) is, obtained which is used as food article for a patient with, stomach disorders because:, a. It is much tastier, b. Its nutritive value is very high, c. It is having adequate amount of starch., d. It is a cheap food article., , D., , Heterosporous 4., Pteridophyte, , Pteris, , a., , A-2, , B-4, , C-2, , D-1, , b., , A-1, , B-3, , C-4, , D-2, , c., , A-1, , B-2, , C-4, , D-3, , d., , A-1, , B-2, , C-3, , D-4

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57, 13. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., , Chlorophyll a and d 1. Gracilaria, , B., , Chlorophyll a and c 2. Dictyota, , C., , Chlorophyll a and b 3. Polysiphonia, , D., , Phycoerythrin, , a., , A-1, , B-4, , C-2, , D-3, , b., , A-1, , B-3, , C-2, , D-4, , c., , A-3, , B-2, , C-4, , D-1, , d., , A-2, , B-3, , C-4, , D-1, , 4. Ulothrix, , 14. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., , Protonema, , 1., , Cedrus, , B., , Prothallus, , 2., , Dryopteris, , C., , Naked seeded, , 3., , Cocos, , D., , Triple fusion, , 4., , Sphagnum, , a., , A-4, , B-1, , C-2, , D-3, , b., , A-4, , B-2, , C-1, , D-3, , c., , A-4, , B-2, , C-3, , D-1, , d., , A-2, , B-4, , C-1, , D-3, , 15. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, A., , Homosporous, , 1. Plants producing are one type of, spores, , B., , Heterosporous 2. Plants producing are two types of, spores, , C., , Protandrous, , 3. Male reproductive organ mature, before the female, , D., , Protogynous, , 4. Female reproductive organ mature, before the male reproductive organ, , a., , A-1, , B-2, , C-4, , D-3, , b., , A-1, , B-2, , C-3, , D-4, , c., , A-3, , B-4, , C-2, , D-1, , d., , A-2, , B-1, , C-4, , D-3, , A., , Polytrichum, , 1., , Lycopsida, , B., , Selaginella, , 2., , Sphenopsida, , C., , Equisetum, , 3., , Moss, , D., , Adiantum, , 4., , Pteropsida, , a. A-3, , B-1, , C-2, , D-4, , b. A-3, , B-2, , C-1, , D-4, , c. A-3, , B-1, , C-4, , D-2, , B-1, , C-4, , D-3, , Conceptual Round, 17. Incorrect statement is:, a. Rhizome is absent in Equisetum and present in, potato., b. Rhizophore is present in Ginkgo and absent in, Selaginella., c. Rhizoids are absent in Funaria and present in Pinus., d. All of these., 18. Incorrect statement are:, A. Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they, reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil, erosion., B. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated, than that of algae, it is thallus like and prostrate or, erect, and attached to the substratum by unicellular, or multicellular rhizoids., C. Many species of Spirogyra, Vaucheria and Chara, are among the 70 species of marine algae used as, food., D. Majority of the red algae are marine with greater, concentrations found in the warmer areas., , E. The common phaeophytes are Polysiphonia,, Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium., F. Bryophytes and pteridophytes, interestingly, exhibit, an intermediate condition of life cycle (Haplodiplontic), in which both phases are multicellular, but they diffuse in their dominant phases., a. C and E , b. A, B and F, c. B, C and F, d. B and D, 19. Which statement cannot be related with Pinus seed, dispersal?, a. It is liberated at three - celled stage by wind., b. Wings are formed by ovuliferous scale epidermis., c. Seed dispersal by anemochory., d. Seeds are present on adaxial surface of ovuliferous, scale., , Plant Kingdom, , 16. Match the columns and find out the correct combination:, , d. A-2, , 20. Select incorrect statement with respect to Cycas female, sex organ., a. Female sex organ is female cone., b. Megasporophyll is laterally placed at the tip of, plant., c. Ovules are arranged laterally in notches of megasporophyll., d. Ovules are not surrounded by ovary wall.

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58, 21. Which statement is not applicable to fertilization in, Dryopteris?, a. Antherozoids are multi-flagellated and spirally coiled., b. At maturity, neck canal cell and ventral canal cells are, degenerated forming malic acid., c. Antheroizoids show chemotropic attraction towards, malic acid., d. After fusion of male and female gamete, diploid oospore is produced inside archegonia., 22. Read the following statements., A. Sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic,, independent phase of the plant., B. Highly reduced female gametophyte as embryosac, is present in their ovule., C. The pollen grains are carried in air currents and, directly come in contact with the opening in the, ovules., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , , How many statements are correct for gymnosperms and, angiosperms, respectively?, a. One and Two, b. Zero and three, c. Two and two, , d. Three and two, 23. Consider the given statements., A. Salvinia is heterosporous terrestrial algae., B. The male and female gametophytes do not have an, independent free living existence in gymnosperms., C. The life cycle of angiosperm is diplontic., a. All are correct, b. Only B is correct, c. Only A is incorrect, d. A and C are correct, 24. Consider the following statements (A-D) about algae., A. Highly variable in form and size., B. Commonly asexual reproduction by exogenous, motile spores., C. Simple, thalloid and largely aquatic organisms., D. A few of the marine forms such as kelps, form, massive vascular plant bodies., a. Only (D) is incorrect, b. Only (C) is incorrect, c. (A) & (C) are correct, d. All statements are correct

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59, , NCERT Exemplar, Problems, 1. Cyanobacteria are classified under:, a. Protista , b. Plantae, c. Monera , d. Algae, 2. Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in, size is termed as:, a. Oogamy , b. Isogamy, c. Anisogamy, d. Zoogamy, 3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in, case of:, a. Rhodophyceae, b. Chlorophyceae, c. Phaeophyceae, d. All of these, 4. A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows, rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its, life cycle because the male gametes are motile. Identify, the group to which it belongs to:, a. Pteridophytes, b. Gymnosperms, c. Monocots, d. Bryophytes, 5. A prothallus is:, a. A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus, develops, b. A sporophytic free living structure formed in, pteridophytes, c. A gametophyte free living structure formed in, pteridophytes, d. A primitive structure formed after fertilisation in, pteridophytes., , 6. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to, extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in, compact structures called cones. The group in reference, is:, a. Monocots, b. Dicots, c. Pteridophytes, d. Gymnosperms, 7. The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of:, a. 8 cells , b. 7 cells and 8 nuclei, c. 8 nuclei , d. 7 cells and 7 nuclei, 8. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. What, would be the chromosome number in its endosperm?, a. 36, b. 18, c. 54 , d. 72, 9. Protonema is:, a. Haploid and is found in mosses, b. Diploid and is found in liverworts, c. Diploid and is found in pteridophytes, d. Haploid and is found in pteridophytes, 10. The giant redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a /an:, a. Angiosperm, b. Free fern, c. Pteridophyte, d. Gymnosperm, , Plant Kingdom

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60, , Past Year, Questions, 1. Read the following statements (A-E) and answer the, question which follows them:, A. In liverworts, mosses, and ferns gametophytes are, free-living., B. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous., C. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is, oogamous., D. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than, that in mosses., E. Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious., How many of the above statements are correct?, a. Four, b. One, c. Two, d. Three, 2. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having:, a. Vessels , b. Seeds, c. Motile Sperms, d. Cambium, 3. Consider the following four statements whether they are, correct or wrong?, A. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than, that in mosses., B. Salvinia is heterosporous., C. The life-cycle in all seed bearing plants is diplontic, D. In Pinus male and female cones are borne on, different trees., , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , The two wrong statements together are, a. Statements (B) and (C), b. Statements (A) and (B), c. Statements (A) and (C), d. Statements (A) and (D), 4. Male and female gametophytes independent and free, living in:, a. Castor , b. Pinus, c. Sphagnum, d. Mustard, 5. Examine the figure A, B, C and D. In which one of the, options all the items are correct?, , , A, a., b., c., d., , B, , C, , D, , Chara, Marchantia, Fucus, Pinus, Equisetum, Ginkgo, Selaginella Lycopodium, Selaginella Equisetum, Salvinia, Ginkgo, Funaria, Adiantum, Salvinia, Riccia, , 6. Which of the following is monoecious?, a. Marchantia, b. Cycas, c. Pinus , d. Date Palm, 7. Gametophytes does not have free independent existence, in:, a. Funaria, b. Polytrichum, c. Cedrus, d. Dryopteris, 8. Gnetum, a gymnosperm differs from Cycas and Pinus but, shows affinities with angiosperms in the features:, a. Perianth an two integuments, b. Embryo development and apical meristem, c. Absence of resin dusts and leaf venation, d. Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia, 9. Which set contains flagellated male gametes:, a. Spirogyra, Anthoceros and Funaria, b. Zygnerma, saprolagnia and Hydrilla, c. Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis, d. Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas, 10. Match the items of column-I and II:, Column-I, , Column-II, , A., , Peritrichous flagellation, , 1., , Ginkgo, , B., , Living fossil, , 2., , Macrocystis, , C., , Rhizophore, , 3., , Escherichia coli, , D., , Smallest flowering plant, , 4. Selaginella, , E., , Largest perennial alga, , 5., , a., b., c., d., , A-3, A-2, A-4, A-1, , B-1, B-1, B-3, B-4, , C-4, C-3, C-2, C-5, , D-5, D-4, D-5, D-3, , Wolffia, , E-2, E-5, E-1, E-2, , 11. Top-shaped multiciliate male gamete and seeds with two, cotyledons occur in:, a. Cycads, b. Conifers, c. Polypetalous angiosperms, d. Gamopetalous angiosperms

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61, , Assertion &, Reason, Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these, questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses., A., B., C., D., , If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion., If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion., If Assertion is True but the Reason is False., If both Assertion and Reason are False., , 1. Assertion: Mosses reduce the impact of falling rain and, prevent soil erosion., Reason: Mosses from dense mat on the soil., 2. Assertion: Approach towards seed habit was first time, found in Pteridophytes., Reason: Pteridophyrtes are partially successful land, plants., 3. Assertion: Fruits are not formed in gymnosperm., Reason: Seeds are shed at very early stage., 4. Assertion: Bryophytes show alternation of generation., Reason: Bryophytes have independent gametophyte., 5. Assertion: Lichen has two partners- a fungus and an, alga., Reason: The lichen thallus is essentially fungal in nature, with algal cells embedded., 6. Assertion: Agar is used in culture medium., Reason: Agar is obtained from red algae., 7. Assertion: Early moss gametophyte is protonema stage., Reason: Late Moss gametophyte is leafy stage., 8. Assertion: Mosses and lichens are first to colonise bare, rocks., , 9. Assertion: Water is not required for fertilization process, in ferns., Reason: Malic acid of archegonial neck attracts, atherozoids., 10. Assertion: Spores in mosses are contained within the, capsule., Reason:, mosses., , Spores are formed by mitotic division in, , 11. Assertion: Stomata are found on the surface of leaves in, , Reason: In gymnosperms, cuticle of leaves is thin., 12. Assertion: The leaves in gymosperms are well-adapted, to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and, wind., Reason: Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes in, gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not, have an independent free-living existence., 13. Assertion: Angiosperms lack flagellated male gametes., Reason: Sperms are not dependent on water for, fertilisation., 14. Assertion: The seeds of gymnosperms are naked., Reason: Seed consists of three generations one within, the other., 15. Assertion: Pyrenoids are utilised during starvation., Reason: Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies., 16. Assertion: In leptosporangiate development, sporangia, are formed from single initial., Reason: Eusporangiate development of sporangia starts, from a group of initials., 17. Assertion: Chlorella could serve as a potential source of, food and energy., , Plant Kingdom, , Reason: The lichen stage follow the moss stage and, precedes the herbs., , gymnosperms., , Reason: When dried, Chlorella has 15% protein, 45%, fat, 10% minerals and vitamins., , 18. Assertion: Fertilisation in Cycas is called zooidosiphanogarny., , Reason: Fertilisation in Cycas takes place by the, formation of pollen tube., , 19. Assertion: The life cycle of Funaria is called, diplohaplontic., Reason: In Funaria, there is alterations of haploid, gametophytic and diploid sporophytic phases, one, becoming parent of the other.

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62, , Answer Key, Self Assessment Questions, 1, c, 18, a, 35, c, 52, b, 69, a, 86, a, 103, d, 120, c, , 2, a, 19, b, 36, c, 53, d, 70, a, 87, a, 104, c, 121, a, , 3, a, 20, d, 37, d, 54, b, 71, b, 88, a, 105, a, 122, b, , 4, d, 21, b, 38, a, 55, c, 72, b, 89, b, 106, b, 123, a, , 5, c, 22, d, 39, a, 56, c, 73, c, 90, b, 107, a, 124, c, , 6, a, 23, b, 40, c, 57, b, 74, d, 91, a, 108, d, , 7, a, 24, a, 41, c, 58, d, 75, d, 92, d, 109, c, , 8, b, 25, d, 42, a, 59, d, 76, a, 93, c, 110, c, , 9, b, 26, b, 43, a, 60, b, 77, b, 94, d, 111, c, , 10, a, 27, d, 44, c, 61, c, 78, c, 95, c, 112, c, , 11, d, 28, c, 45, d, 62, c, 79, d, 96, c, 113, a, , 12, c, 29, d, 46, c, 63, c, 80, c, 97, c, 114, c, , 13, c, 30, d, 47, a, 64, a, 81, a, 98, a, 115, c, , 14, d, 31, b, 48, c, 65, a, 82, c, 99, b, 116, a, , 15, d, 32, c, 49, a, 66, a, 83, d, 100, d, 117, d, , 16, a, 33, a, 50, b, 67, a, 84, d, 101, d, 118, c, , 17, a, 34, b, 51, c, 68, d, 85, d, 102, a, 119, c, , 12, c, , 13, c, , 14, b, , 15, b, , 16, a, , 17, d, , 15, b, , 16, b, , 17, c, , Higher Order Questions, 1, b, 18, a, , 2, d, 19, a, , 3, b, 20, a, , 4, a, 21, c, , 5, b, 22, c, , 6, c, 23, c, , 7, c, 24, c, , 8, c, , 9, c, , 10, a, , 11, b, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1, c, , 2, c, , 3, c, , 4, d, , 5, c, , 6, d, , 7, b, , 8, c, , 9, a, , 10, d, , Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Past Year Questions, 1, d, , 2, c, , 3, d, , 4, c, , 5, c, , 6, c, , 7, c, , 8, d, , 9, d, , 10, a, , 11, a, , 11, d, , 12, b, , 13, a, , 14, b, , Assertion & Reason, 1, a, 18, b, , 2, b, 19, b, , 3, c, , 4, b, , 5, a, , 6, b, , 7, b, , 8, c, , 9, c, , 10, c

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63, , Explanations and NCERT References, Self Assessment Questions, 118. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 36, fig 3.3, 119. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 41, fig 3.6, 120. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 31, fig 3.1, 121. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 31, fig 3.1 (a-ii), 122. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34, fig 3.2, 123. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34, fig 3.2, 124. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 36, fig 3.3, , Higher Order Questions, 1. (b) Annulus separates the theca from the operculum., 2. (d) Heterospory means production of two different sizes, of spores; megaspore and microspore. Heterospory, originated in some pteridophytes like Selaginella. Its, leaves contain a flap-¬like outgrowth at the base on the, adaxial side called ligule., 3. (b) In Dryopteris, stomium is present below the annulus, and is gradually ruptured as the annulus dries out., This structure helps in the opening of sporangium and, dispersal of spores., 4. (a) Amphiphloic siphonostele: Phloem is present on both, external and internal to the xylem, e.g., Marsilearhizome., 5. (b) In fern, sperms swim towards the archegonia due to, presence of malic acid, therefore, they shows chemotaxis., 6. (c) The winged pollen grains are the characteristic, features of Pinus. Because of the presence of sacs, which, provides buoyancy, they are able to rise upwards and, float on the fluid., 7. (c) The leaves of Cycaspossess transfusion tissue. This, helps in water conduction laterally and compensates, the absence of lateral veins and poor development of, vascular tissue., , 9. (c) Ferns and seed-bearing gymnosperms like pines were, the only kind of plants to have colonised the land., 10. (a) The colour of brown algae varies from olive green to, various shades of brown depending upon the amount of, xanthophyll and fucoxanthin pigments., 11. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34, 17. (d) Rhizome is present in Equisetum. Rhizophore is, present in Selaginella. Rhizoids are present in Funaria., , 19. (a) In Cycas, pollination takes place at three-celled, stage., 20. (a) The female sex organ is megasporophyll. The male, plants develop male cones or male strobili., 21. (c) In Dryopteris, sperms swim towards the archegonia, due to presence of malic acid, therefore, they shows, chemotaxis., 22. (c) Statement A is correct for both gymnosperms and, angiosperms. Statement B is correct only for angiosperms, and statement C is correct only for gymnosperms., 23. (c) Salvinia is a heterosporous aquatic algae., 24. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 30, , NCERT Exemplar Problems, 1. (c) Monera Kingdom-Monera is one group which, exclusively includes all forms of bacteria. All bacteria, are prokaryotes and do not have well defined nucleus, and other cell organelles., The other options Protista, Algae and Plantae include, eukaryotic and unicellular or multicellular organism., 2. (c) The lower group of plants like algae exhibit great, variation in mode of sexual and asexual reproduction., Some algae produce gametes which are not similar in, shape, size and structure, when they fuse, it is called, anisogamy. e.g.,Chlamydomonas., The other options are incorrect because oogamy is the, fusion of big oospore female with small male gamete., Isogamy is fusion of similar gametes. Zoogamy is sexual, reproduction of animals., 3. (c) In the members of class-Phaeophyceae, the plant, body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast, and has a stalk called stipe and a leaf like photosynthetic, organ called frond., 4. (d) Bryophyta is a group of plants which have, gametophytic haploid thalloid body. The motile male, gamete are produced in special male reproductive, structure called antheridia., , Plant Kingdom, , 8. (c) The sago contains adequate amount of starch and, therefore it is used as food article for a patient with, stomach disorders., , 18. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 32 & 33, , These gametes need thin film of water to move and reach, to the female reproductive organ called archegonia., Whereas, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and monocots, show division of labour and their body shows higher, level of organisation., 5. (c) Prothallus is usually a gametophytic stage in the, life of a Pteridophyte. Spore germinates to form a, prothalium, it is short-lived inconspicuous heart-shaped

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64, structure with a number of rhizoids developed beneath, and sex organs, archegonium and antheridium., 6. (d) Gymnosperms include medium sized trees or tall, trees and shrubs. Leaves of these plants are well adapted, to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and, wind. Reproductive organs are usually in the form of, cones or strobili., The male cone are made up of microsporophyll and, female cones are made up of megasporophyll. The, presence of sporophyll (micro and megasporophyll), shows the development of seed habit but seeds develop, from naked ovule and are not covered., Other options are incorrect because monocots and dicots, belong to angiosperms which have well developed, covered seeds. Whereas, pteridophytes do not have, microsporphylls and are not adapted to the above said, conditions., 7. (b) Embryo sac in angiosperm is a female gametophyte., It contains 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, 3 antipodal cells and, one secondary nucleus., 8. (c) Endosperm is a product of triple fusion. One male, nuclei (n =18) fuses with diploid secondary nucleus (2n, = 36), so it becomes triploid structure (3n = 54). So,, ploidy of endosperm is (3n) and chromosomes will be, 54., 9. (a) The germination of haploid spores of mosses, produced by sporophyte after reduction division these, haploid spores when germinate, form the protonema., This structure later develops into an independent, gametophytic plant., 10. (d) Sequoia sempervirens is a gymnopermic plant. It is, a group of plants having thick, woody, branched stems., These plants also have some xeric adaptations which, help them survive in adverse climatic conditions., The other examples are incorrect because pteridophytes, is primitive group, no tree is included in this. Ferns are, included in Pteridophytes. Angiosperms are different, from gymnosperms in seed habit and adaptations., Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology, , Past Year Questions, 1. (d) The sporophyte of moss is more elaborate than, liverworts., 2. (c) Cycas (Gymnosperm) and Adiantum (Pteridophytes), both have motile sperms., 3. (d) The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore, dispersal. Common examples of mosses are Funaria,, Polytrichum and Sphagnum., The male or female cones or strobili may be borne on, the same tree (Pinus). However, in Cycas male cones and, megasporophylls are borne on different trees., 4. (c) Bryophytes have free living, independent male and, , female gametophytes., 5. (c), 6. (c) In Pinus, male and female cones are present on the, same tree., 7. (c) In pteridophytes gametophytes do not have free living, existence e.g. Funaria & Polytrichum (Bryophytes) while, Dryopteris (pteridophyte) has independent gametophyte., 8. (d) Gnetum includes advanced Gymnosperm. Secondary, xylem shows vessels unlike Cycas and Pinus it does not, have archegonia., 9. (d) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas have motile male, gametes., 10. (a) Ginkgo → Living fossil, Wolffia → Smallest flowering plant, Macrocystis → Largest perennial Brown alga, Rhizophora → Selaginella, , Peritrichous flagellation → E.coli, 11. (a) Male gametes of Cycas are largest in nature, visible, to naked eye, oval in form and multiciliated. Embryo, consists of suspensor, radical, two unequal cotyledons., , Assertion & Reason, 1. (a) Mosses has the ability to form dense mat on soil, due, to this property they reduce the impact of falling rain and, prevent soil erosion., 2. (b) In pteridophytes, development of zygotes into young, embryos take place within female gametophytes. This, event is a precursor to seed habit. Therefore, approach, towards seed habit was observed in pteridophytes and, considered an important step in evolution., 3. (c) In gymnosperms, seeds are not covered, i.e, naked, and are not shed at very early stage. Fruits are formed in, angiosperms but not in gymnosperms., 4. (b) The life cycle of bryophyte shows regular alternation, gametophytic and sporophytic generations. First phase is, gametophytic phase. Gametophytic generation produces, gametes., 5. (a) Lichens are symbiotic associations, i.e., mutually, useful associations, between algae and fungi. The, algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal, component as mycobiont., 6. (b) Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from, Gelidium and Gracilaria are used to grow microbes and, in preparations of ice-creams and jellies., 7. (b) The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is, the gametophyte. It consists of two stages., Protonema stage: The first stage., Leafy stage: The second stage.

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65, 8. (c) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms, to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological, importance., , 14. (b) Gymnosperms are commonly known as naked seed, plants because their ovules (which later become seeds), are not covered by the ovary wall., , 9. (c) The need for water for fertilisation, the spread of, living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow, geographical regions., , Seed is a complex structure because it contains cells, from three generations. Diploid body of ovule from the, parent sporophyte. Female gametophyte is gametophytic, generation. Embryo is the next sporophytic generation., , 10. (c) Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation, and budding in secondary protonema. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a, foot, seta and capsule. The sporophyte in mosses is more, elaborate than that in liver worts, the capsule contains, spores. Spores are formed after meiosis and develop into, new gametophyte., 11. (d) The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand the extreme temperature, humidity and wind. In, conifers, the needle like leaves reduce the surface area., Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata help to reduce the, water losses., 12. (b) Leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand, extremes of temperature humidity and wind. In conifers,, needle like leaves reduce the surface area for water loss., Thick cuticle and sunken stomata are also responsible, for reducing water loss in plants., Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes do not have an, independent free-living existence. They remain within, the sporangia retained on sporophytes., 13. (a) Angiosperms is the highly evolved group of plant, kingdom. It is adapted for terrestrial habitats. Swimming, habit of sperms is completely lacking in angiosperms., The pollen grains reached to the stigma by an external, agency and delivers the male nucleus in the ovule, through pollen tube., , 15. (b) The chloroplast of green algae contain one or more, distinct, rounded, proteinaceous bodies called the, pyrenoids. Pyrenoids diminish in size and ultimately, disappear if the plant is under conditions of starvation., They reappear when the conditions become favourable., 16. (b) In eusporangiate type of development, large sporangia, develop from a group of initials. In leptosporangiate, type of development, small sporangia develop from a, single initial, the former builds the entire sporangium,, its contents and stalk and the latter do not take part in the, process., 17. (c) Chlorella could serve as a potential source of food, (rich in protein) and energy because its photosynthetic, efficiency can theoretically reach 8%, comparable with, other highly efficient crops nutrients., When dried, Chlorella has about 45% protein, 20%, fat, 20% carbohydrate, 5% fibre and 10% minerals and, vitamins., 18. (b) Cycas is a gymnospermic plant. Fertilisation in Cycas, is both siphonogamous (by pollen tube) and zooidogamy, (by water film)., 19. (b) In the life cycle of Funaria, there occur two distinct, individuals one of these is haploid, independent, leafy, moss plant, the other is diploid leafless sporogonium. It, is partially dependent on the leafy gametophyte for its, nutrition., , Plant Kingdom, , https://rebrand.ly/DownloadMore