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nt ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (SA-I: 3 MARKS), , y, SHO, , oil Discuss the various process of human development., , Or, , Discuss factors influencing development., Ans. The human development is an interplay of biological, cognitive and socio-emotional, processes., (i) Development due to genes inherited from parents. Such asheightand weight, brain,, heart and lungs development, etc. point towards the role of “biological processes”., (ii) The role of Cognitive processes in development relate to mental activities, associated with the process of knowing and experiencing, such as thought,, perception, attention, problem solving etc., (iii) Socio-emotional processes that influence development refer to changes in an, individual’sinteractions with other people, changes in emotions and in personality., , Q52. Discuss the research of Erik Erikson in the area of development., Ans. According to Erik Erikson (1968), the first year of life is the key time for the development, of attachment. It represents the stage of developing trust or mistrust., (i) Asense of trust is built ona feeling of physical comfort which builds an expectation, of the world as a secure and good place., , (ii) An infant's sense of trust is developed by responsive and sensitive parenting., , (iii) Security attached infants respond positively when picked up, move freely and, play whereas insecurely attached infants feel anxious when separated and cry due, to fear and get upset., , (iv) A close interactive relationship with warm and affectionate adults is a child’s first, step towards healthy development., , Pe 4 -t-41 ahanaoe which tala nlaca Awein~ -4-1- ra, , Scanned with CamScanner

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Q53., Ans., , Qs54., , Ans., , What psychological changes take place during adolescence?, , 1., , Around puberty adolescents show an increase in interest in members of theo, sex and in sexual matters and a new awareness of sexual feelings develops,, This increased attention to sexuality is caused by factors such as individual,, awareness of the biological changes taking place and the emphasis placeq on, sexuality by peers, parents and society., , Even then, many adolescents lack adequate knowledge or have misconceptions, about sex and sexuality., , PPOsite, , . The development of a sexual identity defines the sexual orientation and guides, , sexual behaviour., , Adolescents are preoccupied with what they are like and develop individual images, of what they look like., , How do adolescents form their own identity?, , i., , 2., , nm, , During adolescence, a detachment process enables the individual to develop a, personal set of beliefs that are uniquely her or his own., , In the process of achieving an identity the adolescent could experience conflict with, parents and within herself or himself. Those adolescents who can cope with the, conflicting identities develop a new sense of self. Adolescents who are not able to, cope with this identity crisis are confused. This “identity confusion”, according to, Erikson, can lead to individual isolating themselves from peers and family; or they, may lose their identity in the crowd., , HHS Dae ati, , Scanned with CamScanner

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Q38. What is classical conditioning? Why it is known as Pavlovian conditioning?, Ans. Classical conditioning:, , Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to associate, stimuli., , The concept was developed by Ivan Pavlov., , The main feature is that the originally neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), through, repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus (US) acquires the response, originally given to the US., , Classical conditioning gets its name from the fact that it is the kind of learning, situation that existed in the early “classical” experiment of Ivan P. Pavlov. This, famous Russian physiologist began to establish many of the basic principles of, this form of conditioning, that is why classical conditioning is also known as, , respondent conditioning or Pavlovian Conditioning., , E.g. Pavlov designed an experiment to understand this process in detail. He, , experimented on dogs., , Scanned with CamScanner

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E.g. Pavlov designed an apparatus that, could measure how ', salivated or water in response to food or other # much a dog's mouth, , hings in its envi, beginning of his experiment, Pavlov noted that no saliva Slowed when he vanes, bell., , He trained the dog by sounding the bell and short!, After the sound of the bell had been paired with f, effects of the training by measuring the amount, rang the bell and did not present the food., , He found that some saliva was produced in response to the bell alone. He than, resumed the pairing., , y afterward, presenting food., ood a few times, he tested the, of saliva that flowed when he, , Paired presentation of bell and food took place few more times and then tested, again with the bell alone., , As pairing continued the amount of saliva on tests with the bell alone increased, (up to a point)., , Thus after training, the dog’s mouth watered/salivated whenever the bell was, sounded., , This is what was learned is the conditioned response., , Scanned with CamScanner

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| (26. Differentiate between General transfer and Specific transfer of learning,, Ans. (i) General Transfer:, , e This learning predisposes one to learn another task in a better manner., , ¢ The learning of one task warms up the learner to learn the next-task more, conveniently., , © Warm-up is like limbering up the index finger and focusing the eyes on some, green object before pressing the trigger to hit the target or the cricketer walks, by jumping on one foot then on the other., , e After some time, warm-up effect disappears., , ¢ While learning a task a person not only learns the task but also develops a, mental set for learning other tasks., Specific Transfer:, (i) Whenever an organism learns something, it consists of a series of stimulusresponse associations., , (ii) Specific transfer means the effect of learning task A on the learning of task B. The, learning of A may make the learning of task B easier or more difficult or have NO, such effect., , (iii) Such transfer depend on similarity-dissimilarity between the initial learning task, and the second task., , Scanned with CamScanner