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India - Relief Features, One mark Questions (1 mark), 1., Which longitude is the standard meridian for India?, A) 82 1/2 East longitude, 2., What is the time difference between Indian standard time and greenwich standard time?, A) 5 1/2 hours ahead of GMT, 3., India- Latitudes and longitudes, 8’4- 37.6 North Latitudes, 68.7- 97.25 East longitudes, 4., Which part of the land form Indian peninsula was originated?, A) Gondwana, 5., Land forms - (2 continents), , Angara (Laurasia), North America, Europe, Asia, , 6., , Gondwana, India, Africa, Australia, South America, Antarctica, What are the relief division of the India?, Relief features of India, , 1.Himalayas, , 7., , 2.The Indo 3.The Peninsular 4. The Coastal The desert, Gangetic Plain Plateau, Plains, , 6.The, Islands, , Himalayan Ranges, , Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas, Shivaliks, 8., What is meant by dun?, The valleys lying between the lesser Himalayas and Shivalik ranges are called as duns., Ex: Dehradun, Kotidun and Patlidun, 9., Which mountains are Eastern boundaries to India?, A) Purvachal mountains, 10., What are called the central high lands?, A) Malwa plateau, 11., Which is the highest peak in Nilgiri mountains?, A) Doda betta (2637m), 12., Mountains, Highest peaks, A) Nilgiri mountains Doda betta (2637m), Himalayas Everest (8848m), Anaimalaih hills, Anaimudi (2695m), Eastern ghats, Aroya Konda (1680m), 13), Which longest canal in India?, A) Indira Gandhi canal (650 Km, Rajasthan), 3

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14), , 15), , What are the different names to coastal plains?, A), Coastal plains, , Western Coastal Plains, 1) Maharashtra, Goa- Konkan coast2) Karnataka- Canara, 3) Kerala- Malabar Coast, 4) Gujarat- Kathiyavar coast, What are the islands in India, , Eastern Coastal plains, 1) AP- Sircar coast, 2) Odisha- Utkal coast, 3) Tamilnadu- Coramandal coast, 4) West bengal- Vanga coast, Islands, , Andaman and Nicobar islands, (Bay of Bengal), Narkondam, Barren islands are volcanoes are origin, Submerged in the 2004 Tsunami, , 1), A), , 2), , 3), , Lakshadweep islands, Arabian sea, Geographic ares3289 (m), Coral origin, , 2 Marks questions, Plateau regions in India donot support agriculture as means of the plain regions. What are the, reasons for this?, (Asst. Understanding), 1) Plateau regions in India, do not support agriculture as much as the plain regions., 2) Plain regions have perennial rivers. Plateau (Ex: Ganga, Yamuna, Sindhu) Plateau region does not, have any perennial river. Ex: Godavari, Krishna, Penna etc., 3) Plateaus are formed by volcanoes., Ex: Deccan plateau., Plain regions are formed by Alluvial soil which carried by rivers., Ex: The Indio-Gangetic plain, 4) Plateau regions is rich in mineral resources whereas plains are rich in agricultural practice., Describe the climate of the Thar desert?, A)1) It has an arid climate with very low vegetation cover, 2) The desert consists of an undulating sandy plain and rocky outcrops, 3) It has high temperature, 4) Streams appear during rainy season and disappear soon after., 5) ‘Luni’ is the only river in this area., 6) Those internal drainage rivers fill into the lakes and don’t reach the sea., Observe the map of India and answer the following questions., , 4

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6), , 7), , 8), , 1., , The Indian states through which the tropic of cancer passes?, A) 8 States, 1) Gujarath, 2) Rajasthan, 3) Madhya pradesh, 4) Chattis Ghad, 5) Jharkhand, 6) West bengal, 7) Tripura, 8) Mizoram, Long distance- Madhya pradesh, Short distance- Rajasthan, “Saudi Arabia is the biggest peninsula in the world”. Second biggest peninsula is the India., Why do we often use the term “Indian peninsula” (understanding), A) The peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides, but connected torrain, land. Ex: India., India, East- Bay of bengal, (consists), West- Arabian sea, South- Indian ocean, North- Himalayan mountains, How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different?, Western coastal plains, Eastern coastal plains, 1. Starts from the Rann of Kutch, 1.Starts from Haldiya (W.B and ends at, and ends at Kanya kumari, Kanyakumari, 2. It is narrower, 2.Eastern coastal plains are, comparatively wider, 3.The plain is uneven and broken, 3.Plains are very fertile, by hilly terrain, 4.Receive heavy rainfall, 4. Receive lesser rainfall, Ex: Konkan, Malabar, Canara plains, Ex: Coramandal, Utkal, Srikar, Coastal plains., 4 Mark Questions, Read the table given below and answer the following questions (information skills), S.No, Sindhu plains, , Gangetic plains, , Rivers, , Region, , Sindhu, Jhelum,, Ravi, beas, Sutlez,, Chenab, , Punjab, Haryana, , Ganga, Yamuna,, Sonu, Kosi, , Uttarapradesh, Bihar,, Haryana, 6, , Details, In this region the “Doab dominates, the fertile land between the two, rivers, It extends from the rivers, Ghaggar to Teestha

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Brahmaputra plains, , Brahmaputra, , Assam, , The eastern part of India, , A) How does Sindhu plains are formed?, a) Sindhu (Indus) and it tributaries, B) Which part of the India are Brahmaputra plains formed?, a) Gangetic plains, C) Which plains in Uttarpradesh?, a) Gangetic plains, D) What do you call the fertile land between two rivers?, a) Doab, Read the following given table and answer the following questions (Information skills), , 2., S.No, 1., , Rivers, , Details, , The central highlands, , It extends south of the Gangetic plains and, north of the river Narmada, The central highlands, Malwa plateau, , 2., , Deccan plateau, , Chota Nagpur, Plateau, , It is lying to the south of Narmada triangular, landmass, Deccan Plateu- two parts, Western Ghats, high peakAnnaimudhi, 2,695m, , Eastern Ghats, Aroya Konda, , A) Which lands extended to south of the Gangetic plains and north of river Narmada?, a) The coastal high lands, B) Which is the highest peak in Western ghats?, a) Anaimudhi (2,695m), C) What is the shape of Deccan plateau?, a) Triangular shape, D) Which plateau is extended in western side of India?, a) Malwa plateau, 3. If the Himalayas would have not been in its present position how would be the climate conditions of the, Indian sub continent? (As4. reflection contemporary issues and questioning), A), 1) The formation of the Himalayas influence the climate in various ways., 2) These act as barriers protecting cold winds of central Asia during severe winter., 7

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3) The Himalayas are reason for summer, rains and mansoon type of climate., 4) It is absence this region would have remained drier, 5) No perennial rivers, 6) India changed into tropical desert (Like Thar desert), 7) No fertile plains, 4) What is the influence of the Himalayas on Indian agriculture? (As6- Appreciation and sensitivity), A), 1) The Himalayan rivers are deposited in the northern plain in the form of fertile soil, 2) It makes the plain one of the most fertile lands in the world, 3) The Himalayas are reason for summer rains and monsoon type climate., 4) The Himalayas act as a huge reservoir of water for the north indian rivers, 5) The Himalayan ranges keep the country warns by obstructing the northern winds. This helps Indian, agriculture to cultivate many variety of crops., 5) Mark the following places on the given Indian out-lined map (Map skills), , A) 1. Chotanagpur plateau, 2. Lakshadweep islands, 3. Thar desert, 4. Kanchan ganga, 5. Western ghats, B) 1. Anaimudi, 2. Tropic of cancer passes/ region, 3. Malwa plateau, 4. Andaman Nicobar islands, 5. Vindhya mountains, C) 1. Karakorram ranges, 2. Aravali mountains, 3. Eastern ghats, 8

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4. Narmada river, 5. New delhi, D) 1. Ajmer, 2. Satpura mountains, 3. Ahmedabad, 4. Imphal, 5. Indira point, E) 1) 821/2 Eastern longitude, 2) Simla, 3) Dehradun, 4) Pak strait, 5) Chennai, FILL IN THE BLANKS, 1. Gangetic plain is extended between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers, 2. 821/2 East longitude is the Indian standard longitude., 3. Indira Gandhi canal is the longest canal in India, 4. Ending place in south India Indira Point, 5. The difference between GMT and IST is ahead of 51/2 hours, 6. Length of the Himalayas 2400 km, 7. Himalayas are formed 20 crores of years ago, 8. Pirpanjal and Mahabharata ranges are in the Lesser Himalayas past of the Himalayan ranges., 9. Lesser Himalayas ranges are famous for evergreen forests, 10. Mawkdok dympep valley is Meghalaya in the state., 11. Highest peak in south India Anaimudi (2625m), 12. Geographic area of Lakshadweep islands 32 sq. kms., 13. Indian standard longitude passes through Allahabad city., 14. Expand IST Indian standard time, 15. Expand GMT Greenwich mean time, 16. Length of Indira Gandhi canal 650 km, 17. The islands formed with coral origin Lakshadweep, 18. The fertile land between two rivers is called Doab, 19. Narkandam and barren islands are formed due to volcanic origin, , 1. Mawkdok dympep valley, 2. Angare, 3. Simla, 4. Terrace farming, 5. Purvanchal ranges, , Matching, (C), (E), (D), (A), (B), ( ), 9, , A) Himalayas, B) North East, C) Meghalaya, D) Lesser Himalayas, E) Laurasia, F) Great Himalayas

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VI., A, 1) Dodda betta (2637m), 2) Aroya konda, 3) Anaimudi, 4) Everest, 5) Kanchan ganga, , (B), (D), (E), (C), (A), ( ), ( ), ( ), , B, A) Sikkim, B) Nilgiri mountains, C) Himalaya ranges, D) Eastern ghats, E) Annamalai hills, F) Pallani hills, G) Aravali mountains, H) Uttarakhand, , IDEAS OF DEVELOPMENT, I. Objective type questions:, 1. According to the evaluation of man, the industrialisation began during period______ (1600A.D/400, years ago., 2. Recently, the government of India established a nuclear power plant in Tamilnadu, is at _______, (Kudankulam in Tirunelveli district)., 3. The main objective of Kudankulam nuclear power plant in Tamilnadu is __________ (to meet the continuous increasing of electricity consumption), 4. The people of Kudankulam village have protested against the nuclear power plant on the grounds of, _________, _________ and _________ (Safety, security and livelihood), 5. Providing the needs and fulfilling the aspirations of the people is known as _____ (Development), 6. Development is a _______ concept. (complexive), 7. Everyone should not have same concept on ___________ (Development), 8. Different persons can have different _________ (Development goals), 9. All the people desire for _________ (Continuous and more income), 10. The main parametre for comparing the development of different countries is ______ (Average income), 11. National income indicates countries _______ (Total income), 12. To estimate the conditions of the people _______ is used as the parametre ______ (Average income/, perception income), 13. Total income of the divided by total population gives us ________ (per capita income), 14. Countries with high per capita income which equal or above the US $ 12,600 are known as _______, (high income countries or developed countries), 15. Peoples considered that development is a ________ competitive phenomena., 16. Countries with per capita Income of US $ 1,035 or below (low income countries or underdeveloped, countries., IDEAS OF DEVELOPMENT, 1 MARK QUESTION, 1. What are the basic needs of human life?, For every human being, they needs food, shelter, cloth alongwith freedom, equality, security and respect, of others are the important aspects for basic needs of human life., 2. What is development?, 11

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Development refers to the process as a result of which along with increase in the real percapita income,, there is a reduction inequality, poverty, illiteracy and disease. In otherword, there is improvement in the, economic welfare of the people and their standard of living rises., 3. What is the concept of development?, Development concept involves thinking about requirement of essential things, better life for all, peace and, more equality in distribution of income and wealth., 4. What is meant by per capita income?, Per capita income is the average income of the people of a country in a definite period., Total income =, National income, Population, 5. What is meant by literacy rate?, This measures proportion of literate population in the seven and above age group., 6. What is meant by infant mortality rate?, It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live, children born in that particular year., 7. What is meant by net attendance rate?, It is the total number of children of the ae group 6-10 attending school as percentage of total number of, children in the same age group., 8. Expand I.M.R?, Infant Mortality Rate, 9. What criterion has world bank taken for measuring the countries, The world bank has taken per capita income of U.S. Dollar 12,600 and above per annum in 2012 are, called high income countries or rich countries., Two marks questions, 1. What should be the developmental goal for this country?, 1. Development is mix of goals., 2. The developmental goal for this country is to generate more power to meet the needs., 3. Nuclear power generation is the goal for the country., 4. The government should address the safety, security, freedom and livelihood of the forest dwellers and, the local people., 2. Who do different person have different notions of development? Which of the explanations is more, important and why?, 1. People have different nations of development as per their aspirations and needs., 2. In the context of nation, they all have same nation., 3. People expects as much freedom and opportunity., 4. The government should think about the alternatives (or) provide sufficient compensation to satisfy the, victims., 3. What main criterion is used by the world bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations, of the above criterion, if any?, 1. The world bank uses the per capita income as the main criterion in classifying different countries, 2. There are other criterions to be considered by classifying the countries, 3. Infant mortality rate, literacy rate, standard of living, purchasing capacity of the people, life expectancy, and employment rate are the other criterions., 12

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5., , 6., , 4. Thus for a decade or so, only the per capita income is not the criterion but it includes of other factors, like education, treatment, health facilities, house construction works are the main criterions of the people., Explain the world bank law in 2012 by the division of a country?, 1. According to the world development report brought only by the world bank to classify countries, 2. Countries with per capita income of US $12,600 and above per annum in 2012 are called high income, countries (or) rich countries., 3. Those with per capita income of US $ 1,035 or less per annum in 2012 are called low income, countries., 4. Until less than a decade ago, India came in the category of low income countries., 5. As per capita income of 1035 to 12,600 America had increased its income and became one of the rich, country., Explain the table given below?, States, , Tamilnadu, , Andhra Pradesh, , West bengal, , Assam, , 2009-10, , 53, , 53, , 11, , 6, , 1. People from Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh are better off because given the limited income, their, essential all needs- food materials are available from PDS at affordable price., 2. In the case of West Bengal and Assam, they have to buy more rice from open market and we know, that they have to pay a very high price for rice. This also means food grains take up a large share of, people income/ expenditure in west bengal., 7., , What are the accepts that promote the education system in Himachal?, The accepts that promote the education system in Himachal, 1. The government started school and made sure the education was largely free of costs very little for, parents., 2. The government school had at least the minimum facilities of teachers, classrooms, toilets, drinking, water e.t.c. As the years went by these facilities were improved and explained., 3. More shools were opened and teachers were appointed so, that many more children could study, easily., 4. In year 2005, the average spending on education by the government in India. States was Rs.1,049 per, child. Himachal pradesh was spending Rs.2,005 per child., 5. Himachal pradesh is the lower gender bias Himachal parents have ambitious education goals for their, girls first as for their boys., 6. One major consideration is that many Himachal womans are themselves employed outside the home., Woman who work outside the homes are economically independent and self confident., , 8., , Why do we use averages? are there any limitations in their use? Illeterate with your own examples?, 1.Estimated by individual development of the given population is known as average., 2. Normally averages are used to estimate exam result in different places. Profit is factors they are used., 3. We compare the average income, which is total income of the country divided by total population., 13

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9., , 9., , 4. By comparing the averages total income will not tell us what an average of a person is likely to earn., 5. For example:- A century ago, the India is also one of the average countries list. Later the income of the, country is increased very fastly., By comparing the average results different places of development can be estimated, Discuss the importance of the educational Act for (i) children and (ii) Human development., 1. In 2009, they introduced a new education policy by seeing the results of the children., 2. Importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 to 14 age groups., 3. This system came intoforce on 1st April 2010., 4. At the age of 14 years, the children did not sent to work. At the certain age they want to study certain, class for educational development., 5. They did not have any restrictions to join the children in the schools, 6. School plays a main role to see the skill in the children, 7. No children has to be punished either physically (or) mentally and without any seeing any sex., 8. Education is the key component of human development. It is als a great liberating force., Explain different developmental goals and people conflict developmental goals?, 1. People have different developmental goals and people have conflicting developmental goals., 2. People donot have conflict developmental goals but they think about the immediate burden or problem., 3. The government wants to construct dams and project for the development of the people who lose their, land in submerging. Will not accept to it., 4. This does not mean that they are against to the development., 5. The government should think about the alternative (r) provide sufficient compensation to satisfy the, victims., 4 MARKS QUESTIONS, , 1., , Explain the important concepts of human development?, The main concept for the human development:, 1. Increasing of per capita income, 2. Better standard of living, 3. Development of literacy rate, 4. Providing of good education, nutrition, health facilities., 5. Employment opportunities, 6. Sanitation facilities, 7. Stable and price levels are maintained, 8. Public distribution system, 9. Providing of social status., Still many concepts like liberation, equality, security and respect from the others. Social concepts also, one of the developing factors., , 2., , Why do you think parents accord less priority to girls education as compared to boys? discuss in class?, 1. Parents give less priority to girls education compared to boys., 14

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3., , 2. The main reason behind this is gender bias., 3. Parents believe that boys are their heir and spreads their clan, 4. As marriage institution provides for the girls to live with husband and family her parents take less care, about her education., 5.Well educated girl needed to be married off to still better educated suitor, an expensive affair., 6. Girls are engaged in taking care of their siblings which obstructs their educational chance., 7. In rural areas girls are married off at early ages, which prevents their education., As a result parents giving less priority to girls education than boys education., What is the relationship between woman’s work outside their homes and gender bias?, 1. The nature of works that the women are assigned are generally with a special considerable regarding, their physical strength., 2. They won’t be assigned with such works, when they need to use extreme physical strength., 3. All the decisions are depend on the females of the family., 4. Before the rise of large scale industrialisation, home and work place were one and the same., 5. But now the disparity between men and women in the workplaces is a common issue., 6. There is a general perception that women are less capable than men in matters of business and decision making., 7. Career goals of women are considered less important compared to male counter parts., 8. The disparity is also seen in the wages and salaries also., 9. Thus the relationship is negative., , 4. Based on the table, fill the following, Table: Progress of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, 2006, 1993, , India, 1993, , 2006, , Percentage of girls (6+years) with more than, 5 years of education, , 39, , 60, , 28, , 40, , Percentage of boys (6+ years) with more, than 5 years of education, , 57, , 75, , 51, , 57, , 1. Out of every 100 girls above 6 years of ge 39 girls had studied beyond the primary level in Himachal, Pradesh in the year 1993., 2. By the year 2006, this proportion reached 60 out of 100., 3. For India as whole, the proportion of boys who had studied beyond primary level was only 57 out of, 100 in year 2006., 4. When compared to India’s average, the Himachal pradesh girls getting 20 percent more study., , 15

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Lesson No 3, Production and employment, I. Fill in the blanks:, 1. Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production., 2. Workers in the service sector do not produce goods., 3. Most of the workers in the organised sector enjoys job security, 4. A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector., 5. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process is the activity in primary sector., 6. G.D.P. is the total value of all final goods and services produced during a particular year., 7. In terms of G.D.P. the share of service sector in 2009-10 was between 50 to 60%, 8. All economic activities are divided into three sectors., 9. Expand G.D.P. Gross domestic product., 10. The sum of production in the three sectors gives what is called gross domestic product., 11. The activities like trade and business come under service sector., 12. Forests and mining come under primary sector., 13. The agriculture sector continues to be the largest employer even now., 14. A courier boy belongs to service sector., 15. Tyres are intermediate goods., 16. In our country 8 percent of workers find work in organised sector., 17. In our country 92 percent of workers find work in unorganised sector., 18. Generating more jobs in the oranised sector is the indication of development., 19. According to 2011 census of India, out of 1.2 billion persons 460 million people are engaged in production activity., 20. During the 37 year period, the output share of agriculture sectr has fallen drastically., 21. The under employment which is hidden and not visible as unemplyment is called disguised unemployment., 22. If the disguised unemployed are pulled out of employment, it will not affect the level of output., 23. In the past 50 years, there has been a further shift from industry to service sector for developed countries., 24. Compared to males, female workers are getting employment in secondary sector and service sectors, only to a small extent., 25. The employment oppurtunities in the organised sector have been expanding very slowly., 26. The share of organised sector in G.D.P. is 50%, 27. The share of unorganised sector in G.D.P is 50%, 28. Nearly 80% of rural households in India are in small and marginal farmer category., 29. Even today the unpaid work is done mostly by women., , 16

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One Mark Questions, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., 7., , 8., 9., , 10., , 11., , 12., , 13., , Define G.D.P, G.D.P: Gross domestic product., G.D.P. is the value of final goods and services produced within a country during a year., What is primary sector?, Primary sector is the sector which involves agricultural activities and related activities like mining, poultry, etc., What is secondary sector?, Secondary sector is the sector which is engaged in manufacturing of goods from raw material provided, by the primary sector., Which sector is called organised sector?, The sector which covers those enterprises where the terms of employment are regular and they have, assured work is called organised sector., What is meant by unorganised sector?, Unorganised sector refers to house hold based manufacturing activity, small scale and tiny sectors which, donot follow a defined pattern of production and employment., Ex: Khadi, Beedi and agarbathi making etc., What is a financial year?, The twelve (12) months of period from April 1st to March 31 is called financial year., What do services comprise of?, Services are seen to comprise of three types., They are: 1. Community, social and personal service, 2. Finance, insurance and real estates, 3. Trade, hotels, transport and communications, The sum of which three sectors is G.D.P?, G.D.P. is made up of production from three sectors Agriculture, Industry and services., What is service sector?, Service sector is also known as tertiary sector. This sector generates occupations in such services like, banking, commerce, communications, computers and other professiions inside as well as out side the, government., What is meant by disguised unemployment?, This is a type of underemployment where an employee is forced to work less than his potential. This kind, of underemployment is hidden and can be noticed in the agricultural units., The unorganised productivity of the disguised unemployed is zero., What is under employment?, Under employment is that situation where a person (employee) doesn’t get sufficient income for his, work, and the employee is forced to work less than his potential, What is meant by final goods and services?, The goods and services which are meant either for consumption by consumers or for investment by firms, or organisations, ex: pen, car, etc., What are intermediate goods? give examples, 17

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14., , 15., , 16., 17., , Intermediate goods are those goods which are used in producing final goods and services., ex: petroleum, tyres & plastic., Which laws do organised sectors follow?, Organised sectors follow the rules & regulations of various laws such as:, 1. Factories act, 2. Minimum wages act, 3. Shops and establishments act etc., “Workers in the organised sector enjoy somany benefits” Name any four., 1. Job security & attractive salary, 2. A fixed number of working hours, 3. They get paid leave and payment during holidays., 4. Various types of leaves and provident fund facility etc., Name the natural resources used in production, 1. Land, 2. Water, 3. Minerals, 4. Forest wealth., What is unemployment?, Unemployment refers to a situation where the individuals are prepared to undertake jobs at the prevailing, wage rate but do not find jobs., , 18

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TWO MARKS QUESTIONS, 1. Find the odd one out and say why, A. Teacher, Doctor, Vegetable vendor, Lawyer., B. Postman, Cobbler, Soldier, Police constable., Ans: A. Vegetable vendor - since only this person directly helps in the production of goods., B. Cobbler- Because only cobbler falls in private sector., 2. The following table shows the percentage of workers employed in different sectors in India in 1972-73, and in 2009-2010. i.e. after 37 years., Year, 1972-73, 2009-10, , Agriculture, , Industries, , Services, , 74%, 53%, , 11%, 22%, , 15%, 25%, , What are the major changes that you observe from the above table?, Ans: There is a great shift from the agricultural sector to industrial and service sector i.e:1. Employment in the agricultural sector is reduced to 21%, 2. Employment in the secondary sector is increased to 11%, 3. Employment in the service sector is increased to 10%, 3. How many types of occupations are there in economy? What are they? give examples, Ans: There are three types of occupations. They are, 1.Primary sector, Ex: Agriculture, fishing, mining & plantations, 2. Secondary sector, Ex: Consists of all types of industries, 3. Service sector, Ex: Banking, trade & commerce and communications., 4. Name the types of services with examples., Ans: Services comprise of:, 1. Community, social and personal services, Ex: Public administration, defence, education, health, media, library etc., 2. Finance, insurance and real estate, Ex: Banks, post offices, life insurance and real estate etc., 3. Trade, hotels, transport and commnication., Ex: Railways, sea ports, TV, Internet, cell phone etc., 5. Suggest any two measures to create more employment in rural India?, Ans: 1. Irrigation facilities should be improved, 2. Roads should be constructed., 3. More education and health facilities should be provided., 4. Agro based industries should be encouraged., 6. Arrange the following occupations into primary, secondary and service sectors, Ans: 1.Flower cultivation, 2.Astronaut, 19

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3.Worker in a match factory, 4. Milk vendor, Ans:, Occupation, , S.No, , 1. Flower cultivator, 2. Astronaut, 3. Worker in a, Match factory, 4. Milk vendor, , Occupational structure, Primary sector, Service sector, Secondary sector, Primary sector, , 7. Describe the problems faced by workers in the unorganised sector, Ans: 1. This sector follows no government rules and regulations, 2. There is no regular employment, 3. They have no job security, 4. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave, due to sickness to these workers, 5. They get very less salaries which are not sufficient even to meet their basic needs, 6. Besides getting the irregular and low paid work these workers also face social discrimination, , 1972-73, , Four Marks Questions, Sectoral shares of employment 2009-10, 2009-10, , Services, 15%, Industries, 11%, , Services, 25%, , Industries, 22%, , Agriculture, 74%, , 1972-73, , Services, 35%, , Agriculture, 53%, , Shares of three sectors in GDP 2009-10, 2009-10, , Agriculture, 17%, Agriculture, 42%, , Services, 57%, , Industries, 22%, 20, , Industries, 26%

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9., , Have you observed the above ‘pie’ charts?, Then fill the following table, Sectors, , Employment %, 2009-10, 1972-73, , G.D.P%, , Employment %, 2009-10, 1972-73, , G.D.P%, , Agriculture, Industries, Services, Ans:, Sectors, Agriculture, Industries, Services, , 74%, 11%, 15%, , 53%, 22%, 25%, , 42%, 22%, 35%, , 17%, 26%, 57%, , 2. The following table shows the distribution of workers in India by industry 2009-10, Sectors, Agriculture, Industries, Services, sector, Total, , Place of residence, Urban, Rural, , All workers, , Sex, Male, , Female, , 68, 17, , 8, 34, , 47, 34, , 69, 16, , 53, 22, , 15, , 58, , 19, , 15, , 25, , 100, , 100, , 100, , 100, , 100, , Q. Read the above table and fill in the blanks., 1. Majority workers in Agriculture are living in ___________, 2. Most __________ workers are employed in agriculture sector. Only a small section of ______ is in, industrial sector., 3. More than 90% of urban workers are getting employment in _________ and ________ sectors., 4. Compared to male, female workers are getting employment in _______ and ________ sectors only, to a small extent., Ans: 1. Rural areas, 2. Female 22%, 3. Industrial service, 4. Industrial, agricultural, 3. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues wages, safety and health., Explain with examples., Ans: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues., 1. In the construction sector, labourers are employed on a daily basis. Hence they have no job security., 2. Hence wages too differ from time to time. Consequently the government has set up a minimum wages, act to protect such workers from exploitation., 3. The same problem exists for miners working in private mining companies. Their safety is secondary to, the company’s profit., 4. As a result many miners suffer grievous injuries due to inadequate safety gear and norms., 21

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4., Ans:, , 5. Governmnet at most nations have now laid down strict rules for private enterprises to ensure worker’s, safety., 6. Most companies in the unorganised sector do not provide health insurance to their employees., 7. Some of those might be involved in dangerous factory production that may harm worker’s health in the, long term. Those workers need to be protected against the tyranny of the employer, and it is have that the, government steps in., Distinguish between organised sector and unorganised sectors., Organised sector, , Un organised sector, , 1. Those sectors follow the rules and regulations of, government acts like factories act and minimum, wages act., 2. The terms of employment are regular, 3. Working hours are fixed, 4. People get monthly regular salaries., 5. People get paid leave benefits, pensions, gratuity, etc., , 1. These sectors donot follow any rules are regulations., 2. They are often not regular, 3. Working hours are not fixed, 4. People get daily wages, 5. No provision for any such benefits., , 5. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and territory is useful? Explain, how., Ans: To understand the behaviour of of the different economic activities, and how they impact and in turn are, impacted by the total economy, it is useful to qualify. Then in larger group of economic activities. One, such a way of grouping economic activities is to classify them into primary, secondary and territory, activities., 1. Primary economic activities include activities such as farming, forestry, fishing and mining. They also, include the packaging and processing of the extracted materials., 2. Secondary economic activities include all industries manufacturing finished goods. This group consists, of many broad industrial sectors such as automobile, chemicals, textiles, engineering equipment and, construction., 3. Teritory activities also called service sector provides services to the consumers as well as to other, producers. This includes services such as distribution, retail, communications, transport and hotels., Division of all economic activities in these three groups enables us to study and understand many, important characteristics of economic behaviour and to understand the nature and state of an economy., 6. How is the service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with few examples, Ans:, 1. The service sector is different from other two sectors., 2. Transport, communications, financial institutions, banking, insurance and public administration are, included in the service sector., 3. The other two sectors produce goods. But service sector doesnot produce goods by itself., 4. The activities of this sector help in development of the primary and secondary sectors., 5. The service sector contributes to the growth of national income., 6. It helps widen the market for goods and services by connecting remote parts of the nation., 7. Communication system provides information on new products, new markets, and helps to bring together buyers and sellers for effective interaction., 8. Service sector is one of the crucial sectors which, indicates the direction of modernisation., 22

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CLIMATE OF INDIA, I. Objective type questions., 1. The pattern of temperature, humidity and precipitation etc of a place can be shown using pictures are, called as, Climographs/ Climatographs, 2. The highest rainfall region in India is, Mawsynram in Meghalaya (1134 cms), 3. The lowest rainfall regiion in India is, Jaisalmer, 4. The highest temperature zone in India is, Jaisalmer, 5. The lowest temperature zone in India, Jaisalmer, 6. This region has higher average temperature on the earth’s surface, Equatorial region, 7. India lies in the belt of, Trade winds - North-east winds, 8. The jet streams in India develops at about this latitude, 250 Northern latitude, 9. Some amount of heavy rainfall occurs in this region due to the flow of North east trade winds., Coramandl region in Tamilnadu, 10. The dry and hot local winds of Northern plain are called, ‘Loo’ local winds, 11. Loo breezes blow in this state, Rajasthan, 12. India receives highest rainfall from these trade winds, South-west mansons., 13. This regiion is not receives any amount of rainfall from the South-west mansoons, Coramandal region, 14. In the thickly populated deltas of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri regions caused for the origin of, Cyclonic depressiions and tropical cyclones, 15. This is like a light but effective blanket envoloping the earth’s surface, Atmosphere., 16. Because of the human activities, much of earth warming is called due to the occuring of, Industrial revolution, 17. AGW means, Anthropoginic global warming., 18. The large volumes of this are discovered under the frozen tundras of Northern Russia by the scientist, recently, Methane gas, 23

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19. ________ is said to be even more powerful than carbon-di-oxide as a greenhouse gas, Methane, 20. To reduce the emission of green house gases, an international organisation was formed. That organisation, is called, Inter governmental panel on climate change, 21. The IPCC conference was held in 2013 at _______ on reducing global warming, Warsaw at Poland, 22. One of human activities that contribute to global warming is, Deforestration, 23. Many families who became the homeless after the Aila super cyclone ravaged at Sundarbans in 2009 are, residing at this place, Nonadanga in east Kolkata, 24. Due to the global warming, the average temperature of India changed at the amount of ____, 20C increased, II. One mark questions, 1. What is weather?, The state of atmospheric conditions over an area at particular period of time is known as weather., 2. Define the term “climate”, The state of atmospheric conditions over a large area and follows a similar and general pattern over many, years is called as “climate”, 3. What is equable climate?, The difference between the temperature 0f day and nights and that of summer and winter is not much, because of the moderating influence of the sea. A large part of Southern India comes under this because, of its long coast line. This is known as equable climate., 4. State the various hill stations of Himalayas?, Shimla, Gulmarg, Nainital and Darjeeling are the important hill stations in Himalayan region., 5. Name the important hill stations of western ghats?, Ooty (Udakamandalam) and Kodaikanal are the important hill stations in western ghats., 6. What are called trade winds?, The sub tropical high pressure winds in the northern hemisphere blow toward the equatorial low pressure, belt by reflecting towards the west. These winds are called “Trade winds”, 7. What are “Jet streams”?, The fast flowing air currents in a narrow belt in the upper atmosphere above 12,000 metres at the 250, northern latitude are called as “Jet streams”, 8. Which are called “Western disturbances”?, During winter, the weather is generally pleasant with clear sky, low himidity and cool breeze. Cyclone, depressions are coming from meditarranian sea are called western disturbances., 9. What are called mansoons? Give examples?, The regular periodic reversal of winds in the tropical zone approximately between 200N and 200S latitudes are called “Monsoons”, according to the direction of the winds, they are named as the monsoons, of that direction., 24

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Ex: South- west and North east monsoons., 10. Which places are received highest rainfall from the south-west monsoons?, The west coast in the western ghats and the Northern India due to the high peaked hills receives highest, rainfall from the south-west monssons., 11. What is “Green house effect?”, The atmosphere traps a lot of the solar energy that reaches earth by preventing it from totally escaping, back into space. This is called green house effect., Two marks questions, 1. Illustrate the differences between weather and climate?, 1. The state of atmospheric conditions over an area at a particular time refers to weather., 2. The state of atmosphere conditions like temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation etc. over a large area and follows a similar and general pattern over a long period is called, climate., 3. The weather conditions fluctuate very often even in a short period. But the climatic conditions varied, from time to time but a basic pattern remains the same., 2. State the various elements of weather and climate?, A. The main elements of weather and climate are, 1. temperature, 2. Atmospheric pressure, 3. Wind, 4. Humidity and 5. Precipitation., 3. What aspects would you observe from the climographs of any region?, The pattern of atmospheric conditions of a place can be shown through climographs., 4. What are warmest and coldest months in Leh?, June, July and August months are warmest months in Leh, with an average temperature of about 300C., December and January are the coolest months with the average temperature is below 00C., 5. Why is the weather of Jaipur is hotter than Leh in general?, The Jaipur is comparatively hotter than Leh in general because the Jaipur is situated in the desert land and, the Leh is situated between hilly regions. Hence the average temperature of Jaipur is around 480C varies, between the range of 260C to 410C of temperature, but the average temperature of Leh is around 280C, varies between 200C to 280C. of temperature., 6. Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai? How are they different?, 1. Delhi is situated in the continental climate zone where as Chennai is located in Marine type of climatic, zone., 2. In Delhi, the climatic variations are very higher than the Chennai. In Chennai the climatic differences, are very low and there is no much difference in teperatures between summer and winter., 3.New Delhi has the maximum and the minimum temperatures falls at 410C and 60C respectively. Hence,, the cold weather during winter will have the greater impact. But in Chennai it is not much difference., 4. Delhi receives highest rainfall with the south west monsoons and the Chennai receives. Heavy rainfall, with the onset of north west monsoons., 7. State the factors that influence the climate and weather?, The factors influencing the climate and weather are, 1. Latitudinal distance, 2. Land and water relationship, 3. Relief features of the area and 4. Upper air, circulation of the wind., 8. State the various seasons of India on the basis of temperature?, The seasons of India on the basis of temperature are of four types. They are., 25

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1. Winter season (from December to February), 2. Summer season (March to May), 3. Advancing monsoon season (June to September), 4. Retreating monsoon season (October to November), 9. Why do Shimla is cooler than Delhi during summer?, During the summer season, Delhi has highest temperature than Shimla because it is located in the continental climate zone, where as Shimla which is situated on the grounds of hill stations has moderate climate, during summer. The temperature is very low and it is situated on the higher latitudes, and Delhi is situated, on the lower latitude compare to Shimla., Hence Shimla is cooler than Delhi during summer., 10. Why does Darjeeling have pleasant weather as compared to Kolkat during summer season?, 1. Temperature decreases as altitude increases., 2. Darjeeling which is situated on higher altitude than Kolkata, 3. Kolkata is situated on the coastal plain and Darjeeling situated on the temperature zone of high hilly, ranges., 4. Hence the Darjeeling experiences the pleasant weather during summer season., 11. What is deforestation?, The act of cutting down the natural grown trees in an area for the use of human beings is called deforestation., 12. How does the deforestation effect the global warming?, The trees on the earth surface balance the gasses in the atmosphere by taking carbon-di-oxide, which is, omitted by human beings through the photosynthesis activity and produce oxygen. But number of trees, are decreasing due to deforestation. With this the amount of carbon di oxide and carbon- monaxide, increase in the atmosphere which are primarily responsible for the global warming., 13. State some of the human activities which contribute to the global warming?, Human activities which affects the global warming., 1. Deforestation, 2. Mining process, 3. Using of motor vehicles, 4. Fossil fuel consumption,, 5., Industrial solvents, 6. Using of fertilisers and chemicals., Four Marks Questions, 1. “Latitudinal differences causes for the variations in temperature” comment on this statement?, 1. As we move away from the equator towards the poles, the average annual temperature decreases. It, means the intensity of temperature depends on the latitudes., 2. The temperature of the atmosphere at a particular place near the earth’s surface depends upon the, insulation received at that location., 3. The insolation of a place is more intense in the low latitudes than in the higher latitudes., 4. In India, the southern part lies in the tropical belt closer t the equator, has higher average temperature, than the northern part., 2. Distinguish the relationship between land and water in the extension of tempearature?, 1. In an any area, the important factor which has an influence on climate is the land and water relationship., 2. The ocean absorbs and loses heat more slowly than land., , 26

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3., , 4., , 5., , 3. This affects climate in many ways, one of this is the formation of land and sea breezes., 4. A large part of southern India, because of its long coast line, comes under the moderating influence of, the sea., 5. As such the difference between the temperature of day and night and that of summer and winter is not, much, which is known as equible climate., 6. For these reasons Vizag has cool climate than Guntur., Discuss the organisation of monsoons in India?, 1. The climate of India is strongly influenced by the monsoon winds., 2. Arab traders named the regular periodic riversal wind system as “monsoons”, 3. The monsoons forms in the tropical area approximately between 200N and 200S latitudes., 4. The heavy moisture winds f the Indian ocean flow to the equatorial low pressure belt and change their, direction towards the Indian- sub continent., 5. These winds blow from the south west direction, hence these are called southwest monsoons., 6. These formed into two branches and reach India by the begining of June which is known as onset of, monsoon., 7. They gradually spread over the entire country in four to five weeks., 8. The high pressure winds in the Bay of Bengal blow to the equator and change their direction towards, the coramandal coast of south India, which are called north-east monsoons., 9. Due to these winds, the Tamilnadu region of Coramandal coast and the Deccan part of Andhra, Pradesh regions affects with the periodic cyclonic depressions and receives the bulk of rainfall during the, month of October and November., Illustrate the various causes for the global warming?, 1. Much of the global warming has been caused due to the industrial revolution., 2. The activities of the human beings are causing for the present global warming., 3. Deforestation is carried out to obtain the fire wood and timber for the domestic uses of the human, beings. Due to this atmospheric imbalances are raised which causes for the global warming., 4.Corbon di oxide and corbon monoxide gasses are produced due to the heavy utilisation of fuels caused, for the increase of temperatures on earth surface., 5. Chlorofluoro corbons have been releasing heavily due to the driving of motor vehicles and using the, fossil fuels., 6. Industrial solvants, mining process, heavy constructions, researches on nuclear energy etc are affecting, the environment which caused for the global warming., State the disagreements between developed and developing countries about AGW., 1. An international organisation was formed to discuss and minimise the anthropogenic global warming,, which is called Inter-Governmental panel on climate change (IPCC), 2. It has held many conferences to work out a treaty among the nations of the world., 3. This organisation put on effort to form an agreement by all countries, to reduce their emission of green, house gases., 4. There are many disagreeements between developed and developing countries., 5. Developed countries suggested to the developing countries to reduce or cut down the burning coal, and other activities which add green house gases to the atmosphere., 6. The developing countries argue that their development will be seriously damaged if they don’t burn, fossil fuels like coal., 27

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6., , 7., , 7. The developing countries also argue that the developed countries should do their fair share of work to, find alternatives, which help the developing countries to progress. Because of this reason the conferences, of IPCC are not getting any success in reducing the global warming., Suggest the various measures to minimise the influence of the global warming?, Measures to minimise the influencing of the global warming., 1. By reducing the use of fossil fuels, 2. By encouraging the use of non-conservable energy., 3. By helping afforestation, 4. By controlling the release of CFC’s, 5. By avoiding the use of fertilisers, 6. By recycling industrial waste., Following the above methods, global warming can be slowly minimised., What are the several factors that influence our Indian weather?, The several factors that influence our Indian weather:, 1. There is a rise of 20C in the average temperature may appear to be small, it would result in a rise of one, meter in sea levels., 2. This would affect large portions of our coastal areas., Millions of people would have to be shifted by losing their livelyhood., 3. Many of the families came to Kolkata in search of work, after the Aila super- cyclone ravaged, Sundarban’s in 2009, 4. The other effect would be on rainfall. This is likely to be more erratic and led to greater imbalances., 5. Some places receive excess rainfall, where as others would get less than normal, hence the droughts, and floods are expected to increase., This would greatly affect the agriculture pattern and livelihood of the people., , HHH, , 28

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LESSON NO 5, INDIAN RIVERS & WATER RESOURCES, I. Fill in the blanks, 1. In our country, 5% of water is used for domestic purposes., 2. In the process of reaching the north Indian plains, Himalayan rivers have carved at deep V shaped, valleys., 3. The Indus originates near the lake Manasa Sarovar, 4. River Indus enters Indian territory in Jammu and Kashmir state., 5. Jhelum is the tributory of Indus, 6. The Ganga is the combination of Alakananda & Bhagirathi glaciers., 7. Alakananda originates from Satpanath, 8. The Brahmaputra is called as Tsangpo in Tibet., 9. The Brahmaputra originates from Chemayungdung glacier., 10. Alakananda and Bhagirathi join at Deva Prayaga, 11. The Brahmaputra is called as Siyang and Dihang in Arunachal pradesh., 12. Dibang and Lohit are Brahmaputra’s tributories., 13. Except Narmada and Tapati all peninsular rivers flow from west to east, 14. ‘Son’ is the tributory of Ganga river., 15. The Godawari is the largest peninsular river system, 16. The Godavari, originates in Maharashtra near Nasik in the Triambak platoon., 17. The Krishna rises near Mahabaleswaram, 18. The Mahanandi rises near Sihava in Chattisgarh., 19. The Narmada originates near Amar kantak in Madhya pradesh., 20. The Godavari and Krishna rivers join Bay of bengal, 21. Changing of water in water vapour is known as Evaporation., 22. Surface flow includes rivers, streams, canals and other flows., 23. Precipitation includes snow, dew, hail etc., 24. We can measure the inflow of water in liters., 25. Tungabhadra shared by the two southern states Karnataka & Andhra pradesh., 26. Tungabhadra’s catchment area is 71,417 KM2, 27. Inadequate tree cover leads to water run off as surface flow, 28. Tungabhadra dam has lost its water storage capacity due to mining & soil erosion., 29. Kudremukh has iron ore mines., 30. Industries should discharge only treated effluents., 31. Hiware bazar was selected under the Adarsha gram Yojna at Maharashtra., 32. Hiware Bazar is located in Ahmadnagar district in Maharashtra., 33. Hiware Bazar is in Rain shadow region., 34. There should be Social control over the ground water extraction up use., 35. For a fair use of water there should be a change in the cropping pattern, 29

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36. Water is a common pool resource, , 37., 38., 39., 40., , or, Water should be thought of as a collectiv or common pool resource., Panchayat Raj institutiion must have control over the use of ground water., Underground water is a public property, it belongs to all., Drinking water is the first priority as well as human right., The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from both evaporation and transpiration is called as, evapotranspiration., , One Mark questions, 1. What are the three physiographic units at the drains of India?, 1. The Himalayas, 2. The peninsular platueau, 3. The India gangetic plain, 2. Devide the Indian drainage system on the basis of its origin., 1. The Himalayan rivers, 2. The penisular rivers,, 3. How can you say that Himalayan rivers are pernnial?, The Himalayan rivers are perennial. This is because the rivers are supplied on rainfall as well as the, melting snow., 4. What is the formula of “Inflow”?, Inflow= Precipitation + surface flow + Ground water flow., 5. Name the surface storages?, Tanks, ponds, lakes are the surface storages., 6. Which two states are sharing the Tungabhadra water., Karnataka and Andhra pradesh, 7. What are the two parts of Tungabhadra basin?, 1. The upper and middle catchment in Karnataka, 2. The lower portion of the catchment in A.P., 8. What were the preconditions set for selection of village to launch Adarsha grama yojana in Maharashtra?, 1. Ban on falling trees, 2. Ban on free grazing., or, 9. What were the four bandis?, 1.Kurhad bandi- Ban on felling trees, 2. Charai bandi- Ban of free grazing, 3. Nas bandi- Family planning, 4. Nasha bandi- Ban on liquor, 10. What are the tributories of Ganga?, Kasi, Chambal, Gandak, Yamuna, Sone etc., 11. Define watershed?, A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same, place., 12. Name some water harvesting structures., Checkdams, percolation tanks and loose boulder structures., 30

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13. Name the two states through which the Ganga flows., Uttar pradesh, Bihar., 14. Which of the inflow or outflow processes has most impact in the context of groundwater resources?, Rainfall., Two marks questions, I. A.S. No. I Conceptual understanding, 1. What do you know about the Ganga system?, 1. The Ganga is the main Himalayan perennial river., 2. The Ganga originates in Himalayas. It has two twin sources they are Alakananda and Bhagirathi., These two join at Devprayaga to form Ganga., 3. The Ganga has so many tributaries they are, Yamuna, Kasi, Ranganga, Gandak, Chambal and Sone., 4. Among these tributaries some originate in Himalayas and some in the peninsular plateau., 2. Do you know any thing about the Indus system?, 1. The Indus originates in the northern slopes of Kailash range in Tibet near the lake “Manasa Sarovar”, 2. The Indus enters Indian territory in Jammu & Kashmir., 3. The main tributaries of the Indus in India are Jhelam, Chenab, Ravi, Bias and Sutlej., 4. The Indus flows in the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal pradesh., 3. What do you know about the peninsular rivers?, 1. The western ghats are the water divide between the major peninsular rivers discharging their water in, the bay of Bengal and Arabian sea., 2. Most of the peninsular rivers except Narmada and Tapati flow from west to east and join Bay of, bengal., 3. Some peninsular rivers like Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Ken and Son originate in the northern part of the, peninsula and join the Ganga., 4. The other major river systems of the peninsular drainage are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, Krishna and, Caveri. All these are having fixed course, will neandors and largely non-perenial flow of water., 4. Identify and list the arguments that would support or oppose the use of ground water in various contexts, such as agriculture, industry etc., The argments that support the usage of underground water are:, 1. These include higher productivity and its more equitable distribution among various classes of farmers,, insurance against drought and stabilisation of agricultural production and enhanced employment generation., 2. Underground water is both an important input for manufacturing and industrial sectors and used as, coolant for machines., The arguments that would oppose the usage of under ground water are:, 1. It leads to decline the ground water levels and water intrusion in coastal areas., 2. There is a continuous growth in ‘dark’ and over- exploited areas in the country., 3. Industrial waste is largely responsible for high level f pollutants found in ground water., 5. List the challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin., 1. Urbanisation and water demands in the river basin., 2. Population growth in the river basin led to increase the pressure on water and pollutiion of water., , 31

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3. Increasing of water demands from industrial sector., 4. Water conflicts between the states., 5. Variation in cropping patterns., 6. Unauthorized irrigation., 7. Not having proper plans for the usage of water., 8. Lack of water harvesting plans to overcome the droughts and famines., 3. “Over the past few decades ground water has become the mainsource, espending for domestic use and, agriculture. This tremendous increase in the use of ground water has significant impact on water availability and access to it”, “The current laws about groundwater in many states are both outdated and inappropriate. They were, developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water. Today shallow and deep tube, wells have the potential to draw a lot of water. What should be the judicial way of using the water”, 4. Read the para given and comment on it., 1. There should be appropirate laws to regulate the usage of the ground water resources., 2. According to the present laws the owner of the land is the owner of the underground water beneath his, land. This is injustice and unfair., 3. In my opinion the ground water laws should be modified urgently., 4. Ground water should be treated as “Common pool resource” underground water is a “Public property” it belongs to all., A.S. No. III Information skills, 1. What information you are having about Andhra pradesh WALTA act?, 1.The Andhra pradesh water, land and tree act 2002 a comprehensive law enacted by the government of, A.P. and it is a unique initiative in the country., 2. This act came into force w.e.f. 19-04-2002. This act contains 6 chapters, 47 sections and 30 rules., Objectives:, 1. To promote water conservation and tree cover., 2. For protection and consumption of water resources land and matters connected there with., 3. To regulate the exploitation and use of ground and surface water., A.S.No. IV. Reflection on comtemporary issues, 1. In what ways is water brought and sold in your area and for what purposes? Do you think there should, be some checks and balances for this? Discuss., (Student has to write this answer by his own keeping in view of his local conditions), 2. How significant are the laws, people’s actions in the context of water resurces? write your opinion., 1. The current laws about ground water in many states are both outdated and inappropriate., 2. The basic link between access to ground water and land ownership on which these rules are based, are defected. Land owners are not restricted in the amount f water they can takeout., 3. Water should be treated as a collective pool resource which should be meant for all the people. Water, is a public property. It belongs to all. We should recognize water as a common flowing resource., 4. water resources require both collective action at the local level and appropriate laws and policies at, the state and local level., A.S.No. 5 Mapping skills, 1. Locate the following in the India map given to you., 1.Ganga, 2. Sindhu, 3.Brahmaputra, 4.Narmada, 5. Tapathi, 6. Mahanadi, 7. Mahi river, 8. Looni river,, 32

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Four marks questions, 1. Discuss about 5% of water is used for domestic purposes and yet a large section of the population, doesn’t have access to the water., Ans: 1. Wter supply is a state responsibility under the Indian constitution, 2. Depleting ground water table and deteriorating ground water quality are threatening the sustainability, of both rural and urban water supply in many parts of India., 3. A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply have been tested in India., 4. The supply of water to cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing water, scarcity and conflicts among the users., 5. In some coastal areas sea water desalination is being an important source of drinking water supply., 6. Water touches every aspects of life in India. Uncertainity, over access to the availability of this basic, resource may be reaching crisis levels due to population growth, growth in Industrial sector etc., 7. There is a bad need of river linking in India., 2. 70% of our surface water resources are polluted. What causes of water pollution., Ans: 1. Sewage and waste water: Sewage and garbage and liquid waste of households, agriculture lands and, factories are discharged into lakes and rivers. Those wastes contain harmful chemicals and toxins which, makes the water poisonous for aquatic animas and plants., 2. Dumping: Dumping of solid wastes and litters in water bodies causes huge problems. Different things, take different times to degrade in water., 3. Industrial waste: Industrial waste is discharged int lakes and rivers by using fresh water drinking. The, water contaminated., 4. Oil pollution: Sea water gets polluted due to oil spilled from ships and tankers while travelling., 5. Acid rain: Acid rain is rain that contains large amounts of harmful chemicals from factories, gases and, that damages trees, crops and buildings., 6. Global warming: A gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases such as CO 2, which are collecting in the air around the earth that results in death of aquatic plants and animals., 7. Eutrophication: This results in bloom of algae in water and depletes the oxygen in water, which negetively, affects fish & Other aquatic animal population., 3. What are the different inflows and outflow processes in the context of water resources?, Ans: Inflows, 1. For any area inflow- precipitation+ Surface flow+ Ground water flow., 2. Surface water means water in the lakes, ponds, streams, rivers and canals., 3. Ground water flow is difficult to estimate. But it can be done., 4. Precipitation includes snow, dew and hail etc., A small region such as a village may receive water through canals pipelines etc. This has to be added, to the amount of rainfall to get an idea of the total inflow for the village. However it is more difficult to get, an idea of ground water inflows but by observing the general slope of the land we can guess the possible, direction of the flow., Outflows, Evapotraspiration: 1. Evaporation takes place all the time in water bodies., 2. Living things also give off water into the atmosphere which is known as transpiration., The total amount of water added to the atmsphere from both evaporation and transpiration is called as, evapotranspiration., 34

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35, , India 2.7%, , Children, (below 15 years), , Working age, (15-59 years), , Fertility rate, , Population grouping, , Literacy, , India 74.04%, , Aged, (Above 59 years), , Male literacy, 82.14%, , A.P1.9%, , Sex ratio (1000 male persons), , Female literacy, 65.46%, , A.P (67.7%), , Population (Senses of India), , Births, , Population density, High- Kerala, Low- Arunachal pradesh, , Deaths, , Migration, , Changing, Population size, , 6. People

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6. People, One mark questions, 1. How much percent of the working people in India are in the onorganised sector?, Ans: 92% of the working people in India are in the unorganised sector., 2. When did first census in India take place>, Ans: 1872, 3. When did first complete census in India take place?, Ans: 1881, 4. Who conduct census in India?, Ans: The registrar General of census commission of Inida, organises the collection and recording of this, information., 5. Into how many groups the general population in India was divided?, Ans: The population of nation is generally grouped in three brand categories, Population, , Children, (below 15 years), , Working age, (15-59 years), , Aged, (Above 59 years), , 6. What is meant by sex- ratio?, Ans: It is the ratio of males to females in a population., 7. What is meant by fertility rate?, Ans: It is a term used to refer the capability of people in a given region to give birth., 8. What is the classification of working population?, , own, (or), take on rent land, , Who work on, another’s farm, for wages, , Unorganised sector, workers, (ex: Bidi workers), , Factories, trading employees, , 9. What is meant literacy percent?, Ans: A person aged 7 years above who can read and write with understanding in any language is treated as, literate., 10. What is meant by population change?, Ans: Change in the size of a population is the difference in the number of inhabitants of a country during, specific period (last ten years), 11. What are the factors that affect population change?, , Births, , Deaths, 36, , Migrations

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12. Literacy, , 1947, 14%, , 2001, 64.84%, , 2011, 74.04%, , 13. 2011 literacy - 74.04%, , Male literacy, (82.14%), , Female literacy, (65.46%), , 14. What is the fertility percentage in 1960?, Ans: More than 5.6%, 15., Fertility percentage, , India 2.7%, , Andhra pradesh 1.9%, , 16. What is meant by population density?, Ans: It is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume., 17. How much Indian population density?, Ans: 382, 18. What is meant by infanticide?, Ans: The killing of an infant., 2 Marks questions, 1. List out the impacts on society if sex ratio is too low or too high?, A. 1. The unbalanced sex ratios should be reflected in various social settings., 2. This ratio impacts the distribution of wealth., 3. A high sex ratio can have many implications., 4. Shortage of woman in the marriage market the woman can “marry up” inevitably leaving the least, desirable men with marriage prospects., 5. Gender imbalance will lead to a reduction in birth rate., 2. Read the following passage and answer (Interpretation), A. It is noted that within India certain parts like Kerala have a positive sex ratio while some other regions are, extremely biased against women. A distressing aspect of gender bias in India that shows little sign of, going away is preference for boys over girls., What is your opinion about gender bias preference for boys. over girls?, 3. Which areas of Andhra pradesh have high density of population and what may be some of the reasons, behind?, A. Some of the coastal districts especially in delta area have high density of population, 1. The regions in and around the delta areas have fertile soils, 2. They have plenty of water facilities and favourable living conditions., 37

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3. The region around the capacity are high developed industrially, and in all sectors., 4. What are the factors that influenced the decisions about children for Umed singh? Do you think his, daughter is thinking in a similar manner?, A. 1. Umed Singh wanted to have more living children., 2. He believed in the saying ‘putrudu lenide punnama narakam tappadu’, 3. He has a regular income and assets to feed up his large family., 4. His daughter is also thinking in a similar manner. So she planned for 3 children., 5. Write some reasons for population growth in India?, A. 1. High birth rate, 2. Low death rate, 3. Improvement in medical facilities, 4. High fertility rate, 5. A decline in infancies, 6. Illeteracy, 6. Why does the population size change?, A. 1. Population is dynamic., 2. The numbers, distribution and composition of the population are always changing., 3. This is because of the interaction of the three processes. 1. Births, 2. Deaths, 3. Migrations., 4 Marks questions, 1. Distinguish between population growth and population change? (Understanding), A. Population growth: The population growth is the change in a population overtime and can be qualified as, the change in the number of individuals of any species in a population using “per unit five” for measurement., Population change: The population change refers to change in the number of people during the specific, time., Population change is the difference in the size of a population between the end and the beginning of a, given time period., 2. How does Literacy impact development?, A. 1. Low literacy rates reduce development, 2. People who are educated are more able to become doctors and lawyers and set up business., 3. Literacy improve scientific thinking and reduce superstitions., 4. People earn better income, having well paid jobs., 5. Low literacy reducing its overall development for that period of time., 6. If a country has a lower literacy rate, then it will have a negative impact on the country’s economy., 3. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow, In India the first census was taken in 1872. The first complete census however was taken in 1881. Since, then censuses have been held regularly every tenth year. India’s population as of 2011 is 12, 101, 93,, 422. Out of these 1210 million people, 623, 724, 248 are men and 586, 469, 174 are women., a) When was the first census taken?, A.In India the first census was taken in 1872, 38

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b) When was the first complete census taken?, A. The first complete census was taken in 1881., c) When have the census has been held?, A. The censuses have been held regularly every tenth year., d) What is India’s population of 2011?, A. 121, 01, 93, 422., 4. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow., 1. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. In 1997, the birth rate in India was, 29. This means that for every 1000 people living in the country during that year 29 live births took place., 2. Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. For the year 1992, for every 1000, persons living at that time 10 people died during the year. There fore 19 people for every 1000 was the, addition during the year. This number can be expressed as a percentage i.e 1.9% Hence we say that the, populatin growth rate was 1.9% for the year `1992., A. a) What is birth rate?, Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year., b) What was the birth rate in 1992 in India?, It was 29, c) What wasthe death rate?, Death rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year., d) What was the death rate in 1992?, It was 10 per thousand, 5. The third component of population change in migration is the movement of people across regions and, territories. Migration can be internal or international. International migrations does not change the size of, the population. But influence the distribution of population within the nation plays a very significant role in, changing the composition and distribution of population., A. a) What is the third component of population change, The third component of population change is migration, b) What is migration?, Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories., c) What are the kinds of migration?, 1. International migration, 2. Internal migration, 6. Observe the following graph., India population: sex ratio, 1951-2011, , No.of females per 1000 males, , 950, , 946, 941, , 945, 930, 940, , 940, , 934, 929, , 933, , 935, 930, 925, 920, 1951, , 1961, , 1971 1981 1991, , 2001, 39, , 2011

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A. a)What was the number of females per 1000 males in 1951?, It was 1946, b) What was the sex ratio?, It was 940/1000, c) When was sex ratios low?, In 1991, d) When was the sex ratio high?, In 1951, 7. Read the table given below and answer the following questions., , 8., , Area, , Haryana, , Punjab, , A.P, , Kerala, , USA, , Sex ratio, , 870, , 880, , 970, , 1040, , 1050, , a) Sex ratio is count number of females per males in the population?, 1000 male persons, b) Which state had highest sex ratio in above table?, Kerala (1040), c) What is the sex ratio of USA?, 1050, d) Which is the low sex ratio in above table?, Haryana (870), Observe the following graph and answer the following questions?, 1400, 1200, , 439.23, , 548.16, , 1941 1951 1961, , 1971, , 318.66, 1000, , 252.09, , 251.32, , 366.09, , 683.33, , 846.42, , 1028.74, , 1210.19, , 278.96, , 238.40, 800, 600, 400, 200, , 000, 1901 1911 1921, , 1931, , 1981, , a) What do you understand above the graph?, Population increase, b) What was the population in 1901?, 238.40 millions, c) From which year population continuously increasing?, 1931, d) What was the population in 2011?, 1210.19 millions, 40, , 1991 2001 2011

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Fill in the blanks, 1. 92% percent of working people in India are in the unorganised sector., 2. Indian census, information collect once in 10 years., 3. According to 2011 census Indian population density 382 Sq.Km., 4. More than 5.6 is the rate of fertility in 1960, 5. Growth rate percentage is also known as annual growth, 6. According to 2011 census, Arunachal pradesh state had lowest population density., 7. According to 2011 census, Indian literacy rate 74.04%, 8. Literacy is akey for socio- economic progress., 9. The population of a nation is generally grouped into 3 broad categories., 10. Some regions are extremely biased against women, Matching, A, B, 1. Working population, (C), a) 1872, 2. Andhra pradesh literacy, (E), b) 1881, 3. Density of Indian population, (F), c) Age between 15-59 years, 4. First census, (A), d) Age between 16-60 years, 5. Percentage of Indian fertility, (G), e) 64.84%, f) 382, g) 2.7%, h) 1.9%, 2., A, 1. Complete census, 2. Children, 3. Aged, 4. Indian literacy, 5. Andhra pradesh fertility, , 3., A, 1. Literacy- 1947, 2. Density population of AP, 3. America sex ratio, 4. Kerala sex ratio, 5. Andhra pradesh sex ratio, , B, a) 1.9%, b) 2.7%, c) Below- 14 years, d) Below- 15 years, e) More than 59 years, f) More than 60 years, g) 1881, h) 74.04%, , (G), (D), (E), (H), (A), , B, a) 970, b) 12%, c) 15%, d) 308, e) 1050, f) 1040, g) 880, , (B), (D), (E), (F), (A), , 41

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4., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., , A, Low density population, High density population, Un-organised sector, Collectioning census, Highest population district, , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., , B, a) East Godavari, b) West Godavari, c) Arunachal pradesh, d) 92%, e) 75%, f) Census of India, g) Human resource department, h) Kerala, , (C), (H), (D), (F), (A), , 7. PEOPLE AND SETTLEMENT, Present Simla is a capital of which state, Himachal pradesh, The way we organise ourselves and our living spaces in a place is called, Settlement, Number of people increase in towns and cities is called as, Urbanisation, Ladakh is present in which state, Jammu and Kashmir, The weapons used by early humans are made by, Stones, How many years humans live as hunter gatherers, 1.8 lakhs of years, Which type of life was lived by early man, Nomadic life, How many years ag humans, hands took tothe deliberate production of food- agriculture, 10,000 years ago, Rockshelter used by early humans in Madhya pradesh, Bhimbedka, People organised their life around patterns observed by nature, Agricultural development, The city claim to have been central to many empires that ruled India, Delhi, The biggest city in India is, Delhi, During 1951 to the last 60 years the increase of population in Delhi, 8 times, The villages which doesnot have farming?, Cities, The rise of population in Delhi is mostly due to, Migration, 42

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16. The areas that continue without being accepted legal settlements are called, Juggi Jhopdi clusters, 17. What is meant by DDA, Delhi development authority, 18. What refers to the characteristics of a place?, Site, 19. The fort of Pratapghad was built by, Chatrapathi Shivaji, 20. What describe the connections with other places, Situation, 21. Visakhapatnam is present in which state, Andhra pradesh, 22. Coastal places such as Mumbai and Chennai were used by British for, Natural resources, 23. Which colonial power ruled Visakhapatnam, British, 24. The most famous sea port is present in Andhra pradesh is, Visakhapatnam, 25. In a village, very important way through which places connect, Village market, 26. From the different village fairs_________ relations are extended, Inter marriages, 27. In India how many crores of people are living in cities?, 35 crores, 28. The town which has more population, Mumbai (1.84 crores), 29. The places where the population is between 10 lakhs to 1 crore is known as, Metropolitan cities, 30. Where does Indira Gandhi international airport is present, New Delhi, 31. Where does Rajiv Gandhi international airport is located?, Hyderabad (Shamshabad), 32. Where does Suvarna Bhoomi international airport located?, Bangkok (Thailand), 33. Where does Heathrow Anta Raja international airport located?, London (England), 34. Berhampur is present in which state, Odisha, 35. The proposed solid waste treatment plant of the Berhampur municipal corporation has started in the, village, Mohuda, 43

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36. Who is the sarpanch of Mohuda, Sadhana Mohathi, 37. As per a survey made in 2009, Berhampur was producing over _____ tons of solid waste?, 150 tonnes, 38. Expand IFC?, International financial corporation., 1 Mark questions, 1. What is a settlement?, In simple terms, a settlement can be explained as a place where people live. Settlement means the place, where a group of people stop and settle down or make a home for themselves in a certain area., 2. Who are known as Nomades?, Early humans used to keep moving from place to place, in search of food. They gathered food from, plants and trees and hunted animals for meat, hide and other uses., 3. What is meant by juggi jhopdi clusters?, The huts which are present in Delhi and those which are not considered as legal houses are known as, juggi jhopdi clusters., 4. What is meant by city master plan?, It is a plan design and allocate different types of areas in a city., 5. What do you know about Visakhapatnam?, Visakhapatnam is located on the coast and Andhra pradesh connects to many places in an outside of, India. It has a longest port. It has a long history. It was ruled by different dynasties during pre colonial, times., 6. Write some examples for professional courses on jobs?, Engineering, medicine, commerce (CAICWA), polytechnic diploma etc., 7. What is meant by urbanisation?, The growth in the size of cities and towns due to increase in population., 8. What is meant by megacities?, If the total population of acity exceed 10 million it is called megacities., 9. What is meant by Aerotropolies?, It is an urban plan around an airport the plan includes hotels, shopping mall, entertainments, food, business can conferencing., 10. Expand BMC?, Berhampur municipal corporation, , 1., , 2 Mark questions, Differences between nomadic life style and sedentary life style?, Sedentary life style, , Nomadic life style, 1. They got their food by wondering, , 1. They get their food by producing in their permanent settlements., 2. They move from one place to other place in 2. They donot move from one place to other place, search of livelyhood, in search of livelyhood, 44

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Sedentary life style, , Nomadic life style, , 3. They live far away from nature, 4. They have more leisure time to promote arts like, music, dancing and painting, 5. They live independently in the settlements like villages towns and cities., 6. They donot perform physical activity to get something, 7. Their occupation was agriculture and dairy farming, 8. Their equipments are made of copper, Bronze,, Iron. At present computers are most uridely used, equipments., , 3. They live close to the nature, 4. They have very little leisure time, 5. They lived in bands as hunter gatherers, 6. They did physical activity to get anything., 7. Their occupation was hunting and gathering, 8. Their weapons were made of stones and bones., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , How did human life styles change with settlements?, 1.Early humans hunted and gathered their food that is why they were called hunter gatherers. They were, nomadic i.e. they kept moving from place to place. After a long time, owing to changes in the obtaining of, food. Some bands took to the deliberate production of food- agriculture. This way was only 10,000, years ago. Practices of agriculture, was a cause to sedentary life style., 2. As agriculture progressed, people organised their life around patterns observed in nature. For example, the seasonal cycles, how to predict climatic conditions, how toplan the timings of cropping practices and so on. They also had time to speculate on other things, the movement of heavenly bodies, for, example., 3.Population size also increased as population increased. There was more specialisation weavers, patterns, metal workers and other professions emerged. Rulers began to encourage craft persons to settle in, urban areas. Urban settlements i.e. towns where people didnot work in agriculture expanded., 4.As settlements became larger, they also became more complex because there were more functions to, be expanded., What are the reasons for the increasing of people in Delhi?, 1. Population in Delhi is increased due to migration of people, 2. Over the decades, the city has attracted people from all parts of India as they migrated in search of, livelihood, jobs etc., 3. As the capital of the country, with the parliament and central government offices, there are people from, all parts living in the city., 4. This settlements has changed the composition and settlement patterns of the city., What is meant by master plan? explain it?, 1. Every city usually has a master plan to design and allocate different types of areas., 2. In any cities there should be housing areas, markets, schools, Industrial areas, office areas, parks and, recreational areas and so on., 3. Based on this planners can decide what type of roads? How much water or electricity? How to, dispose waste? How to clean sewage etc would be necessary., 4. By observing this the city had decided the development organisation function., What are the Aerotropolis cities in India?, 1. Bangalore international airport (Karnataka), 2. Indira Gandhi international airport (Delhi), 3. Rajiv Gandhi international airport (Hyderabad), Name some international airports present in other countries?, 45

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7., , Some international airports are:, 1. Suvarnabhoomi international airport (Bangkok), 2. Dubai international airport (Dubai), 3. London international airport (London), 4. Cairo international airport (Egypt), What are the problems cause due to urbanisation?, 1. The growing urban population has to be housed. It needs water supply, sewage and waste disposal,, transportation and many other things., 2. All these result in environmental stress., 3. As the urban population increases vehicles also increases causing air population, 4. That causes climatic conditions, health problems etc., 5. Because of over population, control of traffic in cities is very difficult., , 4 Marks questions, 1. Define site and situation features? Give one examples for each of them from the place you live in?, Site : Site refers to the characterisitcs of a place its topography, altitude, water characteristics type of sails, security, shelter from natural force and so on., Example of site characteristics of our town Rayachoty are, 1. Textile black soil, 2. Heavy rainfall, 3. Forest resources, Situations: Place do not remain in isolation. They are in some way connected to other places situation describes, the connections with other places., Examples of situation are:, 1. Rayachoty is very near to Tirupathi, 2. It lies by NH 18 Highway, 3. Establishment of many industries., 2. How does the census of India, define various kinds of places? How does it organise them in order of size, and other characteristics?, In the below table the census departments definition of various types are given., Settlement type, Settlement type, Metropolitan cities (or), Million plus cities, Cities or class cities, , Towns, , Revenue or census village, Hamlets, , Criterion used, Cities having more than, 10 million people, Cities having population, between one million to, 10 million, Urban area having popu, lation between one lakh, to one million, All the urban areas having, population between 5, thousand to one lakh, A village with defined borders, A group of houses with in, in the revenue village, 46, , Example, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, , Kurnool, Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Nandyal, , Lakshmipura, Pidched

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3., , Why the settlements are changed?, Settlements change for many reasons. They are:, 1. For livelihood opportunities they are moving, 2. For the sake of studies, Jobs and good facilities people are moving to big towns and cities., 3. For the sake of good health services they are moving to towns., 4. Salaried persons get transfer every time because of that they are moving to another places., 5. For the sake of business they are moving to cities, 6. The people shift to unfertile land areas to fertile land areas., 7. For the sake of coaching in jobs and studies people are migrating., 8. Now-a-days joint families are divided into small families so they are moving to big cities., For above reasons settlements are changed., , 47

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LESSON 8 PEOPLE AND MIGRATION, Fill in the blanks, 1. According to the criteria used by the census birth place is the place where the person was born., 2. Ramaiah is a teacher who migrated to Hyderabad, 3. In India, According to census 2001, about 307 million people have been reported as migrants., 4. Marriage is the common reason for females to migrate., 5. Employment or seeking employment is the most common reason for males to migrate., 6. According to national census surveys, every fourth person in India is a migrant., 7. Maharashtra has 186 Co operative sugar factories., 8. Large scale sugarcane cultivation began in Maharashtra after the Koina dam was built., 9. Each year 6,50,000 labourers migrate from central Maharashtra to Western Maharashtra for sugarcane, cutting, 10. Kopics are the small conical huts of migrant sugarcane cutters in Maharashtra., 11. The sugarcane cutters in Maharashtra move from rural area to another., 12. In our country around 13% of people migrate from one state to another state, 13. In our country around 84.2% originated from one part of the state to another part of the state., 14. Nearly 50,000 women from Kerala migrate annually to work in fish processing industriesof Maharashtra., 15. Munda and Santhal men migrate to work in the mining sites in Odisha, 16. Most urban migrants find employment in the unorganised sector, 17. People migrate with the expectation of higher incomes and more opportunities for their family members., 18. Saora tribal men have a long history of migrating to work in Assam plantations., 19. The Emigration Act 1983, is the Indian law, governing migration and employment of Indians abroad., 20. We get job security in Organised sector., 21. The national commission of rural labour report 1990, 22. U.A.E - United Arab Emirates, 23. U.K - United kingdom, 24. U.S.A - United States of America, 25. U.N.D.P. United Nations development programme., One mark questions, 1. Why do people migrate?, People migrate with the expectations of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and, may be better services., 2. Where do most urban migrants have to work?, Most urban migrants have to work as labourers and find employment in the unorganised sector., 3. Comment on women migrant workers, Women migrant workers have no maternity leave. They have to go back to work very soon after child, birth this is inhuman and horrible., 4. How many kinds of migrations are there?, There are two kinds of migrations, 1. Internal migrations, 2. International migrations, 5. What is a Kopi?, Kopi is a conical hut made of bamboo mats and poles., 6. Name any two problems faced by migrant workers?, 1. Most of the migrant workers work in unorganised sector there they do not have any job security, they, are not paid their salaries properly., 2. Most children of the migrant families become dropouts., , 48

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7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., , 13., , I., 1., , 2., , 3., , 3. Migrant workers live in harsh circumstances and unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems and are prone to disease., Give an example to organised sector, Indian Railways, Who migrate from West Bengal to Assam to work in the plantations?, Men from Soora tribals, Why do women of Kerala migrate to Maharashtra annually?, To work in the fish processing industries of Maharashtra, Migration areasTo move from one country or region and settle in another in search of employment, education etc., What is meant by immigration?, Immigration is the process of coming to live permanently in a country that is not your own, Where do the skilled Indians migrate?, The skilled Indians migrate to the USA, The UK, Canada, Germany, Norway, Japan, Australia, Malaysia and more., What did the NCRL find?, The Nationl Commission of rural labour in its reports in 1990’s found that uneven development and, regional disparity trigged and accelerated seasonal migration., Two Marks Questions, A.S. NoI Conceptual understanding, Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural to rural areas., A. A rural to urban migration, 1. People migrate from rural areas mainly due to insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate income available in rural employment., 2. People migrate with expectations of higher salaries and more opportunities for their family members., B. Rural to rural migration, 1. A large section of rural workers migrate for a short duration as a seasonal migrants to work in agriculture and plantations, brick kilns, quarries, construction sites and fish processing., 2. They are mainly agricultural labourers or marginal farmers in their place of origin and mostly belong to, low income households, dalits and adivasis., Why do people migrate? or, What are the main causes for migration?, In India according to census 2001, about 307 million people been reported as migrants., 1. Marriage is the main cause for female migrants. Employment or seeking employment is most common, reason for male migration., 2. Dissatisfaction with employment oppurtunities, for studies, loss in business, family, friends, donations, of some castes in villages are also some other reasons for migration., 3. Rural people mainly migrate due to insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate income available, in rural employment., 4. People also migrate with the expectations of higher incomes and more opportunities for family members and may be better quality of life., What do you know about the skilled Indian international migrants?, 1.People with technical skills and professional expertise have migrated to countries such as U.S.A, U.K,, Canada and Australia., , 49

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2. From our India IT professionals, doctors and management professionals migrate to developed countries in search of high salaries and better life., 3. In the 1950’s, about 10,000 persons a year went to developed countries and in 1990’s this has, increased to more than 60,000 a year, 4. This international migration increased the economic and social status of the concerned migrants., II., A.S.No.II Reading the text given and interpretating it, 1. The following are migrants of different types classify them into internal and international migrants., 1. People going from India to Saudi Arabia to work as technicians., 2. Agricultural labourers going from Bihar to Pubjab, 3. Brick workers going from Odisha to A.P, 4. Teachers coming from China to India to teach Chinese to Indian children., Ans: 1. International, 2. Internal- Interstate, 3. Internal- Interstate, 4. International, 2. Migrant labourers spend more on food as they can’t get food grains from fair price shops at their work, places. As they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygienic conditions, they suffer from health problems, and are prone to disease. Those working in quarries, brick kilns, construction sites and mines suffer from, body ache, sunstroke, skin irritation, lung diseases. When employers do not follw safety measures,, accidents in industries and construction sites are also common. Migrants are not able to access various, health and family care programmes as they do not belong to the organised sector. In the case of women, migrants there is no maternity leave. This means they have to go back to work very soon after childbirth., Q. Have you read the above paragraph?, Then answer the following questions, 1. Why do migrant labourers spend more on food?, 2. Why do they suffer from health problems?, 3. Name some sufferers and their diseases., 4. Which are also common?, Ans: 1. Migrant labourers spend more on food as they can’t get food grains from fair price shops at their work, places., 2. As they live in harsh circumstances and in unhygenic conditions, they suffer health problems., 3. The people working in quarries, Brick kilns, construction sites and mines suffer from body ache,, sunstroke, skin irritation and lung diseases., 4. When employees do not follow safety measures, accidents in industrial areas and construction sites, are also common., 3. When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have creche facilities. Grown up, children are not able to continue their studies at their parents new workplaces. Schools in their native, place refuse to take them again when they come back. They finally became dropouts. When males leave, their families. This is also a major challenge for woman who have to take care or all the responsibilities of, the family and elderly people who need care. Young girls in such families are required to take care of, siblings and many of them became dropouts., Q. Most children of migrant families become dropouts. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your, answer., Ans: I do agree with the given statement. Because:, 1. Migrant families feel different to re admit their children instead of taking them to their working sites as, their companies with an aim of earning more money., , 50

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2. The agricultural cycle affects life of people since they move to different areas looking for work., 3. Difficulty in connecting is another reason. As there are no schools in close proximity sending their, children t a distant place is both unsafe and time consuming., So I do agree with the given statement., 4. Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and International migration., Ans: Simialarities: 1. In both the cases migration aim is to improve the economical condition of the family., 2. Both the migrations boost the social and economical conditions., Differences: 1. For the internal migration the migrants need not avail a passport and visa. He can work, anywhere in the country no restriction to the migrants in leading his life style and he can change his work, according to the demand., 2. But for the international migration, the migrants need to avail a passport from the regioinal passport, office and apply for a visa and work permit. Changing of work in the prescribed period won’t be changed, unless and until the authority decides., III. A.S.No.III Information skills, 1. Observe the following graph and note the natural increase of urban population in India in the five decades., Graph 1: Expansion of Urban popula100, tion in India, 1961-2011 (million), 1234567, 90, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, Natural increase, 80, 1234567, 1234567, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 20, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , 123456, 123456, 5, 123456, 6, , 1961-71, , 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 26, 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 12345678, 1234567, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 14, 1234567, 10, , 1971-81, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 35, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , 1234567, 1234567, 8, 1234567, 1234567, 13, , 1981-91, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 40, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 123456, , 123456, 123456, 123456, 13, 123456, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 40, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 123456, , 123456, 123456, 123456, 123456, 123456, 123456, 29, 123456, 123456, 123456, 22, , 14, , 1991-2001, , 2001-2011, , 123456, 123456, 123456, 123456, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , Due to declaration of, rural areas as urban, areas and expansion of, urban areas, Due to migration of, people from Rural to, Urban area, , Ans: 1. The natural increase of urban population in the first decade i.e from 1961-71 is 20 millions, 2. The natural increase of urban population in the second decade i.e from 1971-81 is 26 millions, 3. The natural increse of urban population in third decade i.e from 1981-91 is 35 millions, 4. The natural increase of urban population in the fourth and fifth decades is 40 million in each., 2. Do you have any information about the “Sugar belts”, Ans: The seven districts in western Maharashtra, Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur and, Sholapur comprise the “Sugar belt”. This belt extends into Surat (Gujarat) in the north and Belgaum, (Karnataka) in the south five districts of the orid Marathwada region- Beed, Jalgaon, Ahmadnagar,, Nasik and Jalna send out labour to this sugar belt for six months every year for sugarcane harvesting., IV. A.S.No.4 Responding towards Contemporary issues, 1. How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in rural areas?, Ans: 1. According to a “Crisil” research a risk and policy advisory service spending by rural India was Rs., 3750 billion. Significantly higher than this Rs. 2994 billion by unrbanites., 2. Migrants from villages to urban areas, who benefited from job opportunities in infrastructure and, construction projects increased remittances to their families in rural India, which boosted consumption. It, is also common to find migrant families buying house, land, agricultural machinery and consumer durables., 2. “Migrant labourer face so many problems “. Have you observed any? Mention., , 51

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or What happens when people migrate?, Ans: 1. Migrant labourers spend more on food as they can’t get food grains from the fair price shops at their, work places., 2. As they live in slum areas they suffer from health problems., 3. Due to the negligence of their employers, accidents in industrial areas and construction sites are also, common., 4. As most of the migrant labourers work in unorganised sector, they don’t have any facilities like job, security, leave facility, even their women migrant workers have no any maternity facility. Most children of, migrant families become dropouts., 3. Why arfe only unskilled workers from India wanted in west asian countries?, Ans: 1. Not only unskilled but also semi skilled workers migrate to west Asian countries, which are OPEC., 2. These OPEC employ workers on contract basis., 3. They employ workers on large scale with lower wages. They do not need technically skilled or professionals for these jobs., 4. Some west Asian countries are under developed countries. They need only unskilled workers to work, in their factories and industries for the low wages and the another reason is there is a shortage of such, type of workers in their country., V. A.S. No. 5 Mapping skills, Q. Identify any five world contries to which Indian professionals are migrating., Indicate the countries with arrow marks from India, Ans:, , Canada, , England, Japan, , U.S.A, , Australia, , 52

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A.S. No. VI Appreciation and sensitivity, 1. Do you think migrants are trouble makers/ trouble shooters in their destinations? Justify your answer., Ans: In my opinion the migrants are not trouble makers or trouble shooter., 1. They migrate for their development and bright future. In this journey they do not want to be in troubles., 2. But I came to know from others that some migrants from North India engage in robbery and murders, for money., 3. In some permanent migrations the migrated people contribute their sacrifice for the socio, economical,, culture and scientific development of their migrated countries., ex: The world’s No I country U.S.A is a country of immigrants., 4. Some of the most intelligent and ambitions Individuals who are unsatisfied with their own countries, bring their skills to the new destinations., Four Marks questions, 1. Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and international migrants?, 2. Most children of migrant families become dropouts do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer., 3. What happens if people migrate?, 4. Observe the following graph and frame a table to show the effect of migration for the entire period 19612011, , 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 20, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , 1234567, 1234567, 5, 6, , 1961-71, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 26, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 123456, 1234567, 123456, , 123456, 123456, 14, 123456, 123456, 10, , 1971-81, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 40, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 35, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 123456, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 13, 1234567, 1234567, , 123456, 123456, 8, 123456, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 40, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 29, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 22, , 14, , 13, , 1981-91, , 1991-2001, , Graph 1: Expansion of Urban population in India, 1961-2011 (million), Natural increase, 123456, 123456, 123456, 123456, , 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, 1234567, , Due to migration of, people from Rural to, Urban area, , 2001-2011, , Natural Increase Rural declared, as urban, in millions, , Due to declaration of, rural areas as urban, areas and expansion of, urban areas, , Rural urban, migration, , Total in, millions, , SNo., , Duration, , 1., , 1961-71, , 20, , 5, , 6, , 31, , 2., , 1971-81, , 26, , 14, , 10, , 50, , 3., , 1981-91, , 35, , 08, , 13, , 56, , 4., , 1991-2001, , 40, , 13, , 14, , 67, , 4., , 2001-2011, , 40, , 29, , 22, , 91, , 53

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54, , Skilled, , Labour, , Land distributions, , Small farmers, (Less than 2He), , Natural resources, ex: Land, water, forests, minerals, , Rabi, Wheat, (Winter crop), , irrigation, facilities, , Sugar cane- year crop, Potato- October-Dec., , Kharif, Jawar, bajra, (Rainy season), , Crops, , Farming, , Unskilled, , Medium &, Large farmers, (More than 2 Ha), , Factors of, productions, , Working capital, Raw materials, Money, , Capital, , Physical capital, Tools,, Machines, Buildings, , 9. RAMPUR- A village economy, , knowledge/, enterprise, , Non- Farm Activities, 1. Dairy form, 2. Small scale marketing, 3. Shop keepers, 4. Transport

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RAMPUR- A Village Economy, 1. What is multiple cropping?, A. To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the same year is called multiple cropping, 2. How many types of factors of production?, A., Factors of production, , Natural resources, ex: Land, water, forests, minerals, , Labour, , Skilled, , 3., , Physical capital, Tools,, Machines, Buildings, , Working capital, Raw materials, Money, , Rabi, Wheat, (Winter crop), , What were cyed by farmers to draw water from the wells?, Persian wheels, What is rain season crop?, Kharif, Who are small farmers?, Farmers who own less than 2 hectares of land are known as small farmers., How many types of capital, , Fixed capital, Tools,, Machines, , 8., , Unskilled, , Crop seasons -2, , Kharif, Jawar, bajra, (Rainy season), , 4., A., 5., A., 6., A., 7., , knowledge/, enterprise, , Capital, , Working capital, Raw materials, Money, , Population of Rampur, 2660, 450 families, , Landless families, 150 (i.e. 1/3), (dalits), , Less than 2 ha., (240), 55, , More than, 2 ha, (60)

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9., A., 10., A., 11., A., 12., A., 13., 14., A., , What is the main aim of production?, The main aim of production is to produce goods and services requested by the people., Expand MNREGA, Mahatma gandhi national rural employment act., What is the main activity of the village Rampur?, Farming., What percentage of people are dependent on the farming activity in Rampur?, 75%, Which is the third crop in multiple cropping besides the two main crops? A. Potato, What is meant by land?, Land and other natural resources such as water, forests, minerals, 2 Marks questions, , Medium &, Large farmers, 13%, , I., 1. What are the reasons for multiple cropping in rural area?, A. 1. Insurance against the vagaries of weather, 2. Diseases and pests is a major reason, 3. Fertile soil, 4. Minimizing soil erosion, 5. Which are some of the serious drawbacks of mono-cultural farming., 2. Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land?, A. 1. The upper caste families own majority of the land in the village, 2. Not all the people engaged in agriculture have sufficient land for cultivation, 3. They have land extending over 10 hectares or more, 4. Farmer social status, 5. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer family, 6. Even these small plots were divided among sons when father was dead., 3. What do the arrows indicate? would you agree that distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India?, Explain., , 87% small, farmers, , 48% Small 52% Medium, Farmers, and largel, Farmers, , A. 1. The arrows indicate that 87% of the total farmers are cultivating only 48% of the total cultivated land., 2. The remaining 13% of the farmers are cultivating the remaining 52% of the land., 3. This indicates that there is no equal distribution of land among farmers, 4. I would agree that the distribution of cultivated land is unequal in India., 4. What are the non-farm production activities in Rampur village? (ASI), A. 1. Dairy farming, 2. Shop keeping, 3. Prepares jaggery, 4. Small scale manufacturing, 5. Transport, 56

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5. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Rampur less than minimum wages?, A. 1. Farm labourers in the Rampur village came from landless families cultivating small plots of land., 2. The minimum wage fixed by the government for a farm labourers, 3. There is a great competition for work among the farm labourers of Rampur, 4. So they themselves agree to work at much lower wages than what was fixed by the government., 4 Marks Questions, What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain?, A., Increasing production two ways, 1., , 2., , 2. By adopting modern, 1. Multi cropping, Example:, farming method, 1. Many farmers of Rampur village have adopted the process of multiple cropping to increase their, production from same piece of land., 2. During the rainy season, they grow Jawar, Bajra etc. Which are cyed for cattle feeding., 3. Between October and December they cultivate potatoes., Read the table given below and answer the following questions (Page no. 122 print), Weeding Transplanting, , Harvest- Winnow- Threshing, ing, ing, , Picking, cotton, , Workers, , Ploughing, , Sowing, , Male, , 214, , 197, , 215, , -, , 164, , 168, , 152, , -, , Female, , -, , 152, , 130, , 143, , 126, , 124, , 118, , 316, , (Information skills), A. Which works are done by male workers?, a. Ploughing, B. Which works are done by female workers?, a. Transplantin, picking cotton, C. In which work difference wages is more between male and female?, a. Weeding, sowing, D. Why does male workers got high wage?, a. Male persons can do more work, due to that concept they are getting high wages., 3., , Read the following passage and answer the following questions?, Dairy is a common activity in many families of Rampur, people feed their buffaloes on various kinds of, grass and Jawar and Bajra fodder cultivated during the rainy season. The milk is sold in Raniganj.Two, traders from Jahangirabad have set up collection cum chilling centres at Raniganj from where the milk is, transported to faraway places such as Bulandshahar and Delhi. The production factors of this activity are, briefly described., Land: Own shed in the village, Labour: Women to cook after the buffaloes, Physical capital: Buffaloes purchased, Working capital: Feed from this land, some medicines are purchased, 57

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3., , 4., , 5., , 6., , Questions, 1. Which season crops are Bajraw and Jowar, A. Rainy season, 2. What are the factors of production?, A. 1. Land (shed), 2. Labour (Look often the buffaloes), 3. Physical capital, 4. Working capital (feed), 3. Why do we need milk chilling centres?, A. To present milk in good condition., 4. Which cities were supplied milk?, A. Delhi, Bulandshahar., Read again the meaning of “Land” in the production process. Other than agriculture, where this requirement is most significant in the process of production? Give examples., 1. For dairy farm, 2. For transportation, 3. For sugarcane crushing, 4. For industries, 5. Educational institutions, 6. Poultry farms, 7. Bricks making, 8. For constructions., Read the table given below and answer the following questions? (Page No 122) (Information skills), Type of farmers, , Sized plots, , % of farmers, , % of cultivated, area, , Small farmers, , Less than, 2 ha, , 87%, , 48%, , Medium and, large farmers, , More than, 2 ha, , 13%, , 52%, , A. What is the percentage of small farmers?, ans: 87%, B. Who contracted 52% of cultivated area?, ans: medium and large farmers, C. Who cultivate less than 2 hectares of land?, ans: Small farmers, D. What is the percentage of medium and large farmers?, ans: 13%, Read the table given below and answer the following questions?, S.No, , Factor of production, , Explanation, , 1, , Land, , Land, water, Forest, minerals, , 2., , Labour, , Highly trained and educated workers and, , 3., , Capital, , Physical, manual work labourers, Tools, machines, buildings, raw material, & money, , 4., , Knowledge/ Enterprise, , To be able to use land, labour and physical, capital in a meaningful way to produce some, goods or services., 58

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6. How many types of factors of productions are there? what are they?, A. Factors of production:, 1. Land, 2) Labour, 3. Capital, 4. Knowledge/enterprise, B. Which factor of production is known as natural resources?, Land, C. What are the items that comes under capital?, a) Tools, machines, buildings, rawmaterials, money., D. What do you call by using factors of production to produce goods and services?, Knowledge/enterprise, Fill in the blanks, 1. What is the standard units to measure the land Hectare, 2. Number of acres for 1 hectar 21/2acres., 3. Potato crop is grow in the month October and December, 4. Farming is the main (Product) activity in Indian villages., 5. Sugar cane is the annual crop, 6. In rainy season Jawar, Bajra are cultivated, 7. To grow more than one crop on the same piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping., 8. Expand HYV High yielding variety, 9. Land is the most crucial factor necessary for farm production., 10. The traders of Rampur buy various goods from wholesale market in the cities and sell them in the village., Matching, A, B, 1. Rampur, (C), a) Tomato, 2. Kharif, (D), b) Potato, 3. Rabi, (E), c) Uttar pradesh, 4. Gunta, (F), d) Rainy season, 5. Third crop, (B), e) Wheat, f) Measuring land, g) West bengal, h) Tobacco, 2., A, B, 1. Land under water cultivation, (G), a) Physical capital, 2. Rabi, (F), b) Working capital, 3. Kharif, (E), c) Medium farmers, 4. More than 2 ha., (D), d) Medium and large farmers, 5. Machines, (A), e) Jowar, f) Winter season crop, g) Less than 40% cultivated land, h) Less than 50% cultivated land, 3., , A, 1. Cents, 2. Fruits, 3. Sugar cane, 4. Potato, 5. Population of Rampur, , (C), (G), (D), (E), (A), , 59, , B, a) 2660, b) 2760, c) Measurement unit of land, d) Annual crop, e) October- December, f) November- December, g) Natural resource, h) Kharif

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10. Lesson- Globalisation, Fill in the blanks:, 1. _________ is a major change that occured across the globe in the late 20th century., A. Globalisation, 2. Rapid integration or inter- connection between countries is known as _______, A. Globalisation., 3. __________ is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation., A. Multi- National company (MNC), 4. The people with __________have demand in migration, A. Professional skills, 5. If multi-national companies set up production jointly with the local companies then it is called __________, A. Joint ventures, 6. The company which came to India for commercial benefits is __________, A. Ford motors (An American company), 7. However, starting around __________ some far reaching changes in policy were made in India, A. 1991, 8. Expand WTO __________, A. World Trade organisation, 9. Nearly __________ countries of the world are currently members of the WTO, A. 150, 10. The process of rapid integration or inter-connection between countries is called __________, A. Globalisation., 11. Trade by a nation with the other countries is called __________, A. Foreign trade, 12. The multi-national companies provide services through __________, A. Customer care, 13. The educated English speaking youth are providing __________ services, A. Customer care, 14. Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as __________, A. Liberalisation, 15. Expand SEZ__________, A. Special Economic Zone, 16. Ford motors, an American company set up a large plant near Chennai with the collaboration of Indian, __________ and __________ company, A. Mahindra & Mahindra, 17. Globalisation by connecting countries results in __________ competition among producers., A. Greater, 18. Limit that is placed by the government on the number of goods imported and exported is called __________, A. Quotas, 19. In America, the share of agriculture in GDP is __________, A. 1%, 20. Expand IBRD __________, A. International Bank for reconstruction and development, 21. Expand IMF?, A. International monetary fund, 22. Expand MNC __________, A. Multi national company, 23. Expand WB __________, A. World Bank, 60

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24., A., 25., A., 26., A., 27., A., 28., A., 29., A., 30., A., 31., A., , 1., A., 2., A., , 3., A., , 4., A., 5., A., 6., A., 7., A., 8., A., 9., A., , Expand IT __________, Information Technology, Present chairman of world bank is __________, Robert Jollick., The present vice chairman of world bank is __________, Anil sood, The present chairman of International monitary fund is __________, Christine Lagarde, Expansion of IDA is__________, International development association, Cargill foods a multi-national company is __________ country, America, Cargill a multi-national company has bought over __________ Indian companies., Parakh foods, The head office of WTO is located at __________, Geneva (Switzerland), One Mark Questions, Would you say ford motors is an MNC? Why?, Yes. We can say Ford motors is an MNC, because its production units have spread over 26 countries of, the world. This is the most important feature of an MNC., What is foreign investment? How much did Ford motors invest in India?, Foreign investment, 1. The capital investment by companies of one country in the companies of other country is called, Foreign investment, 2. Ford motor invested Rs. 1,700 crores in India., What is the role of MNCs in the globalisation process?, 1. In the past three or four decades, more and more MNCs have been looking for locations around the, world which would be cheap for their production, the world which would be cheap for their production., 2. Foreign investment by MNCs and foreign trade between countries are increasing simultaneously., 3. As a result, integration of production and markets across the countries has been increasing rapidly., 4. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries., 5. The flow of capital, people, technology have created a borderless world., How is information technology connected with globalisation? Would globalisation have been possible, without expansion of IT?, Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. Globalisation would not have been possible without expansion of IT., What do you understand by liberalisation of foreign trade?, Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government on foreign trade investment is known as, liberalisation of foreign trade., What do you think can be done so that trade between countries is fairer?, All countries should remove trade barriers to make for a fair international trade. Developed countries, should desist from forcing the developing countries in agreements which they themselves may not obey., Why did the Chinese toys became popular in India?, Because of the cheaper prices and new designs, Chinese toys became popular in the Indian market., What is e-mail?, Sending information through internet within a very short period is called e-mail., What is Arab spring?, In 2013 several nations in western Asia and Northern Africa like Tunisia, Egypt were influenced by each, 61

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10., A., , 1., A., , 2., A., , 3., A., , 4., A., , 5., A., , 6., A., , 7., A., 8., , other’s revolutions and uprooting of dictators. This was called “Arab spring” in the media., What are quotas?, The limitations placed on the number of goods imported or exported by the government for the protection of local consumers and the local manufacturers respectively are called quotas., Two mark questions, How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?, 1. Flexibility in labour laws can help the companies to decrease their production cost by employing, labourers only for short period of time when there is need instead of employing them for a long period, time or yearly basis, 2. By easing upon labour laws, company heads can negotiate wages and terminate employment depending on market conditions., How has the liberation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?, 1. With the liberalisation of trade and investment policies businesses are allowed to make free decisions, about their imports and exports., 2. Less restrictions are imposed by the government and regulations are made easier., 3. It resulted in greater integrations of production and markets across countries., 4. Most regions of the world came in closer contact with each other than a few decades back., “The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement., 1. The impact of globalisation has not been uniform. It has benefited skilled and professional persons in, urban areas. It has not been much the persons who are unskilled., 2. The industrial and service sectors have gained because of globalisation, but the agricultural sectorhas, not gained much from globalisation., 3. Moreover, globalisation has benefited large industrial units as MNCs have collaborated with big units, only., 4. The small and medium sized industrial units are hit hard as they find it very difficult to compete with, huge MNC’s, How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example other, than those given here., Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets of their, own countries. Goods travel from one country to another. Competitions among the producers of various, countries as well as buyer prevail. Thus, foreign trade leads to integration of markets across countries., eg: During new year’s day celebrations buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and, other countries decorative bulbs. This provides an opportunity to expand business., Nearly all major multinationals are Americans, Japanese & European, such as Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi,, Honda, Nokia, can you guess why?, Industrialisation began from Europe and then spread to America and later to Japan. By the time India, became independent, many companies of these countries had already become financially strong. This is, the reason that most of the MNCs are from America, Europe or Japan., 2. These countries force the developing countries to liberalise their foreign trade. They place the orders, with small producers and sell these under their brand., Should more Indian companies emerge as MNCs? How would it benefit the people in the Country?, It is desirable that more Indian companies emerge as MNCs. This will help those companies in expanding their market and financial muscle. This will make India a stronger economy. A stronger economy is, always beneficial for its people through various corporate social responsibility programmes., Why do governments try to attract more foreign investment?, More foreign investment helps in increasing the economic activities. This helps in employment generation., So the governments try to attract more foreign investment., What are thethree types of movement within international economic exchanges?, 62

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A. The three types of movement within international economic exchanges:, 1. Flow of goods as well as services., 2. Flow of labour, the migration of people in search of employment., 3. The movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances., 9. What factors does the MNCs consider in the establishment of factories and industries?, A - Proximity of the markets., - Availability of skilled and un-skilled labour with low cost., - Availability of factors of production., - Government policies which secure their benefits., 10. “Standards of living raised due to globalisation” Explain, A. Living conditions of the people are influenced by the globalisation. It benefitted the consumers particularly in urban areas. It also benefited the rich section of the society. Number of goods with high quality,, durability are available at cheaper rates which made the life of the people easy, convenient and luxurious., 11. What are the special economic zones? or What are SEZs., A. In recent years, the central and state governments in India are taking special steps to attract foreign, companies to invest in India. Industrial zones, called special economic zones (SEZs) are being set up., SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and, educational facilities. Companies who setup production units in SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an, initial period of five years., Four mark questions, 1. What are the differences between the MNCs and other companies?, 2. Write about the three needs which made the small producers to face the competition in the market?, 3. How does the special economic zones help in attracting the foreign investments in India?, 4. “IT is the base for globalisation”. Do you support this?, 5. What steps that the government should take to make available the fruits of globalisation to all?, 6. “Globalisation helps in generating employment opportunities” discuss., 7. Locate the following places on the world map., 1. America, 2. China, 3. Mexico,, 4. Eastern European countries - i) Poland, ii) Ukraine, iii) Rumania, iv) Bulgaria, v) Check republic, vi), Slovakia,, 5. India, , 63

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11. FOOD SECURITY, Fill in the blanks:, 1. In __________state severe drought occured during 1943-45, A. Bengal, 2. Jawar, Bajra, Ragi are called __________ cereals, A. Coarse cereals, 3. Availability of food grains for the year / population __________, A. Availability of food grans per person., 4. In __________ country the per capita availability of food grains is high, A. America., 5. The minimum required kilocalories that the people of urban areas should take is __________, A. 2100 calories, 6. The food grains for buffer stock are procured through__________, A. Food corporation of India, 7. In __________ year the national food security act was made in India, A. 2013, 8. National institute of nutrition is located at __________, A. Hyderabad., 9. Children aged __________ coming to Angan wadi?, A. 1-6 years., 10. __________ is the largest school feeding programme in the world., A. Mid-day meals programme., 11. __________ is the BMI of a healthy person, A. 18.5, 12. The status of nutrition among adult men and adult women is measured by __________, A. Body mass index (BMI), 13. __________ is an important system for the access of food grains., A. Public distribution system, 14. The Antyodaya card holders procure __________ kilograms of food grains per month., A. 35 kilograms, 15. Expand MSP, A. Minimum support price, 16. Expand FCI __________, A. Food Corporation of India., 17. Expand PDS__________, A. Public distribution system, 18. About __________ crore children studying in schools eat mid-day meal to-day, A. 14 crores, 19. The minimum required intake calories of people living in rural areas is __________, A. 2400 calories, 20. Expand ICDS __________, A. Integrated Child development scheme., 21. Expand NIN __________, A. National institute of nutrition., 22. The director general of WTO is __________, A. Margarett chan, 23. The prevalence of underweight of children is very low in __________ state., A. Kerala, One mark questions, 64

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1., A., 2., A., 3., A., 4., A., , 5., A., 6., A., 7., A., 8., A., 9., A., 10., A., 11., A., 12., A., , 1., A., , 2., A., , Which crops are increasing slowly in recent years?, Jowar, oilseeds., What is meant by availability of food grains per person?, The average availability of food grain per day per person is called availability of food grains per person., How is the availability of food grains per person per day is estimated?, It is estimated as follows., Availability of food grains per person per day= Availability of food grains for the year/ populatin/ 365, Is the method producing paddy and wheat a protectged one?, The method used to get high yield is not good and protective one. The scientists and the agricultural, experts are not supporting this method. Because these new methods of high yielding leads to soil erosion, and extinction of ground water., What are the nutri-cereals? Give examples?, Coarse cereals are considered as nutri- cereals., ex: Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, What is meant by Agricultural diversification?, The careful planning which provides the farmers to take up food crops and non-food crops and dairying, together as a greater variety in agriculture., What is meant by buffer stock?, The buffer stock means stock of food grains maintained by the government through food corporation of, India., What is meant by minimum support price?, The government procures food grains and some other farm produce through the FCI. For this government announced MSP, What is public distribution system?, Public distribution system is an Indian food security system. It distributes subsidized food and non-food, items to India’s poor people., What meant by nutrition?, The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues., What do you mean by famine?, Extreme scarcity of food leading to hunger and starvation., What is the need of food security?, Food security is needed for various purposes. The main purpose of food security is ‘no person should go, to bed with empty stomach’., Two Mark questions, What factors have contributed to the high growth of paddy and wheat yields over the long period?, Factors which have contributed to the high growth of paddy and wheat are:, 1. Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells helped the growth in the production, of rice and wheat., 2. Emphasis to rice and wheat during “Green revolution”, 3. Under the scheme for food self- sufficiency wheat and rice agriculture was encouraged through various governmnet policies., Is it jusifiable to export food grains for a small fraction of income at the cost of the needs of the majority, people?, It is not justifiable due to the following reasons:, 1. Increase in exports of food grains increases their prices which made their availability to poor people is, very low., 2. Without having buffer stocks, If we have exported, the food grains then there will be a scarcity food, grains which are to be supplied through PDS, 65

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3. The yield of food grains may be low due to famine and other natural calamities in some years., 4. Because of all the above reasons it is not justifiable to export food grains to other countries., 3. What can be estimated with height and weight index?, A. We can estimate the following with height and weight index:, 1. The working method of public distribution system, 2. Importance for the cultivation food crops, 3. Consumption level of the people, 4. We can say weather the people received required calories of intake or not in their childhood., 4. Read the following text and answer the questions given below., What falls under food grains, Food, Grains, , EDIBLE OIL, , CEREALS, , “Coarse” Cereals, (Eg.: jowar, ragi, bajra, and other millets, , PULSES, , Fine Cereals, (Eg.: rice and wheat), , Many believe coarse cereals to be inferior grains. Because these are called, cparse grains. We think these are rough and unhealthy. On the contrary, these, are highly nutricious and wholesome grains. They are a staple diet of millions of, people living in the dry land regions of the country. Once very familiar in Indian, households, the lable ‘coarse’ cereals came with colonial rulers who preferred, the while colour of rice and wheat and looked wdown upon local food and, cultural practices. Today many prefer to call these cereals “nutri-cereals”, 1. How are the food grains classified?, A. Food grains are classified as edible oils, cereals and pulses., 2. Which cereals are preferred by the people living in the dry land regions?, A. Coarse cereals. ex: Jowar, Bajra, Ragi., 3. Who preferred the rice and the wheat?, A. Colonial rulers who preferred the white colour., 4. Coarse cereals are also called __________, A. Nutri cereals, 5. give example for fine cereals?, A. (Paddy) rice and wheat, 5. Observe the graph and answer the questions., Graph./, 1. How many calories of intake is taken by top quarter on an average?, A. 2521 calories, 2. What is the difference between top-quarter intake and bottom quarter intake?, A. 2521-1624= 897 calories, 3. Who are taking very low calorie intake?, A. Bottom quarter, 4. What is the reason for the low calorie intake of bottom quarter people?, A. Low income and low lever of purchasing capacity., 66

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5. What opinion did you derive from the above graph?, A. The economic position of the people directs the purchasing power and their calorie intake., Four mark questions, The production of food grains become low due to natural calamities. What steps that the government, should take to raise availability of food grains?, 2. Describe the relationship between the increase in food production and food security?, 3. “Public distribution system can ensure better food security to people” Support this statement?, 4. Explain about the agricultural diversification in your or any known village?, 5. Why should attention be given to increse the yield of Jowar? Discuss., 6. Explain the role of judiciary in the implementation of food security., 7. Observe the table and calculate the per person availability of food grains for 1991 and 2011 as shown for, 1971, 8. Analyse a weeks food habit of your family. create a table to explain nutrition elements included in it., 9. “The poor are suffering from under nutrition today” discuss, 10. How can an effective anganwadi centre deal with the problem of under weight among children for a, locality., 11. Locate the following places on the map of India., 1. West bengal, 2. Delhi, 3. Hyderabad, 4. Punjab, 5. Tamilnadu, 6. Asom, 7. Bihar, 8. Gujarath 9., Maharashtra, 10. Rajasthan., 1., , 67

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1., A., 2., A., 3., A., 4., A., 5., A., 6., A., 7., A., 8., A., 9., A., 10., A., 11., 12., A., 13., A., 14., A., 15., A., 16., A., 17., A., 18., A., 19., A., 20., A., 21., A., 22., A., 23., A., 24., A., , 12. Sustainable development with equality, The social indicators in the development are __________, Education, health, Agriculture, mining belonged to __________ sector, Primary sector, Agriculturally prosperous state in India is __________, Punjab, The book silent spring written by __________, Rachel carson, The village Jalasindhi is the __________ state, Madhya pradesh, Chipko movement was started in the year __________, 1970, The word Chipko means __________, Embrace, In __________ city theuse of compressed natural gas decreased the level of air pollution., Delhi, The state which first banned chemical fertilisers and pesticides is __________, Sikkim, An alternative public distribution system was started in the district __________, Medak, __________ state is following the path of being 100% organic state., __________ Andolan has stood for the rights of the people over land, forests and river, Narmada bachao Andolan, The Chipko movement was started in Uttarakhand, in the hills of __________, Garhwal, __________ played vital role in chipko movement, Woman, Great Devi of Jalasindhi’s village people is __________, Rani Kajol, __________ State used the Endosulfan in a great extent., Kerala, __________ sprayed to control mosquitos, DDT, Jalsindhi village is the __________ district of Madhya pradesh, Jhabna, __________ is an indicator of the value of goods and services produced in the country., Gross domestic product., __________ is linked with environment and sustainability, Equality, The chief minister of Madhya pradesh in 1994 was __________, Digvijay singh, Ninagodi and Hiyah are __________, Types of bamboo, Bangoria is __________ of tribal people living in Narmada valley, Festival, Expand GDP __________, Gross domestic product, 68

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25., A., 26., A., 27., A., 28., A., 29., A., 30., A., 31., , The article of right to life is __________, Article 21., __________ is the single largest river development scheme in India, The Narmada valley development project, Bava Mahalia wrote letter in __________language, Bhilal, In __________ year Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent spring, 1962, The slum area named Dharavi is in __________, Mumbai, Endosulfan is __________, Chemical pesticide, __________ organisation in Zaheerabad of Medak district is trying to cultivate the fallow land and the, commons., A. Deccan development society, 32. __________ acres can be irrigated with the Mota baavi., A. 2-3 acres only., One mark questions, 1. What is sustainable development?, A. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the, ability of future generations to meet the one’s needs., In otherwords a better quality of life for everyone- now and for generations to come., 2. What are the activities of the primary sector?, A. Agriculture, mining, poultry, fishing, Animal husbandary etc. are come under the primary sector., 3. What is environments source function?, A. The potential of an environment to provide these resources is referred to as an environments source, function. This function is depleted as resources are consumed or pollution contaminates the resources., 4. What does the sink function describe?, A. The sink function describes an environmentas ability to absorb and render harmless waste and pollution., When waste output exceeds ther limit of the sink function, long-term damage to environment occurs., 5. Name the book written by Rachel Carson? What is there in it?, A. Rachel Carson wrote the book “Silent spring”. In this book she described how the use of DDT to, control mosquitoes showed adverse effects on birds and humanbeings., 6. What are the adverse effects of endosulfan?, A. Spraying of Endosulfan polluted the air, water and environment. Its effect is more on the people. This, spray caused several severe health problems among agricultural labourers. Cancer and deformities became prevalent among them., 7. Why was the Chipko Andolan started?, A. This Andolan was started in 1970 in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand to protect the rights of the, tribal people over forests., 8. What activities are carried out by the alternate public distribution system?, A. -Bringing the drylands under cultivation, -Selling the food grains in the village itself to community grain bank., - working as public distribution system., 9. What did the right to life say?, A. In 1991, the supreme court held that the right to life under Article 21 of the constitution includes the right, to enjoyment of pollution- free water and air for full enjoyment of life., 10. What is the use of mixed crop pattern?, 69

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A. -We can avoid the severe damage of crops by the insects, - We can enrich the fertility of the soil, - We can provide balanced diet to humanbeings and animals, - These are all the uses of mixing crops pattern., 11. Who startedthe Chipko Andolan?, A. Sundarlal Bahuguna started the Chipko Andolan., 12. ExpandHDI, A. Human development index, 13. Expand NBA, A. Narmada Bachao Andolan, , 1., A., 2., A., , 3., A., , 4., A., , 5., A., , 6., A., , Two mark questions, This is the land of our fore fathers. We have a right to it. If this is lost, then we will only get spades and, pick axes, nothing else... “Says Bava Mahaliya. Can you explain the statement, They got the land from their forefathers. If that right was lost, they had to live as labourers by digging the, earth in towns as construction labourers., Why do you think modern method of lifting water has proved to be unsustainable?, 1. Modern method of lifting water has proved to be unsustanable., 2. Initially there was a relief from drudgery and lifting of water with pumpswas easy., 3. With lifting of ground water by electric and motor pumps, Water tables started going down., 4. nearly 1/3 of the country is pumping out ground water than what goes in as recharge., 5. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 mts. during the past 20 years., 6. Ground waters are also becoming unsafe and contaminated from chemical industrial waste, Why should water be considered as common property?, 1. Water is available to us through the nature., 2. We can have access to it from different sources like underground water, canals, tanks and rivers etc., 3. It is a compulsory part of living, 4. Thus it is common for all and is called common property., 5. We shall have it and retain it for the future generations., Why was it considered necessary to go to court to stop the use of Endosulfan?, 1. In 1976, to protect the cashew crop, the government sprayed Endosulfan, the pesticide over 15,000, acres of land in Kasargod in Kerala, 2. The air, water and entire environment was suffused with the pesticide., 3. Caused serious health problems to local people, especially agricultural labourers., 4. At least 5,000 people died and for countless life became miserable., 5. So it was necessary to go court to stop the use of Endosulfan., 6. In recent years, the use of Endosulfan was banned by court order., Do you think the people of Jalsindhi village are food secure in their present location?, I think the people of Jalsindhi village are not food secure in their present location., 2. As far as the various crops they grew nothing insecure of food”, 3.They eat the leaves of forests trees like Hegva, mahia, amli etcl. It does not refer to food security., 4. In times of famine they are surviveed by eating roots and tubers which is not food secure., 5. When they fall sick, their medicine was leaves, roots and bark from forests, this is also not food, secure., What do you think would be the environmental and human costs of such rapid growth in mining, 1. Such rapid growth in mining would have a negative impact on the environment as well as at the human, cost., 2. Mines are dug deep, so the layers of the earth become weak., 3. They may cause landslides, avalanches, earth quakes etc., 70

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4. Most of the water is used in the process of digging and later process also., 5. Post liberalisation era brought private people in mining activities., 6. Accidents may occur, tunnel may fall down, or get flooded with water or there can be fire and suffocation due to gases- these dangers may be faced in mining, 7. With the moto of earning profits, these companies do not take proper measures of safety., 8. Thus, there may be many human and environment losses in the rapid extraction of minerals., 7. What is another function that the environment provides?, A. There is another function that the environment provides. It is to absorb and render harmless the waste and, pollution from various activities. Unwanted by-products of production and consumption say exhaust, gasesfrom combustion, water used to clean products, discarded packaging and goods no longer wanted, are absorbed by the environment. This is as important as the source of function., 8. Write the adverse effects of DDT which is used in the mosquito control?, A. DDT is used for mosquito control. Substances like heavy metals contained in pesticides do not disappear, from the environment but instead accumulate inside living organisms. Thus, the poison in DDT flows. The, poison is in too small quantity to kill the fishes is lethal enough for the bird. Rachel Carson also showed, that insects like mosquitoes quickly develop resistance to DDT sprays. Her findings are a clear example, of how human action irreversibly destroys nature and human beings themselves., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., , Four mark questions, Why did the people of Jalsindhi village refuse to move out as the village?, Rapid extracftion of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the future development, prospects. Do you agree?, What kind of environmental problems did the spread of green revolution create? What lesson does this, have for the future, Find out about the various ways in which the problems of garbage and emissions are being dealt with, around the world., Environment is crucially important for the lives and livelihoods of the local communities and lifestyles of, local communities are harmonious with the environment? Explain, Write about the Chipko movement?, What are the environmental problems arised due to Narmada Valley Development project?, Locate the following on the map of India?, 1. Mumbai, 2.Hyderabad, 3. Madhya pradesh, 4. Gujarath, 5. Tamilnadu, 6. Kerala 7. Punjab 8. Sardar, Sarovar project, 9. Uttar pradesh, 10. River Narmada, 11. Delhi., , 71

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Rich (income above Rs. 17 lakh), Middle class (income between Rs 3.4 to Rs 17 lakh), , 3 million households, , 31 million households, Aspirers (income between Rs. 1.5 to Rs. 3.4 lakh), , 71 million households, , deprived (income below Rs. 1.5 lakhs, , 9., , million households, Write a brief note on the in-equality in India based on the graphs and 135, figures, , 13. The world between wars 1900-1950 Part- I, 1. At the beginning of the 20th century, the world had population of __________, A. 6 billion or 160 crores, Graph 2: Total Wealth held, by Billionaires, (in Billion Rupees), , Graph 3: Increase in the Number, of, Billionaires, , 60, , 12000, , 56, , 11,000, 50, , 10000, , 40, , 8000, , 30, , 6000, , 20, , 4000, , 2000, , 10, , 1,157, , 9, 3, , 212, , 0, , 0, , 72

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2., A., 3., A., 4., A., 5., A., 6., A., 7., A., 8., A., 9., A., 10., A., 11., A., 12., A., , 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , Eric Hobsbawn, a historian, called 20th century __________, The age of extremes., __________ country started first industrial revolution, England, The great depression was started __________ country __________ year occured., U.S.A in 1929, The first world war broke out in the year __________, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinond belongs to __________ country, Austria, __________ was very active in the formation of the league of nations., Woodrow wilson, The British women got their voting right in __________, 1918, __________ year the formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), 1924, __________ main cause the second world war., Hitler’s attack on Poland, __________ year Germany, grew out of their monarchy and become Weimor Republic, 1919, The Axis powers was led by, Germany, , World war - I, Great depression, Russian revolution, Fascism, Naxism (Nazism), UNO, Treaty of versallies, , Matching, (C), (A), (B), (G), (D), (E), (F), , a) 1929, b) 1917, c) 1914, d) Germany, e) 1945, f) After world war-I, g) Italy, , 1 Mark questions, What are the triple alliance countries?, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Austria, what is meant by Imperialism?, The rivalry in colonial expansion was called imperialism, What is immediate cause of world war-I, Ferdinand of Austria was murdered along with his wife Sophia by Bosnian Serb in Sarajevo, What was the word Fascism?, Fascism means a bundle of rods., Who attacked on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?, The U.S.A. attacked on Hiroshima and Nagasaki., What is the result of the secret alliances?, Instead of real peace, these alliances created an atmosphere of fear and armed peace in Europe., 2 Mark questions, 1. Do you think industrialisation has created the conditions for modern wars?, A. 1. The industrialised countries of Europe could find markets for their surplus goods, raw materials to feed, 1., A., 2., A., 3., A., 4., A., 5., A., 6., A., , 73

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their industries in Asia, Africa converted them into colonies., 2. There was a race for colonies, 3. The new industrial powers like Germany emerged, they wanted to redivide the colonies., 4. This created enemity leading wars., 2. Do you think the love for one’s country among people of different countries leads to wars?, A. 1. Yes, love for one’s country is a positive impulse., 2. This ideology was used to create pride in oneself and hatred against neighbours. This hatred was, slowly building up in the 19th Century between state of Europe., 3. This aggresive nationalism lead to wars., 3. Do you find the presence of aggresive nationalism, imperialism, power blocks and militarism around us, today too? give examples., A. 1. Yes, we find the presence of militarism around, Ex: a) Irani insurgency, b) Central African republic conflict, c) South Sudanese conflict, d) War in North-west Pakistan., 4. Graph-1: War related deaths 1500-1999, 5.a)Compare and unite your observation on war related deaths between 1700-1799 and 1800-1899, A. The war related deaths increased abnormally in 1800-1899 compared to 1700-1799, b) In what century/ period you find both war deaths and deaths per 1000 highest?, A. Between 1900-1999, , 120, 100.7, 100, , 80, , 60, 44.4, 40, , 20, , 19.4, , 11.2, 1.6, , 3.2, , 6.1, , 9.7, 7, , 0, , 74, , 16.2

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c) What may be reason for highest war deaths?, A. The advanced war weapons like atom bombs, chemical weapons.\, d) What does the above information indicate?, A. The above information indicates war deaths between 16 to 20th century., 4 Marks questions, `1. How did the idea of nation states and nationalism influence desire for the war during world wars?, A. In 19th century, in Europe, there was the spirit of nationalism which resulted in formation of nation states., 2. This accelerated the scamble among the nations for control over the world, and armies to backup, national interests., 3. Different nations entered into alliances mostly secret ones., 4. Two main blocks emerged Triple entent and Triple alliance., 5. It created an atmosphere of fear, suspicion, stress and led to wars., 2. Explain why 20th century is known as “Age of Extremes?, A. 20th century is known as “Age of extremes” because, 1. Innumerable deaths: Because of the two world wars, there was huge loss of property and life., 2. War of weapons: Because of these wars, there was arms race among world countries to store more, and more nuclear bombs and chemical weapons., 3. Stress on democratic principles: The need for democratic form of government have been identified, world wide., 4. Change in the balance of power: After the first world war, middle and East Europe was re-divided, based on nationality, economic liability, military, security., 5. New international organisations: New organisations like united nations organisation and Non alignment movement were started to establish world peace., 3. Observe the following graph and answer the questions., The Armaments Race, 1.What does the above graph reveal?, A. the graph reveals the armaments race, 2. In which year the armaments mostly prepared?, A. 1914, 450, 397, 400, 350, 288, 300, 250, 205, 200, 158, 150, , 132, , 100, 50, 0, , 1880, , 1890, , 1900, , 1910, 75, , 1914

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3. Why did the military expenditure increase for every 10 years?, A. The insecurity feeling in the country is the reason, 4. What are the countries that invest on weapons?, A. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France., Part- II, 14.The world between wars 1900-1950, I. Fill in the blanks, 1. The Russian parliament __________, A. Duma, 2. The great depression started first in __________ century, A. U.S.A (United states of America), 3. World war-I ended with the treaty of __________, A. Versailles, 4. The Bolshavik party was lead by __________, A. Lenin, 5. __________ in year the formation of USSR, A., 6. The capital of Germany __________, A. Berlin, 7. Japan surrendered in the year __________\, A. 1945, 8. John Mayhard keynes __________, A. Economist\, II, , Match the following:, 1. Treaty of Varsailles, 2. The bloody sunday, 3. Pearl harbour, 4. Stalin, 5. Formation of cominturn, 6. DIET, , (D), (E), (A), (B), (F), (C), , a) USA, b) Collectivisation, c) japan, 1919, 1905, 1898, , One mark questions, 1. What is meant welfare state?, A. A system where by the state undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially, those in financial or social need., 2. Who introduced “The new deal” policy in U.S.A?, A. President Roosevelt., 3. What was Gestapo?, A. It was a secret police service in Germany, 4. What are the nations in USSR?, A. Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Kazakhisthan, Tajikstan, Turkomania., 5. What was the name of German parliament?, A. Reechstag, 6. What do you mean military alliances?, A. The special agreements made by USA and USSR seperately during cold war are known as military, alliances., 76

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2 MARKS QUESTIONS, 1. Russian revolution brought in many changes in their societies. What were they?, Ans: 1. Land of Nobles and Church was confiscated and given to peasant societies., 2. Private property was eliminated., 3. Industries were nationalised, 4. Planning was to help advance growth of economy, 5. Control the prices and Banks was nationalised, 2. Read the following paragraph and answer the given questions?, Ans: Hitler argued that it was the right of the most powerful race to conquer the world. For this earth is not, allocated to anyone nor in it presented to anyone as a gift it is awarded by providence to people who in, their hearts have the courage to conquer it, the strength to preserve ‘it’ and the industry to put it to he, plough... the primary right of this world. What is the right to life so far as one possesses the strength., For this. Hence on the basis of this right a vigorous nation will always find ways of adopting its territory, to its population size., Q. Is Hitler the idea of world conquest here? do you think world should belong to those who have power, and strength alone?, A. 1. Yes, Hitler is promoting the idea of war and conquest., 2. No, world should not belong to those who have power and strength alone., 3. It should belong to those who promote democracy, equality, freedom, peace, internationalism., 3. Observe the given time line chart and answer the following questions., Timeline-II, a) which incidents lead to the world war-II, A. the invasion of Poland by Hitler in 1939 was the immediate cause of world war-II, b) What were the main incidents occured in 1941 in the world history?, A. 1. Germany invaded the USSR, , Proclamation of the Welmar, Republic, , Nov.9, 1918, , Hitler becomes Chancellor of, Germany, , January, 30, 1933, , Germany invades Poland., Beginning of the Second world war, , Sep1, 1939, , Germany invades the USSR, , June22, 1941, , Mass murder of the Jews, begins, , June, 23, 1941, , The United States joins Second Dec 8, 1941, World War, Soviet troops liberate, Auschwitz., Allied victory in Europe, , Jan 27,, 1945, May 8, 1945, , 77

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4., , 2. Mass murders of the Jews, 3. The United states of America joined world war., Observe the following map and answer the question, Text book page no. 198, (Area under the control of Japan), a) Name any two countries which were not under the control of Japan., A. USSR, Tibet, Mangolia, China, b) Name any two countries laid to the west side of Japan., Which were under the control of Japan., , A. 1. Korea, 2. Hongkong, Singapur, 4 Mark questions, 1. In what ways were Jews persecuted during the Nazi Germany? Do you think in every country some, people are differentiated because of their identity?, A. Persecution means treating someone in a crueal or unfair way for a long period., 1. Jews were the worst sufferers in Nazi germany., 2. They were regarded as Socially impure., 3. They were singled out and persecuted., 4. From 1933 to 1939 Jews were terrorised and segnegated., 5. 1940 to 1944 they were ghettoised., 6. The final solution was persecution and mass murder of Jews., 2. What Challenges were faced by Germany during great depression and how did Nazi rulers and makes, use of it?, Ans: Challenges workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages. 2. the number of unemployed touched, 6 million 3. Small businessmen, the self employed and retailers suffered, 4. Big business was crisis 4., Peasantry was affected by fall in price., Advantage of this situation: 1. promising to restore the dignity of the German people by building a strong, nation, 2. Promissing the youth a secure future with employmehnt, 3. Promising to remove all foreign, authority and influence., 3. locate the following on the outline of world., a. Germany, 2. South Africa, 3. Egypt, 4. Japan, 5. England,, or, b. 1. France, 2. Russia, 3.Italy, 4. Australia, 5. China., , 78

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15. National liberation Movements in, The colonies, each 1/2 mark, Fill in the blanks with the suitable words., 1. In the early 20th century China was ruled by ___________, 2. The founder of modern china is ___________, 3. The people ___________ said, must develop a habit and instinct for unified, behaviour., 4. C.C.P. Means ___________, 5. Mao Zedong was the leader of ___________ party., 6. 1931 had become the third largest exporter of rice in the world ___________, 7. The peoples Republic of China government was established in ___________, 8. The Vietnamese communist party was formed by ___________, 9. The french were defeated in 1954 at the place of ___________, 10. Nigerians elected a democratic government in ___________, 11. Oil was discovered in ___________ in the Niger delta., 12. Divide and rule policy was followed by the ___________, 13. Ken Saro Wiwa was human rights activists in ___________, Answers:, 1. Manchu dynasty, 2. Sun yet-sen, 3. Chiang Kiashek, 4. Chinese Communist party,, 5. Chinese communist party, 6. Vietnam, 7. 1949, 8. Ho chi min, 9. Dien Bien phu,, 10. 1999, 11. 1950’s, 12. British, 13. Vietnam, II. Answer the following questions in one word, 1M, 1. Which country practicing a cruel practice of not allowing women to have fully, grown feet?, A. China, 2. What do you know about long March?, A. In 1934 Mao Zedang conducted long march. About 6,000 miles was covered in this, historic long march., 3. What is the agent orange?, A. Agent orane is a defoliant, a plant killer, 4. What does NLF stand for?, Ans: National liberation front., 5. What does NCNC stands for?, A. National council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, 6. In China after the republican revolution, two political parties were formed what are, they?, A. They are, 1.The national people’s party- (KMT), 2. Chinese communist party (CCP), , 79

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III. Short answer the following, 2m, 1. What was the difference between a landless peasant and landless worker?, A. Landless peasant: A preasant who has no land of his own but works in the land of, others which was taken on rent., 2. Do you think America was justified in using chemical weapons like Napalm and, Agent Orange on civilian population and jungles?, A. 1. I don’t think America was justified in using chemcal weapons like Napalm and, Agent Orange., 2. Their intention to clear the jungles was would be easier to kill people if there was, no jungle cover., 3. They destroyed many villages and decimated jungles and civilians died in large, numbers., 4. That did not deter the courages of the persons and people of Vietnam., 3. In colonies which social groups have fro freedom? And why were the ideas of, equality and democracy important to them?, A. 1. In colonies peasants, common people and workers had fought for freedom., 2. Women and students also had fought for freedom., 3. All these were suppressed for many centuries, So the ideas of equality and democracy were important to them., 4. What was the programme of sun-yet-sen?, A. The programme of Sun-yet-sen was called the three principles (Sun min chui), Sun means- nationalism, min means- democracy, chui means - socialism, IV. Answer the following questions- 4 m, 1. In what ways the land reform programmes help CCP win the war?, A. 1. The land reform programme was primarily designed as a measure to win support, for the new regime., 2. By promoting free land to all, they broke open the peasants soul and released a, flood of mass passion., 3. Redistribution of land will put an end to payments to the landlords, and then, another series of measures will lay the foundation of prosperous rural life., 4. The concession is that the welfare of the peasants in the basis of the political, power of CCP, 2. After the overthrow of monarchy, China had two different types of regimes. How, were they similar or different?, A. 1. The monorchial Manchu empire was overthrown and republic was established in, 1911., 2. Even though the Manchu dynasty was overthrown and a republic was declared,, the republican government led by Sun-yet-sen could not consolidate itself., 3. The country came to be controlled by regional military powers called ‘warlords’., 80

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3., A., , 4., A., , 5., A., , V., , 4. The social and political situation continued to be unstable., 5. There was a movement called “The May fourth movement”. It galvanised a whole, generation to attack old tradition and to call for saving China through modern science democracy and nationalism. Thus, both the regimes were similar., What are the challenges faced by the independent Nigerian nation. In what ways is it, similar or different from the challenge faced by independent India?, The challenges faced by the independent Nigerian nation are, 1. Very soon Nigeria slopped into civil war and military rule, 2. Corruption and supression of human rights., 3. Military dictatorship followed., 4. Reckless oil extraction created havoc in coastal environment due to greediness of, MNCs, 5. Popular unrest grow steadily, various ethnic groups began demanding compensation for years of ecological damage and control over their land’s oil resources., Challenges faced by independent India were different., Became a democratic country and had challenges like refugee, poverty, merging of, states into Indian union., Discuss how do you think the idea of Pan-Africanism is different from nationalism?, Do you think the idea of nationalism is limiting?, 1. Pan-Africanism is an ideal to untie all African countries and tribes in the African, Continent., 2. Nationalism is a political idealogy that involves and individual identifying with, one’s nation. A continent is bigger than a country. So nationlism is limiting ideal, compared to uniting a continent, herewith Pan-Africanism., Unlike Vietnam or India, Nigeria did not have to struggle so hard for freedom. Can, you find some explantion for this?, 1. A section of western educaed intellectuals developed the idea of a common Nigerian nation and began to fight the British rule., 2. Macaulay and Azikiwe formed national council for Nigeria and the Cameroons, (NCNC) and supported nationalist movement., 3. Nigerian nationalism grew in popularity and power in the past world war and the, British colonial government was in difficult times in economy., 4. By 1950s the three regions North, S.E and S.W had their own anti- colonial, movements led by regional parties., 5. Considering the wave of nationalism, the British decided to hand over power., Reading the text (given) understanding and interpretation., Thrughout the early 1990s popular unrest grew steadily, particularly in the Niger, Delta region, where various ethnic groups began demanding compensation for years, of ecological damage as well as control over their land’s oil resources., This unrest manifested itself at the outset as peaceful acitivist organisations that, united their members on the basis of ethnicity. The situation came to a head in 1900, when an eminent human rights activist and environmentalist Ken Saro Wiwa was, 81

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executed by the military government despite Internatinal protests....., Q. Ken saro Wiwa in Nigeria struggle for some problems. What are they?, V. Read the following passage and answer the following questions, Information skills, The French were keen to................... Vietnam and China was began., Text book pae 208 2nd para., 1. Which one is the French colony?, A. Vietnam, 2. By 1931 Vietnam became me at the largest rice exported colony. What was its, place?, A. Third place, 3. A delta area in Vietnam has been improved irrigation network area?, A. Mekonge delta., 4. How much amount of rice, exported to the nations of world by Vietnam?, A. Two thirds., 5. In Vietnam a particular crop was improved by the interest f French. Which crop was, it?, A. Paddy, Q. Identify the colonies in 1914 with the help of a modern map of the world, (Mapping skills), , 1., A., 2., A., 3., A., , Map, See the above world map and answer the following questions., Identify one Asian colony of Birtain?, India, Identify one African colony of France?, Algeria, Identify one Asian colony of Holland?, Indonasia, 82

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4. Identify one Asian and one African country that were not colony of any power?, A. Asia- China, Africa- Ethiopia, 16. National movement in India- Partition of Independence 1939-1949, I. Fill in the blanks:, 1. The government of India act was passed in ________ by the British parliament., 2. ________, ________ religious people were devided by the Britishers divide and, rule policy., 3. ________ year the seperate electorates were implemented for muslims?, 4. The Urdu poet ________ the writer of Sare jahan se Acha hindustan hamara., 5. In India existed existed around princely states., 6. The British government was send at his ministers, ________ to India in 1942., 7. ________ was formed by Subhas chandra bose., 8. ________, ________ organisations wished to until all Hindus, over come the, divisiions at caste and sect and reforms their social life., 9. Russia checked the Nazi forces with the decisive victory in ________, 10. A naval central strike committee was elected with ________ at its head., Answers:, 1. 1935, 2. Hindu, Muslim, 3.1909 Mohammad Iqbal, 5. 550, 6. Sir Stafford cripps,, INA 8. Hindu Mahila sabha and Rashtriya swayam sewak sangh, 9. Stalingard, 10., M.S. Khan, II. One word Answers, 1. Who was the prime minister of Britain in the time of IInd world war?, A. Winston Churchill, 2. Muslim league was formed mainly represented the interests of ________ landlords, of UP, A. Muslims, 3. Which countries are in Axis forces?, A. Germany, Japan, Italy, 4. Who were the members in cabinet mission?, A. Sir Stafford crips, 2. A.V. Alexandra, 3. Saint fethic Lorena, 5. In which year started the quit India movements., A. 1942 August., 6. Do or die slogan was raised by ________, A. Mahatma Gandhi, 7. Who was the leader that worked for the unification of princely states?, A. Sardar Vallabhai Patel., 8. Who was the leader of Muslim league?, A. M.A. Jinnah, 9. Who coined the name Pakistan?, A. A punjab muslim student named “Choudary Rehmat Ali”, 83

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10. Whoes place was replaced as viceroy by Mount Batten?, A. In the place of Wavell., 11. Who was assassinated Gandhiji?, A. Nathuram Godse, 12. Which states are not agreed to sign the instrument of accession with India?, A. 1. Kashmir, 2. Hyderabad, 3.Junagadh., Short answer the following questions, 1. Do you think Indians should have felt grateful to the British government for the, powers given by the Act of 1935., A. The proposals of the act were rejected by the Indians. So they did not feel grateful, to the british government. The reasons for rejection were., 1. The main aim of this act was the continuance of the foreign rule, this was not, accepted., 2. Political and economic power remained vested in the British government., 3. The act made no reference to the grant at Dominion status to India., 4. The right to vote was given to a small section of the population- about 12% for, provincial assemblies and about 1% for central assembly., 2. Do you think the rise of Hitler was such a big threat to the freedom of humanity that, Indians should have set aside their fight for freedom from the British and concentrated on the fight for free world?, A. 1. Yes, the rise of Hitler was a big threat to the freedom of humanity., 2. It was more dangerous as it preached racism, Importing the feelings that one race, is superior to other. It throws a long term effect in free world. With unrest and, continues wars, hatred on fellow beings., 3. Indians were determined to rasist the fascist drive of conquering the sovereign, nations by Hitler., 4. Congress wanted a promise of full freedom from British to support them in, fighting the fascists., 3. Why did the Indian soldiers form INA?, A. 1. In the beginning they were soldiers in the British army had been captured by the, Japanese when the British defeated in Burma and Malaya. They were prisners., 2. Soldiers joined INA because they had to fight against their enemy, the British., 3. Given the brutal manner in which particular communists jews and others were, treated in Germany, do you think it would have been morally right to support Germany or Japan?, A. 1. No, it is not right to support the fascist powers of Germany or Japan., 2. Fascism is condemned as the enemy to humanity. Peace and democracy., 3. Pro-British groups felt that not supporting Britain more in its struggle against Nazi, Germany was unethical., 4. At the height of the world war, more than 2.5 million Indian troops were fighting, Axis forces around the globe., 84

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5. Integration of various princely states into the new Indian nation was challenging, task. Discuss., A. 1. The 550 princely states were given freedom to decide their future. The ordinary, people did not want princely states to continue. They started movements and revolts., 2. Guided by the masterful diplomacy of Sardar Patel, the home minister, most of, them acceded to India., 3. However, the Nawab of Junagadh, the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maharaja of, Jammu and Kashmir did not accept to unite with India., 4. The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted Hyderabad to be a country or to be a part of, Pakistan., 5. Sardar Patel made, it clear that if they do not join India, the army would have to be, sent to complete the process of unification., 6. Which the military action on Hyderabad, by the end of 1949, the work of integration of princely states had been completed., 6. How did British colonialists practice their “devide and rule” policy in India? How, was it similar or different from what you have studied about Nigeria?, A. British colonialist practiced divide and rule policy through various ways in India., 1. Partition of Bengal in 1905 along religious lives., 2. Government of India Act of 1909 was an effective close of communalization of, Indian politics., 3. Another tool was the policy appeasement of muslims, encouraging seperate electorate., 4. As in Nigeria in India too, racism was followed by the Britishers. They encouraged compitition and conflicts between the people so as to be able to divide and rule, the country., 7. How were workers and peasants mobilised during the last years of freedom struggle?, A. 1. Workers played an important role in the transitiion to freedom from colonial rule., 2. Workers were angry about low wages. Railway and postal employees and other, government employees were planning to go on wide strike against the rising prices., 3. In 1946, three lakh mill workers put down their tools in Bombay and fought on the, streets with the police and the army. It was a year of strikes and the work stoppages, in factories and mills in many parts of India., 4. Small and poor peasants started agitation in Bengal called Tebhaga movement, and was led by the provincial kisan sabha., 5. The similar movements took place in Hyderabad, Awadh and Travancore by the, farmers against large land owners. They took up arms to resist the rulers and their, armies. They behaved as bravemen, calm and unfulffled in the face of danger., 8. Reading the text given, understanding and interpretation., In 1937, the muslim league got only 4.4 percent of the total Muslim vote cast in the, elections. The Muslim League was popular in the United Provinces, Bombay and, 85

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Madras. However, it was quite weak in the three provinces from which Pakistan was, to be carved out just ten years later, viz., Bengal, the NWFP and t he Punjab. Even in, Sind it failed to form a government. But the situation changed in the next 10 years. In, 1946, when elections were held again for the provincial and central assemblies, the, League succeeded in winning the Muslim seats decisively., Q. Why the muslim people consciousness change in the year between 1937-1947., VI Information skills:, The congress was torn in its mind over the question. Most Congress leaders were, opposed to Hitler, Mussolini and the ideology of fascism. They were determined to, resist the Fascist drive to conquer other sovereign nations. The Congress expected, that the British would see their double standards in the expectation that India should, support them in fighting the fascists but not giving (or at least promising) India full, freedom. The British realised this but, at the same time, it was hard for them to, accept that they will really have to dismantle the empire they had built. There were, different political part ies in Britain. At the time of the War, Britain had an all-party, government headed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the Conservative party., The Conservatives were keen to retain the empire for as long as was possible. In, comparison to the Conservatives, the Labour party was more willing to help Indians, attain freedom., Answer the following questions., 1. What is fascism?, 2. Who was the supporter of fascism?, 3. Name the two political parties in Britain?, 4. So what party does Churchill belong?, 5. What was the opinion of Labour party with regard to Indian freedom., Answers:, 1. A form of dictatorship, 2. Mussolini, 3. Conservative party and labour party. 4., The conservative party 5. The labour partywas of opinion that Indians be helped by, giving freedom., The making of Independent India’s constitution, 1. In 1959, the first elections were held under the king ________, A. Mahendra, 2. The congress party Nepal, came to power in the elections held ________ in the, years., A. 1991, 3. Elections to the constituent assembly were held in the year ________, A. 1946, 4. The constitution was finally adopted on ________, A. 26th November 1949, 86

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5. In India we have ________ citizenship, A. Single, 6. The words ‘Secular, socialist’ were added our preamble in the ________ amendment, A. 42nd in 1976 year., 7. ________ is the custodian or watch-dog of the constitution., A. Supreme court, 8. The members of drafting committee ________, A. 7 members, 9. At present the Indian constitution has ________ articles and ________ schedules., A. 12 schedules 444 articles., 10. The cabinet mission was appointed in the year ________, A. 1946, 11. The ________ number of women in the constituent assembly, A. 7 women, 12. The fundamental right taken from ________ constitution, A. Australia, II., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 1., A., 2., A., 3., A., 4., A., 5., A., , Match the following, Abolition of Monarchy in Nepal, ( ), a) 1976, Indian government Act, ( ), b) 1950, 42nd amendment, ( ), c) Told Nehru all people with unity, Constitution came into force, ( ), d) 1935, Federal principle, ( ), e) 2007, In 1950 January 26 news paper, ( ), f) division of power, One mark questions, Liberty is a boon given by over consitution. Write about such kind ideals which, were incorporated in the preamble of Indian constitution?, In the preamble of Indian constitution “India as soverign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic country and Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity., Where are directive principles of state policy in the constitutiion?, 4th part in the Indian Constitution., Which type of constitution gives definet powers to both central and state government., The federal constitution gives definet powers to both cental and state government., Which type of constitution gives more powers to the governments at the centre?, The unitary type of constitution., What do you mean by a republic?, Any country where the head of state is not hereditary but elected by the people., Example. India, , 87

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1., A, , 2., A., , 3., A., , 4., A., , 1., A., , 2., A., , 2 Marks questions, The constitution of India begins with statement “We the people of India” Do you, think this claim to represent all the people of India was justified?, 1. This claim that ‘We the people of India’ is justifiable., 2.Our leaders preferred democratic form which gives importance to equality to all, sects of people., 3. In democracy, peoples representatives participate in framing the constitution., What are the basic ideas of Indian constitution as reflexed in its preamble?, 1. Justice: Every citizen will have social, economical and political justice., 2. Liberty: Every citizen will have liberty of thoughts, expression, belief, faith and, worship., 3. Equality: Every citizen will be provided with the equality of status and of opportunity., 4. Fraternity: Citizen of India have been assured about the dignity of the individual, and unity, intgegrity of the nation., Does the Indian constitution allow the state to have their own civil servants (officers), Yes, the Indian constitution allows the states to have their own civil servants., 1. It is clearly mentioned that the Indian federation through a dual policy will have a, duel service., 2. The constitution does not deprive the states of their right of form their own civil, services., What is meant parliamentary system?, A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the, executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is hold accountable to, the legislature, the executive., 4 Marks questions, What difference would it have made to the making of our constitution if the assembly had been elected through universal adult franchise?, If the constituent assembly had been elected through universal adult franchise., 1. It would have prepared a more acceptable version of the draft constitution., 2. The number of objections and criticism would have decreased., 3. A lot of time would have been saved., 4. Many of the 2000 add amendments made to the draft constitution would have, been avoided., 5. We can’t elected tghe integent and active people if there no right of universal, voting system., Write about short note on basic principles of Indian constitution., 1. Popular sovereignity: India is extremally free from the control of any foreign, power and internally., 2. Socialism: It implies social and economic equality, 3. Fundamental rights: These are the basic human rights of all citizens., 4. Directive principles: These are guidelines for the framing of laws by the govern88

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ment., 5. Cabinet government: A council of ministers with prime minister at the head to aid, and advise the president wsho shall, in the exercise to his functioning., 6. Secularism: The basic structure of the Indian constitution. The government respects all religions., 7. Federalism: The power to govern is shared between national and state government., 8. Judicial Independence: The Indian judicians is independence of executive., , I., 1., A., , 2., , A., , 18. INDEPENDENT INDIA (The first 30 years 1947-77), Ansswer the following questions:, 4x4=16M, What measures were taken to bring in socio economic change during the initial years, after independence?, Measures that were taken to bring in socio economic change., 1. The constituent assembly had called for social, economical and political justice, and equality of status and opportunity as its agenda., 2. For that the planning commission was set up within a month. The first five year, plan focussed on agriculture., 3. The strategy favoured by Nehru and finally adopted included three components., a) Land reforms, b) Agricultural co operatives, c) Local-self government, 4. Three types of land reforms wsere contemplated: abolition of Zamindari system,, tenancy reform and land ceilings., 5. Co-operatives were to bring economies of sale and also provide valuable inputs., 6. Local self government would ensure that the land reforms were carried out and, the co-operatives run according to the collective interests of the village., 7. Dams were constructed and were useful to both the agriculture and industrial, sectors., 8. The second five year plan shifted emphasis to industries. As a result, the service, sector also would develop., Language became a central rallying point in Indian politics on many occasions,, either as unifying force or as devise element. Identify these instances and describe, them?, 1. After independence, the demand for re organisation of states on linguistic basis, was raised from different regions., 2. The JVP committee rejected languages as the basis for reorganisation of states., 3. It suggested that the security, unity and economic prosperity of the nation as, criteria of reorganisation., 4. The congress working committee accepted its recommendation in 1949. But the, demands for linguistic re-organisation of states persisted in southern states particularly in Telugu speaking areas. As the violation took a violent turn in Telugu speaking, 89

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3., , A., , 4., A., , II., 1., A., , 2., A., , areas the state A.P was reorganised in 1953., 5. The SRC was set up in 1953 and accepted the language as the basis of reorganisation, of states. Finally a bill making changes in the constitution and reorganising statge, was passed and was implemented from first November 1956., What measures of Indira Gandhi are called ‘left turn’? How do you think this was, different from policies of previous decades? Based on your economic chapters, describe how it is different from the current policies?, India Gandhi charted a new path for the congress and herself by introducing new, policies and programmes. This policy also helped her get control over the party, organisation., Among the important legislations that were passed during this period ostensibly, to achieve the goal of social and economic transformation were the nationalisation, of many private banks and abolishing of princely pensions. Both these legislations, were challenged in the courts and this in a way made the court appear as if it was, coming in the way of the political goals., I think all these policies are connected with socialism, At that time these policies were introduced to stablise the Indian economy. The, present policies are introduced to strengthen the economy., What were the major changes in political system after 1967 elections?, The stablity of the congress - centric “one party dominant system” was shaken in, the 1967 general election., The congress party for the first time suffered a major set back both in the centre and, in the states., The possibility of change in the ruling party of the centre grew large. This attracted, the interest of many people. The defeated party did not try to cling to power but, allowed the victory to form the govenrnment. This showed that democracy had, taken roots in India and country was moving towards a competitive multi-party, system., Answer the following questions, 7x2=14, In what ways was the emergency period a set back to the Indian democracy?, On 25th June 1975, prime minister Indira Gandhi imposed an emergency in the, country. Due to this emergency, 1. Fundamental rights stood suspended., 2. Censorship was imposed on the press and, 3. Prominant political leaders were arrested., In the above ways the emergency period was a set back to the Indian democracy., How do you think illeteracy effects elections, especially when it comes to exercising, the choice of voting? How do you think this problem can be solved?, 1. Illeteracy keeps people chained to ignorance and superstition and is an abstacle in, choosing the right choice in the election., 2. The contesting candidates are attracting them with ‘Utopian’ promises., 3. This problem can be solved by bringing awareness in the people through literacy, 90

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3., A., , 4., A., , 5., A., , 6., A., , 7., A., , and logical thinking., Being able to conduct regular elections can be considered a clear sign of being able, to establish democracy. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons., Yes, I agree with the statement ., Reasons: Elections are the key point to the democracy. If there is no chance of, conducting elections, there are no signs of democracy. If there is no chance of, conducting elections, there are no signs of democracy., Eg: Recent AP, high court comments on A.P government regarding municipal elections., How did the language policy help losen rational unity and integrity?, India is land of more than one thousand languages. After independence the Indian, leaders chose Hindi as official language. They hoped that it would facilitate region, communolism and encourage national unity and integrity. But today Hindi and English share their status as official languages., Everyone now speaks a common language when they came out of their region/state., Hindi is taught in schools as second language. National language acts as a national, symbol., Eg:, Thus the language policy help foster national unity and integrity., Compare the land reforms carried out in India with that of China or Vietnam, Land reforms, In India, In Vietnam, 1. Land reforms were started, 1. Land reforms were started, by communist party, by communist party, 2. Land reforms were introduced, 2. Land was redistributed to, governments and some systems, the peasants., were abolished, 3. Reforms were carried through out, 3. Reforms were carried in the, the country, northern region only, What are the aims of the 42nd amendment?, It had the following aims: a)Excluding the courts from election disputes, b) strengthening the central government vis-a-vis the state governments, c) Providing maximum, protection from judicial challenges to social and economic transformation legislation; d) Making the judiciary subsequent to parliament., What do you understand about one party dominance? would you consider it as, dominance only in elections or also in terms of ideology? Discuss with reasons., From 1951 to 1964 Jawaharlal Nehru made congress as a dominant party. Later it, come into the hands of L.B. Sastry and Indira Gandhi. The party won in state and, central elections continuously. It was not only dominance in elections but also in, terms of ideology., The working period in India over more than four decades after independence presents as a contrasting picture of partial success, serious shortcomings and huge, 91

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challenges. It generates mixed or contradictory feelings in us., III. Answer the following questions:, 5x1=5M, 1. Why was an election commision set up?, A. An election commission was set up to take care of the practical matters of conducting elections across the length and breadth of the country., 2. What was the fear regarding the language reorganisation?, A. The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears, about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. There was the, fear that language reorganisation would lead to break up of the country., 3. Who formulated Panchasheel and for what?, A. As for the immediate neighbours Nehru formated the panchasheel policy of noninterference in each other’s internal affairs., 4. What was popular slogan in 1971 election?, A. The popular slogan in 1971 election was “Garabi Hatao”, 5. What happened in 1973?, A. In 1973, the court came up with the landmark decision on the basic structure of the, constitution, which put a check on the governmental power to amend the constitution., 18th Chapter, Independent India first 30 years 1947-77, 1. Women in Switzerland got the right to vote in the year _________ (1971), 2. Cold war is the tension between _________ and _________ (USA, USSR), 3. Panchasheela is the agreement on 29th April 1954 between _________ and, _________ countries (India and China), 4. The first general elections held in theyear _________ (1952), 5. In the first general elections each candidate had a seperate _________ box (Ballet), 6. The slogan “Garibi Hatao” was given by _________ (Smt. Indira Gandhi), 7. The Kasmir case was taken to the UNO by India in the year _________ (1948), 8. The chief election commissioner of India _________ (A.S. Sampath), Match the following, 1. 1962, ( ), a) India war with Pakistan, 2. 1965, ( ), b) Official language act was passed, 3. 1956, ( ), c) Potti Sreeramulu, 4. 1963, ( ), d) State reorganisation act was, passed (SRC), 5. 1967, ( ), e) Indo- China war, f) Landmark elections in the, history of Indian politics, g) Set up the planning commission, Answsers: 1) e, 2) a, 3) d, 4) b, 5) f., 92

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19. Emerging Political Trends 1977-2000, 1 Mark Questions, I, 1. Name some non- political movements, A. Environmental movements, feminist movement, civil liberties movement, literacy, movement., 2. Who played an important role in bringing together all the anti-congress and anti, Emergency parties?, A. Senior leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya JB Kriplani played an important role in bringing together all the anti-congress and anti-emergency parties to fight, the elections., 3. Which created a bad state in A.P?, A. In Andhra pradesh, the frequent change of chief ministers by the central congress, leadership and the imposition of leaders from above created a bad state., 4. Expand AASU and AGP, A. AASU- All Assam Students union, AGP- Assam Gana Parishad, 5. Who was Bhindranwale and what was his demand?, A. Bhindranwale, the leader of the group of militant sikhs began to preach separatism, and also demanded the formation of a sikh state-Khalistan., 6. How were the methods used by the government for the suppression of military in, Punjab?, A. The government used very harsh methods for the suppression of militancy in Punjab,, many of which were seen as violation of constitutional rights of citizens., 7. What is called the telecom revolution?, A. Rajiv Gandhi initiated what is called the ‘telecom revolution’ in India which speeded, up and spread the network of telephonic communication in the country using satellite technology., 8. What had been under dispute for some time regarding Babri Masjid?, A. Some sections of the Hindus had begun a campaign for building a temple for Lord, Rama in Ayodhya in the place of Babri Masjid., 9. Who led the left front government in West Bengal in 1977?, A. Jyothi Basu of CPM led the left front government in west bengal in 1977., 10. On what did the operation Barga depend?, A. Operation Barga depended heavily on collective action by the share croppers and, punchayati raj institutions thus avoiding bureaucratic delays and domination of land, owning classes., 2 Mark questions, 1. Write about NTR and TDP, A. N.T. Rama Rao (NTR), popular film actor, began the Telugu desam party (TDP) on, his 60th birthday in 1982. He said that the TDP stood for the honour and self respect, 93

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2., A., , 3., A., , 1., A., , of the Telugu speaking people (Teluguvari atma gauravam). He argued that the state, could not be treated as a lower office of the congress party. Equally important were, his promise of some very important welfarfe measures for the poor including midday meal scheme in government schools, sale of rice at Rs 2 per kg to the poor and, liquor prohibition. Those populist measures helped the TDP sweep the 1982 elections. However, he was surreptiotiously dismissed by the governor in 1984 when he, was away in the united states for a surgery., What were the serious challenges to national unity?, The people of many states felt alianated and wanted either greater autonomy from, the centre or even wanted to go seperate from India itself. The non- congress regional parties (like SAD and DMK) mean while attempted to come together to form, a common front in support of greater say in national level decision making, greater, financial autonomy, lower interference in state matters and stopping the misuse of, the powers of the governor and orbitrary imposition of president’s rule., What was the result of operation Barga?, As a result of operation Barga, the landlords were largely prevented from forcibly, throwing the bargadar off the land. In fact, the bargadar rights were made hereditary, and thus perpetual. Secondly, the state guaranteed that the bargadars would receive, a fair sharfe of the crop. (75% if the bargadar provided the non-labour inputs and, 50% if the land lard provides those inputs). In all approximately half of rural house, holds in west bengal have received land reform benefits., 4 Mark questions, Compare the similarities and differences between Assam and Punjab movements., What kind of challenge did they pose to our political system?, Assam movement: A similar but much stronger demand for autonomy was also, taking place in Assam. In the late 1970s this general feeling of unhappiness was, transformed in to a social movement. Besides culture, and demographics, there was, also an economic dimension. The political transition did not resolve the long term, problems which gave rise to the movement., The governments kept alive the tensions instead of solving them., The government sent the army to solve the problem as it thought that it was the only, way to bring about peace in the area., Punjab movement: This movement was led for autorney of the state. Here too the, difference in language and religion of the dominant population became a point of, mobilisation. It was believed that the state had received on unfair bargain when it, was created. Punjab claimed new capital, more water and greater recruitment of, Sikhs in the army. They demanded to amend the constitution to give more powers, do the states and ensure greater decentralisation of powers. The government used, very harsh methods for the supression of militancy in Punjab, many of which were, seen as violation of constitutional rights of citizens., Challenges:, 1. Such violation of constitutional rights and human rights were justified as the, 94

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2., , A., , 3., A., , constitutional machinery was on the edge of collapse due to militancy activity., 2. It developed, in to a complex inter-community conflict in a very sensitive areas., What were the developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity?, How is the ability to accommodate different communities and regional aspirations, changing?, 1. There were a few developments that weakened the inclusive nature of Indian, polity., 2. After emergency the victorious Janata party dismissed nine congress governments in the states., 3. In 1980 when congress came to power, it dismissed 9 Janata governments in the, states., 4. The actions of both these, weakened the inclusive nature of Indian polity., 5. The people of many states felt alienated and wanted their greater autonomy or, desicion making., 6. They demanded centre’s lower interference in state matters, stopping the misuse, of the powers of governor and imposition of president rule arbitrarily., What are the major economic policies discussed in this and the previous chapters of, various governments at the centre and the state. How are they similar or different?, In Centre:, 1. The Indian economy was based on a mixed economy., 2. In 1991, India adopted liberal and free- market principles and liberalised its, economy to international trade., 3. During the campaign the BJP tried to argue that the secular politics was trying to, ignore the interests of the Hindu majority while appeasing minority communities, especially the muslims., 4. This campaign was accompanied by intense communal polarisation causing a, large number of communal conflicts and finally ended with the arrest of LK Advani, in Bihar., 5. The BJP responded to this arrest by withdrawing support to V.P. Singh Government and facing early elections., 6. A strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the golden quadrilateral project was introduced in state (A.P), a. Mid day meals scheme in government schools, b. Sale rice at Rs.2 per kg to the poor, and, c. Liquor prohibition, All the central governments reforms were introduced to strengthen the nation’s, economy., All the state government’s reforms were introduced for the welfare of the individual., , 95

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20th Chapter, Post- War World and India, Answer the following questions?, 1. Who are the permanent members of the security council?, A. China, France, United Kingdom, USSR (Now Russia) and USA, 2. Explain the ‘Veto power’?, A. Any decision taken by council can be vetoed (Made invalid or rejected) by the, intervention of even any one of these countries., 3. Expand NATO?, A. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 4. Expand SEATO?, A. South East Asian Treaty Organisation., 5. Expand CENTO?, A. Central Treaty Organisation., 6. What were the core concerns of the people of recently de-colonised?, A. The core concerns of people, especially those who were recently de-colonised like, poverty, disease, inequality and colonialism were not addressed by any of these, issues of contention., 7. What was called the ‘Zionist movement?’, A. A movement had developed among the Jews called the ‘Zionist movement’ which, called for uniting jews spread across the world and to reclaim Paletina as their home, land and build a seperate state of jews., 8. Expand PLO? When was the PLO established?, A. Palestinian Liberation Organisation. The PLO was established in 1964 in Jordon and, added a new dimensions by bringing together all diffrent Arab factions. It aim was to, regain the land it lost, without violence., 9. Expand POK?, A. Pakistan occupied Kashmir, 10. What is IPKF?, A. It is Indian peace keeping force in Srilanka., II. Answer the following questions:, 1. “The ethnic conflicts affected India’s relations with Srilanka.” Justify., A. 1. Since times immemorial India, Srilanka have cultural, ethnic and economic relations., 2.A major irrigant in the relation between the two countries has been the treatment of, Tamil speaking minorities by the Srilankan government., 3. The large scale influx of Srilankan Tamil refugees into India posed a special, problem., 4. India made an angreement with Srilanka and Tamil militants to maintain peace on, the land., , 97

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5. India sending its armies to keep peace in Srilanka and it caused the assassination, of Rajiv Gandhi, 6. Thus, ethnic conficts affected India’s relation with Srilanka., 2. What do you understand by the term ‘decolonisation’, A. Decolonisation is the action of changing from colonial to independent status. Some, are peaceful strugglers while other become violent., 3. What was the main purpose of 1955 bunding conference?, A. The main purpose of 1955 Bunding conference was “Non- Alignment Movement”., 4. Why were Non- Aligned nations called third world countris?, A. 1. The term third world across during the cold war to define countries that remained, non- aligned with either capitalists block or communist block, 2. The third world has also been connected to the world economic division as, periphery countries in the world system that is dominated by the ‘core’ countries., 3. It became a stereotype to refer to poor countries as ‘Third world countries’, 5. Which is called a cold war?, A. For more than forty five years after the second world war, a rather strange war was, fought between the two blocks. It was a war in which the principal contendors did, not physically attack each other or fight each other directly and hence, and there was, no hot war. “Instead, a war was fought behind closed through propaganda and, words. It is called the cold war between USA and USSR., III. Answer the following questions each carries 4 marks, 1. What are the different roles done by united nations in order to build peace in the, world?, A. The principal allied countries like Britain, France, USA, USSR and China drafted a, charter for the formation of the UNO even as the war drew to an end. The charter, not only emphasised for the formation of the UNO. The need to preserve peace and, prevent wars, but also the need to ensure human rights, democracy and eradication, of poverty and hunger for all people in the world. The UN thus started with a twin, objective of ensuring lasting peace and human development. At the same time it, recognised the autonomy of states and promised not to interfere in any internal affair, of a country except in cases mandated by serious human rights violation or threat to, world peace., 2. How did cold war produce arms race as well as arms control?, A. 1. Cold war produced an arms race as well as arms control., 2. In the initial faces of cold war both the super power competened with each other, to develop more and more weapons were manufactured during this period., 3. Both confronted each other in Korea, Berlin, Congo, Vietnam and Afghanisthan, and huge military build ups took place., 4. But when both ultimately realised the implication of a nuclear war both started, working for arms control and many arms control treaties were signed like LTBT,, NPT, ABMT etc., 5.Both decided to follow the logic of deterrence which meant that both have the, 98

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capacity to attack and cause so much destruction to threaten the existence of the, other. But neither is willing to start the war due to the amount of destruction., 6. Cuban missile crisis was an example of this, when both super power wanted to, control it and had almost reached. On the verge of the war they withdrew., 3. By the end of the 20th Century there is only single power that dominates the world., In this context what do you think would be the role of NAM?, A. 1. In the current scenario the USA remains as a major super-power and China is in, the process of becoming the biggest threat to the U.S. Supremacy of world affairs., Russia also slowly climbing back, for its joint policy of respecting anti-US policy in, the security council, by the use of the veto along with China. Eg: Syria., 2. The NAM has in recent years often criticized the USA while backing self-determination of puerto Rico and western Sahara. It can play a strong role in devising, methods to foster co-operation among these nations., 3. The NAM can also act as a guide and overseer of the condition of human rights in, some of the member states who have rather poor human rights records., 4. NAM is a great way to ensure that issues like Palestine and crisis in Somalia and, Sudan get a fair and long- lasting solution and the super powers don’t unduly, interfere in these issues to meet their vested interest. Thus Nam exists and will, continue to exist as a strong organisation to reckon with., 4. Formation of NAM was not merely in the context of military alliances but also in, the context of economic policies” Justify the answer., Justification:, 1. Because of great power rivalry during the cold war era. Many economic projects, were set up in developing countries as part of the rivalry but suffered as a result of, the quest for influence., 2. During the years the focus of NAM summits therefore shifted away from essentially political issues, to the advocacy of solutions to global economic and other, problems., 3. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely, the NIEO., 4. The Jakarta summit 1992 allowed the movement to shift its focus in a direction, that also enabled it to work across to grouping such as the G-7 and the EU, Questions:, Abserve the Number of warheads graph and answer the questions., 1. What does the graph show?, A. The nuclear stock piles of US and USSR., 2. Which country had highest number of warheads?, A. USSR, 3. What was the main reason to decrease warheads?, A. The ban on nuclear tests, the agitations against the nuclear weapons were the, 99

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reasons., 4. Why did the war heads compilation took place in between America and Russia, after 1945?, A. The cold war between the Communist bloc and the democratic/ capatalist bloc, would the reason They wanted to support their allies in proxy wars, military alliance, and arms races., , Bits 20th Chapter, Post war world and India, 1. The first human in space is _________ (Yuri Gagarin) with the Russian satellite, _________ (Sputnik), 2. Capitalism is followed by _________ (USA) and socialism followed by _________, (USSR), 3. The war in which real fighting is absent is called _________ (cold war), 4. The power of countries to reject or make any invalid decision taken by security, council of UNO is known as _________ (Veto), 5. At the time of united nations organisation (UNO) establishment, it had membership, of 54 countries and today there are _________(193 countries), 6. International court of justice located in _________ (Hague), 7. WHO. World health organisation located at _________ (Geneva), 8. UNESCO United nationals Educational and Scientific and cultural organisation located in _________ (Paris), 9. UNICEF. United Nations emergency fund and (UNO) United nations organisation, located at _________ (New york)., 10. The UNO main officer is _________ (Secretary general) (Ban ki moon), 11. NATO. North atlantic treaty organisation established _________ year (1949), 12. Communist nations alliances called _________ (Warsaw pact), 13. SEATO- (South east asian treaty organisation), 14. CENTO- _________ (Central treaty organisation), 15. _________ NAM (Non alignment movement) who did not want to be involved in, either of USA bloc and USSR bloc, 16. Bandung (Indonesia) conference paved the way for _________ (NAM), 17. A movement had developed among the Jews called the _________ (Zionist movement), 100

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18. PLO _________ (Palestinian liberation organisation was established in the year, _________ (1964) in Jordan, 19. _________ year (1966) signed by Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and, Pakisthan military general Ayub khan in Tashkent agreement by the mediation of, UNO General secretary U Thant., 20. Shimla agreement was signed between Indian prime minister, Smt. Indira Gandhi, and Pakistan Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in the year _________ (1971), 21. Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms _________ and _________ (Glasnost, and Perestroika), 21. Social Movements in our time, 1. Fill in the blanks, 1. Medha Patkar is a famous leader of the _________, 2. Silent valley is in the state of _________, 3. Napalm bombs were used by the USA to bomb _________, 4. Mesra Paibi movement started in the state of _________, 5. Mesra Paibi means _________, 6. A great gas tragedy happened in Bhopal in _________ year, 7. The blacks boycotted buses in this region _________, 8. Total liquor prohibitions was introduced in the state in the year _________, Answers:, 1. Narmada bachao Andolan, 2. Kerala 3. Vietnam, 4. Manipur, 5. Torch bearers, 6.1984, 7. Mont gomery, 8. 1995, Match the following:, Group A, 1. Martin Luther King, 2. Irom Sharmila, 3. Gorbachev, 4. Silent valley, 5. Anti arrack agitation started in, , (, (, (, (, (, , ), ), ), ), ), , Group B, a) USSR, b) Germany, c) Nellore district, d) USA, e) Manipur, f) Kerala, , Answers:, 1. D, 2. E, 3. A, 4. F, 5. C., II. Answer the following questions, 1. Expand NBA, A. Narmada Bachao Andolan, 2. Identify the state where a great gas tragedy took place?, A. Madhya pradesh, 3. What type of technique did the Vietnamese use to fight the war with the USA?, A. Guerrilla warfare, , 101

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III. Write short answers:, 1. What is green peace movement?, A. Green peace movement mainly deals with environmental issues like pollution and, climate change. It has developed the idea of sustainable development., Answer the following questions., 1. What are the basic features of social movement?, A. 1. Social movements mostly arise when issues like fundamental rights, equality,, survival, opportunity, environment are threatend., 2. In almost all contexts social movements resist changes that are forced upon them., 3. Social movements often distance themselves from individual political parties., 4. They are united under a single case., 5. Its members may belong to different political parties., 6. Their programmes are conducted through participatory and democratic manner., 2. How is the role of ordinary individuals described in the case studies?, A. The role of ordinary individuals in the case studies is, 1. An example of true courage, motivated spirit and detgerminations., 2. Extra ordinary levels of grit and guts were shown by illeterate, tribal people., 3. People did not fear arrests or firing by the police., 4. People sacrificed their time and money and even their lives to fight for their rights., 5. The collective voice of ordinary individuals definitely show effect on government, policies., 3. How are the rights of black people in USA and Meira paibi movements similar or, different?, A. Both the movements are similar in the aspect of fundamental rights., 1. Both argue that they are being denied their basic rights., 2. Both movements were non-violent., 3. Both movements faced the wreth of the police and other armed forces., 4. Both the countries in which the movements took place, or taking place are democracies., 5. In both situations, the people were not political activists or politically inclined, people., Differences, Movement of black people in USA, Movement of Meira paibi, a. The black civil right movements, a. The Meira paibi movement is, got international recognition., confined to our country only, b. This movement had dynamic leaders, b. Except Iromsharmila, no other, like Martin Luther king jr., person is prominent., 4. Discuss and find out have movements mobilise people from across the globe like in, the above instance of compains to protest in the context of Bhopal gas tragedy?, A. 1. Man is a social animal, 2. It is essential that people come together to show concern and solidarity to those, who are in trouble., 102

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3. The Bhopal gas disaster was the biggest Industrial accident ever., 4. The movement started the demand justice for the Bhopal victims became famous, in many countries., 5. People supported this movement in various ways., 6. Many people across the globe boycotted products made by the company (Union, carbide), 7. Even in the London dympies, protestors demanded that the company should not, be allowed to have the status of an official sponsor of the London olympic games., 4. How does the people in the NBA movement see the process of resettlement promises?, A. The people in the NBA movement realised two things., 1.a. That there was really not possible to rehabilitate the displaced people properly., 2. a. people realised that the problem was not the question of compensation or, rehabilitation, but one of faculty notion of development., b. the development notion of the government was based on un sustainable use of, natural resources., c. It paved the way for setting up industries and commercial farms at the cost of, farming and tribal communities., d. It made unskilled manual workers out of the poor farmers and tribals without, increasing the quality of their lives in any way., 5. Identify the places in India map., 1. Manipur, 2. Madhya pradesh, 3. Andhra pradesh, Gujarath, 5. Kerala., India map, , 103

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22. Citizens and the governments, Answer the following questions, (5x1=5), 1. Give some examples of information, A. Records, reports, memos etc are the examples of information., 2. Name some departments which has autonomous status?, A. Election commission, Information commission, Judiciary are some departments which, has autonomous status., 3. Write any two exemptions for disclosure of information?, A. 1. The low permits government not to desclose certain information., 2. Information that could affect the sovereignity and integrity of India., 4. When was right to Information act passed by the central government?, A. Right to information act was passed in 2005 by the central government., 5. Write about NALSA, A. National Legal services authority (NALSA) is the apex body constituted to lay down, policies and principles for making legal services available under the provisions of, the act and to frame most effective and economical schemes for legal services., Answer the following questions, (2x2=4), 1. Write about district legal services authority, A. District legal services authority is constituted in every district to implement legal aid, programmes and schemes in the district. The district judge of the district is its exofficio chairman and the members are nominated by state government., 2. Do you support the Lok adalat? If so, why?, A. 1. I support Lok adalat because there is no court fee, if paid it will be refunded if the, dispute is settled., 2. It has procedural flexibility and speedy trial disputes., 3. The parties of the dispute can directly with the judge through their council., 4. The award by Lok adalat is binding on the parties with a status of decree of civil, court., 5. Provides free legal advice from the advocates., Answer the following questions, 1. What is the purpose of Lok adalat?, A. 1. Lok adalat means people’s court., 2. All are equal before law, 3. The article 39 A of the constitution of India contains various provisions for settlement of disputes., 4. It is an act to constitute legal services, authorities to provide free and competent, legal services to the weaker sections of the society., 5. It is to ensure that opportunities for securing justice or not denied to any citizen, by reason of economic or other disabilities., 6. To organise lok adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system promotes, justice on a basis of equal opportunity., 7. This is the purpose of Lok adalat., 104

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2. Discuss what could be the reason information would not include oral instruction of, a headmaster to a teacher., A. RTI act has defined information as the following., 1. Material in any form, including records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions,, advices, press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts, reports, papers,, samples, models., 2. Data material held in any electronic form and information relating to any private, body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the being, in force., 3. In this, the oral instructions are not included as they were not in written form, 4. Thus, the oral instruction of a head master to a teacher would not be included in, information., 3. How do you think RTI would help in improving and monitoring the work of the, governments?, A. 1. In any democratic system, governments are responsible and accountable to people., 2. Earlier accountability of government departments and its functionaries were mostly, limited to the elected representatives of people., 3. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments, now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen, who may ask for it., 4. So, if there are any descrepancies, they will be brought out and who are responsible will be given punishments., 5. So, in this way government functioning can be bettered and monitored well., 4. What is identified as information? How is this generated in government departments? Would it include oral communication between senior and junior officers?, A. 1.According to RTI Act, information is defined as material in any form, including, records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices, press releases, circulars,, orders, log books, contract reports, papers, samples, modern data material hold in, any electronic form and information relating to any private body which can be assessed by a public authority under any other law for the time being information., 2. Enactment of the RTI effectively means that individual government departments, now have a responsibility to maintain records and make them available to any citizen, who may ask for it., 3. The oral instructions or oral communication between senior and junior officers, do not fall in this category., 5. This (RTI 2005) Act resembles the true spirit of democracy. How do you justify?, A. 1. In a democracy, it is the people’s money that is used for this welfare and therefore, people have every right to know how this is being used., 2. People can participate in government and ensure just development only if they, have sufficient information in the form of official documents., 3. In situations where information has to be made public, arbitary decisions by the, elected representatives or the officials can be controlled., 105

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4. Information will make governments more accountable in their functioning and, check possibility of corrupt practices., 5. Information is crucial to the human development and democratic rights., 6. Thus, this act (RTI 2005) resembles the true spirit of democracy., 22nd chapter bits, Citizens and the governments, 1. _____________(parliament) can make changes in RTI act., 2. Fees payment for filing an RTI is exempted to _____________ (People of below, poverty line) (BPL), 3. RTI activists are also called _____________ (Whistle blowers), 4. India has _____________ (parliamentary) form of democracy where as USA has, _____________ (presidential) form of democracy., 5. P.I.O abrevate _____________ Public information officer, 6. P.W.D abrevate _____________ Public works department, 7. S.I.O abrevate _____________ State public information officer, 8. SPIC abrevate _____________ State public information commission, 9. CIO abrevate _____________ Central information officer., 10. CPIC abrevate _____________ Central public information commissioner, 11. RTI act bill passed by the parliament _____ year (2005), 12. Autonomous departments, 1. Central public information commission CPIC, 2. Chief election commissioner, 3. Judiciary, 13. Exempted from RTI __________ (Armed force), 14. Violence related to a family called ___________(Domestic violence), , 106