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Syllabus, , The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation, The Making of Nationalism in Lai ge}ey od, , The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848, , The Making of Germany and Uc, , Visualizing the Nation, , Nationalism and Imperialism, , , , , , Idea of the Nation :, , The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century., , It marked the downfall of feudalism and the beginning of Renaissance which literally means 'Rebirth’., , The feeling of nationalism was illustrated by a French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu. In 1848, he prepared a series, of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of Democratic and Social Republics’, as he called them., The painting depicted his dream of a world free of the absolutist institutions and the establishment of democratic, and social republics. It also illustrated the Statue of Liberty holding a torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of, the Rights of Man. = elle : i, , The concepts of liberty, equality, fraternity and nationalism dominated the social and political scene of Europe in, the 19" century., , French Revolution: Beginning and Salient Features, , hy., @ Till 1789 France was under absolute monarchy,, @ However, the French Revolution in 1789 was an influential event that marked the Bee OF eeltions in, , Europe. The major outcome of the revolution was the formation of a constitutional monarchy, thereby, a, , ion i ivileges., remarkable reduction in the royal and feudal privileg: ; Es, It paved the way for the achievement of bigger goals of national identity and national pride, which can aptly, , be called as Nationalism., The revolution transferred the sovereignty from the monarch to the people., , i i d Ie citayen (the citizen) were adopted,, The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) an t ", The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly, which was elected by the b ody Geer, , French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a ee ea, the people from their despotic rulers., , >, , >, , >, , Vv, , y

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/, The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling, The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection, of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but, also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences, , The Avistoeracy and the Hew Middle Cass 5, , In 1789, the members of this class were united by 2 {, _ common way of fe that et across regional divisions. A working i, class population and a middle class (which was composed of, , , , i, who were mostly illiterate, ei eee mat) i, Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt 7 Ff mee er, In 1830s, food shortages and The Ave of ae Revolitiot: a What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?, widespread unemployment brought the Ry he Be the Idea of the Nation Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenthpopulation of Paris out on the roads. Revolutions:1830-1848, , , , , , , , , century: Europe was closely allied to the ideology of, liberalism. Napoleonic Code reverted to the earlier, , system of limited suffrage., 1848: The Revolution of the Liberals, Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed, and starving peasants and workers in many European countries. A New Conservatism after 1815, In the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle, , class was under way. The Habsburg rulers granted, , 1n 1834, a customs union or Zollverein, More autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867., , was formed; at the initiative of Prussia and, Was joined by most of the German states. One, of the major issues taken up wes, , The Rise of, , A - 5 freedom of the press., Germany — Can the Army be the Architect ofa Nation? Nationalism in Europe, , The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated <, , the dominance of Prussian state power. Prussian measures and % The Revolutionaries, practices often became 2 model for the rest of Germany. gota tegen he:, Switzertand and Poland. Mazzini relentlessly, i peer : opposed the monarchy., Italy Unified ee, Te Makingot sualising the Nation ae!, During the middle of the nineteenth = Ge ety and Italy ., , century, Italy was divided into seven states,, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont, wes, ruled by an Italian princely house., , The female form that was chosen to personify the, , nation sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a, ~ concrete form. In Germany ‘Germania’ was chosen as an, , ;, , , , The Strange Case of Britain ;, The primary identities of the people who inhabited, the British Isles were ethnic ones — such as English, Welsh,, Scot or Irish. The Act of Union (1707) between England and, Scotland that resulted in the formation of the, ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain., , allegory and in Italy allegory of ‘Christened Marianne’, __Was chosen., , , , ec, , c "These rivalries were very cient in ir, i the Balkan problem unfolded. Each power — Russia,, 4, , , , Germany, England, Austro-Hungary — was keen on countering, the hold of other powers over ls Bes and extending, , , , , _, , , , _ > First Level, , , , »Second Level »Third Level

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE, , » Napoleon (1769-1821), , The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848), , , , , , , ee Ura), Ceres, , acre, , | |Be, , | Rise of nationalism, , Ruled France from 1799 to 1815,, , Assumed absolute power in 1799 by becoming the First Consul,, , Introduced the Civil Code in 1804 which also came to be known as the Napoleonic Code., The Code established equality before the law and abolished all privileges based on birth., It also abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom., , Transport and communication system were approved, , Taxation and censorship were imposed and military services were made mandatory. we, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Advent of Liberalism in Europe:, , During the mid-18" century, Europe was divided into several small kingdoms and principalities. The concept, of nation states did not exist at all, People from diverse ethnic groups lived in Eastern and Central Europe., The prominent empires in Europe were the autocratic Ottoman Empire that ruled over Eastern and Central, Europe, and Greece and the Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary., , Rise of Conservatism and Revolutionaries:, , The middle class believed in freedom and equality of all individuals before the law. Liberalism was used to end, aristocracy and clerical privileges. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, the European government, adopted the idea of Conservatism., , Conservatism was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions, and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change., , After 1815, several liberals began working in secret societies all over Europe to propagate their views and, train revolutionaries. Revolutionaries were seen as a threat to the restored monarchies, and hence, were, repressed., Giuseppe Mazzini, a famous Italian revolutionary was born in 1807 in Genoa. He was the part of a secret, society called Carbonari and founded two underground societies called Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young, Europe in Berne., In 1831, Mazzini was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. Mazzini believed in the unification, of the small kingdoms and principalities in Italy. These societies were joined by like-minded young men from, Poland, France, Italy and the German states., , , , National Feeling, , » Liberalism and Nationalism became associated with the revolution in many regions of BIG a, Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland Be, and Poland. Reker, , W328:, , v, , VvVYV, , The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been, restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by, liberal revolutionaries., , The Greek War of Independence was another event which mobilised nationalist feelin, ahs, among the educated elite in Europe. IF 1 Nes Revciaions, , Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, Art, poetry, stories and, , , , , , , , , , , , music helped express and shape nationalist feelings., , Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments., Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments., , Russian language was imposed everywhere., , The 1830s i, ol eee re a rs ns Ee any in Hee Besides the poor, unemployed and starving, , Ne ee ne ee err ttaaes nbn scaipa nd feched to vote faba all-German, , The issue of extending political rights to women became a controversial one., Ce reas were Whe every eas movesnani 0 god not restore the old open:, 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.

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y, Germany and etaiet hy, , , , , j I, Pern Ui cet hcol of Ita, for promoting, conservatives, jonalist sentiments were often noe Y . The unification of Italy and, ° oes gerper tne political domination over Europe:, state power ani :, Germany came about through this process., Unification of Germany (1866-1871) aah legions are es, , @ In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to oeee, peel into a nation - state under an eee ih Reiienionarchy, , © In Prussia, nation-building acts were repressed by ee ae ee. ‘and the military and were spr Eee jowners called, , © Prussia took over the leadership of the movement. ; Bc ation buitdin, , i architect in the proce: g, , . hee ccna sheet na 7 Sees GER years against the combined forces os is, , © Prussia emerged victo: mae ;, Denna and France and the process of unification of Germany was completed. i..,.., , On 18" January, 1871, the new German Empire headed by the German Emperor Kaiser im I was dec|,,, , in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. i, The unification of Germany established Prussian dominance in Europe., , , , Nation State, , , , , , , , e, , one Binpire on modernizi the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems, Unification of Italy sae eand, , © _ Italy was divided into seven states. i, , © Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house,, , © North Italy was under Austrian Habsburgs. Yee! babi, , e The centre part was under the Pope. 5, , © The southern regions were under the Bourbon Kings of Spain., , ° a coherent Programme for uniting the Italian Republic », , King Victor Emmanuel Il from Sardi:, , , , , , , for the unification of Italy., ited the Austrian forces,, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 2», , , , , , , , , , e In 1861, Victor Emmanuel was declared as the king of, Britain has a different history of ho it conso! an, British Isles was inhabited by ethan yah Wea oe, , , , , , , , it uprisings and revolutions. The, , Nation grew more in power 1%, , , , , , , , wealth, and it began ‘0 exert influence over the other nations, #5 cee ote i entre the Parliame: hed, mo. ry. , of Union > Par nt snatc! WwW, Kingdom of Great Britain’, ulted in the formation Eiike Unite?, To ensure the growth of British identity,, Ire tions Were suppressed. The 5n*, , , , , , imposed control over F ‘ural ai, English favoured the ‘ ; Broups, Catholics and Protestants, : c Inite lominance over a largely Catholic Ireland, failed Irish Tevolt. The symbols 0! x, National anthem (God Save ‘

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THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE, , , , , , , , , , @ InFrance, the idea of a people's nation was Christened Marianne. She was characterized er, by the ideas of Liberty and Republic. Bree at, @ Marianne’s fasces or a bundle of rods with an axe in the middle was used to symbolise faye, strength in unity, The red Phrygian cap signified freedom of a slave. It was also known, as the Liberty Cap. French people wore these caps a few days before the storming of the, Bastille., @ These symbols were usually popular images from everyday life that uneducated masses VWistaiatse «, could easily identify with. Nation”, , , , @ During revolutions, artists represented a nation as a person. This personification gave life, to an abstract concept like a nation., , » Nationalism and Imperialism:, , v, , v, , VOR, , VeVi V v, , & Know the Terms, , e Through the 18" and the mid 19" century, Europe was marked by a lot of chaos and turmoil. After 1871, there, was a significant change in the concept of nationalism in Europe., , e Nationalist groups in Europe had become increasingly incompatible with each other and were constantly in, conflict. The major European powers, namely Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary began taking, advantage of nationalism in Europe to materialise their aims for Imperialism., , @ The European powers sighted the much-disturbed Balkan region to fulfil their imperialist goals. The Balkan, region consisted of the following countries of our times - Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia,, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro., , , , Utopian vision: It refers to a vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist., , Absolutism: It refers to a system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised., , Plebiscite: The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change, in the constitution., , French Revolution: An uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the establishment, of France as a republic., , Nationalism: An ideology which emphasizes faithfulness, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and, holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests., , Nation-state: A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a complete, and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19" century Europe as a result of the development of, nationalism., , Modern State: A state in which sovereignty is exercised by a centralised power over a specific territory and population., Liberal Nationalism: It is a form of nationalism which means- (i) Individual freedom, (ii) Equality before law,, (iii) Government by consent, (iv) Freedom of markets, (v) Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement, of goods and capital., , Napoleonic Code: The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon, is known as the Napoleonic Code. This, Code did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to, , Property., Zollverein: A customs union formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia, It abolished tariff barriers and reduced, , the number of currencies from over thirty to two., Habsburg Empire: The empire that ruled ‘Austria-Hungary including the Alpine regions of ‘Tyrol, Austria, the, , Sudetenland and Bohemia., Ottoman Empire: A former Turkish empire ruled by the Caliph, the spiritual and temporal head of the Muslims., , Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision., , Conservatism: It is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of, culture and civilisation., , Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections., , Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself or another state., , Liberalism: The idea of liberalism stands for freedom of individual and equality of all before law., , Carbonari: A secret society of Italy consisting of young revolutionaries., , Romanticism: A cultural movement that rejected science and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The, concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared collective heritage and a common cultural past for, , arousing nationalism.