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Tate], , bebe) g |, , , , ee uel oe, , India an Agricultural Country, > Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Hence, agriculture is the primary occupa, of the people in India., » Since agriculture is an age-old economic activity in India, farming varies from subsistence to commercial type, Types of Farming System Practiced, » At present, in different parts of India, the following farming systems are practised :, @ Primitive Subsistence Farming: It is practised on small patches of land with x hel, of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, It depends upon mo: e help, fertility of the soil and availability of other environmental conditions suitabl ., grown. It is also called ‘slash and burn agriculture’. ee, , @ Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is ., population. Under this type of farming, high doses of biochemical Fai . areas of high, are used for obtaining higher production. puts and irrigation, , ® Commercial Farming: The main characteristic of this of farmi 1, inputs, e.g., high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, cee id —— of al a. am om ‘ :, obtain hi ivity. The main , secticides an, sticides in 0, ae igher productivity. nem Purpors of this type of farming is to earn aa x i pave, , amount of commercialisation of farming varies from one enen P ry selling the p Se, , conditions, irrigation facilities and other factors, to another, depending on <li™”, , , , err, , , , SEC Bro)

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Rabi crops, Sown in winter from October to December, and harvested in summer from April to June,, i.e., wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard., , Impact of Globalization on Agriculture, Under globalisation, majorly after 1990, the farmers, , in India have been exposed to new challenges and task., Export of major agriculture commodities have been liberalized., Kharif crops © Led to introduction of high-yielding varieties of crops., , Grown with the onset of monsoon, in different parts of the country and, , ‘these are harvested in September-October,, Le., paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong,, , urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. Food Crops, , Cropping Pattern, , —-__,, , Types of Farming, , Zaid crops, Grown between the rabi and the kharif seasons,, i.e., watermelon, muskmelon and cucumber., , , , , , Primitive Subsistence Farming, Practised on small patches of Land with, the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and, digging sticks, and family/community labour., Itis a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture., , Major Crops, , intensive Subsistence Farming, Labour intensive farming, where high doses of, , Rice, Kharif crop which requires high, , temperature, (above 25°C) and high humidity, , with annual rainfall above 100 cm., Grown in the plains of north, and north-eastern India, coastal, areas and the deltaic regions., , Millets, Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important, millets. Rain-fed crops mostly grown in the, moist areas which hardly need irrigation., , Maize, Kharif crop which requires temperature, between 21°C to 27°C and grows well in old, alluvial soil. Use of modem inputs such as, HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have, Contributed to the increasing production., , Wheat, Rabi crop requires a caol growing, Season and 3 bright sunshine at, the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm, of annual rainfall evenly distributed over, the growing season. Wheat-producing statesare, , Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,, Rajasthanand parts of Madhya Pradesh., , Pulses, Major pulses that are grown in, India are tur (arhar), urad,, moong, masur, peas and gram., , Sugarcane, Grows well in hot and humid climate, with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an, annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm,, needs manual Labour from sowing to harvesting., , Oil Seeds, Main oil seeds produced in India are groundnut,, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), ssyabean, castor seeds,, , = ame i catton seeds, linseed and sunflower., biochemical inputs and irrigation are used, for obtaining higher production. : lee Catfee, i Tea weil in tropical and Arabica variety is, Commercial Farming Beverage Crops = tek mse wt, Use of higher doses of modem inputs, Horticulture Crops eee ae eet east, €.8, high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, Horticulture is the science and art of 5 ee ee rege | tanneeiis, Se eee ay ee bewiad pants (ruke, vei, Sees aed require warm and moist fresttree the Nlgir in Karnataka,, in order ta obtain higher productivity. Pl any other cultivar). India is the Largest producer of Sana an te eae er cae, is also a type of commercial farming, fruits and vegetables in the world. Non-Food Crops, India is a producer of tropical as well, as temperate fruits., Technological and Institutional Reforms, indari, Ruaber, ctivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. Jute Cotten ;, pont given priority after Independence. Provision for crop insurance against drought, Grows well on well-drained fertile soils pmees a Gr = ee Le ee, flood, cyctone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies in the flood plains a soils < i b ‘ shite eatiak rece Rane acl bool at, and banks for providing loan facilities, renewed every year, West Bengal, Bihar, Decca u, requi ne et ao trol a oars on 20 Ga, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the light rainfal or irrigation, 210) aad eaperaire above 25°C, major producers, Jute is considered and bright sun-shine., as fibre crop. Cotton is considered as fibre crop., > Third Level, , > First Level *» Second Level, -——

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‘Types of Farming, , , , Y, , Commerical Forming, , rc, , Primitive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence, (Slash and burn Agriculture), i doses of, Fertilisers or other : High ae me ts ie ses like, modern inputs not used ioe HYV seeds, chemical, and ee fetilisers, etc. used., Cropping Seasons in India: omg, ntinues until the beginning of summer (October, , (i) Rabi season: It starts with the beginning of winter and co E, December to April-June). The none include wheat, barley, gram and gt ere, either with rainwater that has percolated into the ground or using irrigation. These crops main, in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, U , etc. wi J, , (ii) Kharif season: It starts with the onset of the monsoon and continues until the beginning of winter, July to September-October). The kharif crops include rice, maize, millets, cotton, jute, groundnut, n, urad, etc. Unlike Rabi crops, Kharif crops require good rainfall. The output of these crops depends upor, time and amount of rainwater. These crops are mainly grown in Assam, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tan, Nadu, coastal regions of Odisha, Kerala and Maharashtra., , , , , , , , , , (iii) Zaid season: This is a short crop season in between the rabi and the kharif season. Crops like watermelor, , muskmelon, cucumber, some vegetables and fodder crops are the major crops of this season., , Major Crops, Pulses and Millets grown in India:, , >, >, >, , , , , Major crops grown in India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton, and jute, Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, peas and gram., Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India. Though these are known as coarse grains, the, very high nutritional value. For example, ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and rougha, Oil Seeds : India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world. Main oil seeds produced in India are ground, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. ‘, Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums., Horticulture and Sericulture: Horticulture is the science and art of growin, its, vi, and any other cultivar). India is the largest producer of fruits and meets Sa Begciables, : z, , ical ae well as temperate Frail! e world. India is a producer ot, India produces about 13 % of the world’: i i, , : iy basi bee e 8 vegetables. It is an important producer of peas, cauliflower, oni, , The non-food crops grown in India are rubber; fibre j, jute i ecw aa the okies be. Dele whe Glee ee eabural il, etc., , 1 golden fibre. toits high cost, it is losing market to ‘, particularly the nylon. synthetic fibres and packing materials, Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silk worms to produce silk., , , , , , , Technological and Institutional Reforms, , , , Changing the Face of Indian Agriculture, , >, , >, , >, , Agriculture, provides livelihood for more than 60% of, Population, needs, reforms. Some serious technical and institutio™, , Collectivisation, consolidation of holding, cooperation bol, bring about institutional reforms in the country after indepen i tion, , Speci id agri, pecial weather bulletins and agricultural programmes ore, , of zamindari, ete, were given priority, Bs Were introduced on the radio #4, , Introduction of Various Policies and Reforms, , », , >, >, , India’s food security policy has a primary objective, , at an affordable et es enabled the poor phar availability of food gra, The Green Revolution promised improvement in the condi eeat food, ~ 8rains to the common peor, In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development 4, institutional and technical reforms. Prog, , , , , , , ‘Small farmers., initiated, which included b°""

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» Provision for crop insurance agains, panks, cooperative societies inal ae flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of the Grameen |, some important steps in this direction for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were, , > Kisan Credit Card (KCC) and Person, m1 7 =, by the Government of India for the tos ee eae Scheme (PAIS) are the two other schemes introduced, , Government of Indi 3, z BE Ap kkisl Roa joan efforts to modernise agriculture by establishing the Indian Council, horticulture development, ica universities, veterinary services oe mine breeding ees, problems Faced by the Farmers elopment in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc, Today, Indian fa: ees, The ug wth Su ss facing a big challenge from international competition., gro in agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation., Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leadi i ., = I RR ie leading to an increase in the cost of production., mae luties on agricultural products has proved detrimental to agriculture in the country., oo . are withdrawing ew investment from agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture., a ler to ensure the availability of food to all sections of society, our government carefully designed a national, security system. It Consists of two components—(a) buffer stock and (b) public distribution system (PDS)., The a procures oo eens from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price (MSP)., > India’s food security Policy has a primary objective to ensure availability of food grains to the common, people at an affordable price. It has enabled the poor to have access to the food., , » The high MSP, subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have distorted the cropping pattern. Wheat and, paddy crops are being grown more for the MSP they get. Punjab and Haryana are the foremost examples. This, has also created a serious imbalance in inter-crop parities., , > There has been a gradual shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oilseeds and, industrial crops., , Impact of Globalization on Agriculture, , > Globalisation has exposed the Indian farmers to new challenges., , > Globalisation is an old phenomenon., , > Itstarted at the time of colonisation., , > Inthe nineteenth century when European traders came to India, during that time as well the Indian spices were, , exported to different countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged and enhanced to grow, , these crops., , Till today it is one of the major items of export from India., , Under globalisation, mostly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges and task., , > Despite being an important and major producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices, our agricultural, products are not able to compete with the developed countries due to the highly subsidised agriculture in other, foreign countries., , > Genetic engineering is recognized as a powerful supplement in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds., , > Today organic farming is much in vogue because it is practiced without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers, , and, , 3 Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase, and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously., , Vv¥V¥VYYVY¥, , v, , VAN

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Vv, , Jhumming: Jnumming or Jhum cultivation, also knownas the "slash and burn agriculture", is the type of farming, wherein a patch of land is first prepared for cultivation by clearing the land of trees and vegetation and burning, them thereafter., , Millets: Millets are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal, crops Or coarse grains. Jowar, bajra and ragi are called millets., , Crop Rotation: Crop rotation is the planned cultivation of different types of crops on the same piece of land in a, precise sequential order that matches the sequence of seasons., , Irrigation: Irrigation means the action of applying water to land to supply crops and other plants with necessary, water. Irrigation in India includes a network of major and minor canals from Indian rivers, groundwater wellbased systems, tanks and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities., , ICAR: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research is an autonomous body responsible for coordinating, agricultural education and research in India., , Organic Farming: Organic farming is the type of farming which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically, compounded fertilisers, pesticides, growth regulators, genetically modified organisms and livestock food, additives., , Minimum Support Price (MSP): Minimum Support Price is the minimum guaranteed price of a crop, fixed and, announced by the government before the start of a cropping season., , Kisan Credit Card (KCC): A Kisan Credit Card (KCC) is a credit delivery mechanism that is aimed at enabling, farmers to have quick and timely access to affordable credit.