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Experiment-9, Rate of Aerobic Respiration, PAIM, To study rate of (aerobic respiration) by using flower buds /germinating seeds /leaf tissue,, Requirements:, A conical flask, beaker, graduated glass tube bent twice at right angles, a small test tube, thread, rubber cork, with a hole., KOH, water., Germinating seeds of pea /gram, mustard /groundnuts and wheat or flower buds., Theory Respiration is an enzyme controlled process of biological oxidation of food materials in a living cell,, using molecular O, and producing CO, and H,O and releasing energy in small steps and storing in useful, forms, generally ATP.), The substances oxidised during respiration are called respiratory substrates. There include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The rate of respiration can be measured in terms of either utilization of molecular oxygen or evolution of, CO,, Different respiratory substrates have different quantity of C and O atoms in their molecules and therefore, the, amount of CO, evolved /g wt. of substrate also differ., Thus, the rate of respiration for different respiratory substrates can be studied in terms of the amount of CO,, evolved / gweight of the substrate., Procedure:, 1. Take a definite quantity (i.e., 10 g) of germinating seeds of wheat in the conical flask and hang a small test-tube, containing KOH crystals inside the flask with the help of a thread., 2. Through the hole of the cork, pass a glass tube bent twice at right angles in such a way that one end of the tube, is in the beaker containing water and other end is in the conical flask., 3., Make the apparatus air tight and leave undisturbed., 4. Note the initial level of water in the tube., 5 Also set a control experiment without germinating seeds in the flask., 6X Repeat the experiment taking the other types of germinating seeds (Mustard / groundnuts and gram/pea)., 7* Note the final rise in the level of water in the glass tube dipped in water for each type of seeds and record the, data in the observation table., Obsorvation: Note the initial and final levels of water to calculate the total rise. Now note the inner diameter of the, heand hence the radius. Then calculate the volume water risen in the capillary tube. This will be equivalent to the, germinating seeds., 38, BIOLOGY-11

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Glass tube, Final level, FInitial level, Germinating, Beaker, spees, Water, Fig. Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration,, Observation Table:, Type of, germinating seeds, Initial level, Radius of capillary Volume of, tube used (r), Sr. No., Final level, Rise in level, of water, of water, of water (h), water, Normal condition, 1., (Condition experiment), Wheat, 2., 3., Mustard / Groundnuts, 4., Pea / Gram, Result: The rise in water level is more in the case of wheat as compared to mustard / groundnuts and pea / gram, seeds., Explanation : The rise in level of water is due to partial vacuum created in the flask because the gas (CO,) produced, during respiration is absorbed by KOH. This shows that germinating seeds or flower buds produce CO, during, aerobic respiration as KOH can absorb CO,. The rise in the level of water will be proportional to the amount of CO,, produced by the seeds or absorbed by KOH., The amount of CO, produced will depend upon the respiratory rate of the germinating seeds. Hence, by knowing, the amount of water risen or the CO, produced in the time interval, the rate of respiration for different seeds is, calculated., The rise in water level is comparatively less in the case of mustard / groundnuts and gram / pea because there, seeds utilize fat and proteins as respiratory substrate and release less of CO,. The rise in the water level is more in, case of wheat grains as the later utilize carbohydrates as respiratory substrates., Precautions:, L The apparatus should always be kept air tight., 2. Fresh KOH should be taken for the experiment., 3. The initial and final levels of water should be taken very accurately., 4. Only germinating seed (not dry) should be used., BIOLOGY-11

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Experiment-11, PAIM, To test the given sample of urine for the presence of sugar in it., Requirements:, Same in Experiment no. 10, Same in Experiment no. 10, Benedict's solution, Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B., Procedure and Observation:, Inference, S. No., Test, Observation, 1., Benedict's test:, Green ppt. shows trace, yellow, ppt. shows moderate and brick, red ppt. shows intense quantity, of glucose in the urine., Take 2 ml of urine sample in, Green, yellow or brick red ppt., a test-tube and add 2 ml of, Benedict's solution to it. Boil, appears., it and then cool it room, temperature., Fehling test:, Take 2 ml of urine sample, 2., Shows the presence of trace,, moderate and large quantity of, glucose respectively in the urine, sample., Greenish yellow, yellowish red, or reddish orange precipitate is, in a test-tube and add 2 ml, formed., of each of Fehling solution A, and Fehling solution B. Boil, for about 2 mins. and then, cool it to the room temperature., OR, Green, yellow,, orange or brick, red precipitate, 2 ml urine, 2 ml benedict's, solution, 2 ml each of, Fehling sol. A, and Fehling Sol. B, Fig. Urine test for sugar., sirou In, gamb asblorl, Precautions: Same as in the previous experiment.

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2., Experiment-13, AIM, To test the given sample of urine for the presence of albumin (proteins)., 1., IM, Ans. Ur, 2., Na, Requirements :, Ans. Ne, Same in Experiment no. 10, Same in Experiment no. 10, M, Ans. Li-, HNO, MgSO, Sulphosalicyclic acid., EN, Ans. Un, 4., Procedure and Observation:, 5., S.No., Test, Observation, Inference, Ans. U, Sulphosalicyclic Acid Test:, Take 2 ml of urine sample in, a test-tube and add an equal, volume of 20% sulphosalicyclic, acid to it. Heat the tube gently., 1., A whitish or cloudy turbidity in, the solution appears., Indicate the presence of, albumins., 6., Ans. D, 7., Ans. K, Heller's test:, A whitish ring is formed at the, junction of Robert's solution and, urine sample., Indicate the presence of, albumin in the urine sample., Take 5 ml of Robert's solution, 8., (HNO,+MBSO,) in a test-tube., Tilt the test-tube and add urine, Ans. C, sample with the help of a, dropper on the inner side of the, test-tube so that it forms a layer, over the Robert's solution., 9., Ans. F, OR, 2 ml urine, 2 ml 30%, sulpho-salicylic, acid, Urine, White ring-, Cloudy-, turbidity, 5 ml Roberts, solution, Fig. Urine test for alburnin., Precautions: Same as in the previous experiment., BIOLOGY-11

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PAIM, To test the given sample, • Requirements:, Test tubes, test-tube stand, spirit lamp, Urine sample, Sodium hydroxide, phenol red, sodium, Procedure and Observation:, S. No., Test, 1., Sodium hypobromite test:, Take 2 ml of urine sample in a, test tube and add 5 drops of sod., hypobromite reagent to it., 2., Urease Test:, • Take 5 ml of urine sample in a test-, tube and add 4-5 drops of phenol red, • Add NaOH drop trop till the, solution becomes light pink., • Then add 1% acetic acid drop by, drop unt I th pink colour disappear., • Add a half ablet of urease, (pov dered) to the sample and, sh reit well., Precautions:, Wash the test-tubes thoroughly, before use., Use test-tube holders during, heating the test-tubes, 3. No use of outdated reagents and, chemicals., 2 r, 5 c, hy