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Rise of Nationalism in Europe, Frederic Sorrieu, He was a French artist who prepared a series of paintings, in 1848, which visualizes his dreams of a world that is, made up of social and democratic republics., French Revolution, In 1789, the French Revolution marked the first clear, start of nationalism., Many steps were taken by the French Revolutionaries to, create a feeling of collective identity. They are:, ● New ideas like Le citoyen and La Partie, ● Making of the new French flag, ● Election of estate general and renaming it the, National Assembly, ● Consolidated administrative system, ● Both internal duties and customs were abolished, ● Introduction of uniform weights and measures, ● French popularly becoming the common language, Napoleonic Code, Study by Deven Sir

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Napoleon destroyed democracy in France. He introduced, the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic, Code., Some of the features of this code are:, ● All birthrights and privileges were abolished, ● Equality before the law was established, ● Right to property was secured, ● Removal of Guild restrictions, New middle class, Naturally, the aristocrats were the dominant population, both politically and socially. However, the majority of the, population in the continent was peasants. After, industrialization in England, a new social class emergedknown as the working class or middle class. It consisted, of artisans, businessmen, industrialists, and so on., Liberalism, ● The right to vote or to get elected was only given to, property-owning men., ● All women and property-less men were prohibited, from all political rights.

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● Derived from the Latin word 'root liber' which means, to be free., ● Liberal nationalism stood for the end of clerical, privilege, autocracy, and also a representative form, of government through a constitution and a, parliament., A New Conservatism after 1815, In 1815, major European powers: Russia, Britain, Austria,, and Prussia had defeated Napoleon. They collectively, met in Vienna to draw up a European settlement known, as the treaty of Vienna. According to this treaty:, ● The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power., ● France lost all of its territories annexed during the, Napoleonic wars., ● 39 states of the German Confederation formed by, Napoleon were left untouched., ● Borders were made on the French boundary to, prevent France from expanding., The Revolutionaries, Guiseppe Mazzini, Study by Deven sir

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● He was born in Genoa in 1807, ● He was a member of the secret society of carbonate, ● He founded two major secret societies: Young, Europe in Berne and Young Italy in Marseilles, ● His primary aim was to unify Italy into a republic, The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848, ● In July of 1830, the bourbon kings were overthrown, to establish a constitutional monarchy, ● Greece which was a part of the Ottoman Empire was, struggling for independence., ● In the Treaty of Constantinople signed in 1832,, Greece was declared as an independent nation., ● Romantic imagination and national feeling- A shift, in the cultural movement resulted in criticizing the, glorification of reason and science. Instead, it, focused on intuition, emotions, sentiments, and, mystical feelings., ● Johan Gottfried Herder- a German philosopher who, tried to discover the culture among the common, people through folk poetry, dance, music., ● There were more people than the number of jobs., Study by Deven Sir

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● Widespread pauperism in the country due to the rise, in food costs and bad harvest., ● 1845 Silesia weavers led a revolt against contractors, ● In 1848 the Frankfurt parliament was elected. 831, elected representatives were conveyed in the, Church of St Paul., Making of German, ● Otto Von Bismarck took on the leadership role of the, national unification with the assistance of the, Prussian army and bureaucracy., ● Kaiser William 1 was the head of the new German, empire, Making of Italy, ● Giuseppe Mazzini headed the unification program, but it failed., ● 1861, Victor Emmanuel II became the new king of, unified Italy, Britain, , Study by Deven sir

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● English Parliament had seized power from the ruling, monarchy., ● 1801 British by force took Ireland after the, revolution failed., ● A Formation of 'British Nation' was facilitated, through the mass propagation of dominant English, culture., Nationalism and imperialism, ● Modern Day Balkans consisted of Bulgaria, Greece,, Croatia, Romania, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Slovenia., ● Romantic nationalism made this area extremely, explosive., ● Major European Powers wanted control over this, area., ● This led to a series of wars over this region which, eventually led to the first world war., Important Questions and Answers, 1. What was the aim of the French Revolution?, Study by Deven Sir

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Answer: It marked the beginning of nationalism in France, and the main aim was to build a collective sense of, identity amongst the common French people. Ideas such, as Le Citoyen and La Patrie promoted the belief of a, united community who enjoy equal rights under the, Constitution., 2. What did the Napoleonic code establish?, Answer: It established equality before the law according, to which all privileges were abolished at birth. Other, things implemented under the code were- right to, property to French citizens were granted, restrictions on, guilds were removed, communication and transport, were improved, the administration was simplified., 3. Who was the 'Hero of two Worlds' and what was his, role in the unification of Italy., Answer: Giuseppe Garibaldi was the 'Hero of two, Worlds'. He was born in Genoa in 1807 and played a, critical role in the unification of Italy. He founded two, secret societies, they are- Young Italy in Marseilles and, Young Europe in Berne. He believed that Italy wouldn't, Study by Deven sir

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survive as just a patchwork of smaller States and it has to, be unified., 4. Write about the two female allegories in the 19the, century, Answer: The two female allegories in the 19th century, were:, 1.Marianne- She was named Marianne in France which is, a prominent Christian name and also useful to promote, the idea of people's nation., Her key features were inspired by liberty and the, republic. Statutes of Marianne were constructed in public, gatherings and it soon became a national symbol of, unity., 2. Germania- She was the allegory of Germany. She, wears a beautiful crown made of oak leaves as in, German oak is a symbol of heroism. It was distinctively, hung from St Paul's Church ceiling to represent liberal, revolution., 5. Name some of the characteristic features of the, conservative regimes, Study by Deven sir

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Answer: They were:● Autocratic, ● Intolerant to criticism and also dissent, ● Censored press for curbing liberal ideals, ● Suppressed questions that challenged their, legitimacy, 6. Write the salient features of the The Treaty of Vienna, Answer:, ● The Bourbon Dynasty was restored in France., ● France lost its conquered territories., ● The Kingdom of the Netherlands including Belgium, in the north and Genoa in the South were set up to, block French expansion in the future., ● Prussia gained new territories which included a, fraction of Saxony, ● Northern Italy was now under the control of Austria, and Poland under Russia., ● Napoleon's confederation was not changed., 7. Explain the importance of National feeling and, Imagination, Study by Deven sir

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Answer:, ● Culture played a vitally important role in the, development of national feelings or sentiments. It, was through ideas of art, poetry, music, and stories,, the idea of the nation was created and nationalist, feelings expressed., ● Glorification science and reason were openly, criticized and they were replaced with intuitions,, emotions, and sentiments. This movement was, known as romanticism which was aimed at creating, national sentiment., ● The language also played a key role in developing, national feelings., Type your text, , 8. What was the main cause of the revolt in 1848?, Answer: Europe faced hard economic conditions during, these years. There were more people than jobs available., In 1848, widespread unemployment and food storages, aggravated the population and thus the public of Paris, went out on the road., , Study by Deven sir

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9. Write any three features of the Frankfurt Parliament, Answer: 1. On 18th May 1848, 831 elected, representatives marched to the Frankfurt Parliament and, convened in the church of St Paul., 2. The Parliament was monopolized by middle-class, working men who neglected the demands of artisans and, workers., 3. King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected, constitutional monarchy., 10. Why did liberal nationalists create secret societies?, Answer: They were created to train fellow European, revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To oppose the, monarchical forms established by the Vienna Congress, and to continue their fight for freedom and liberty., 11. Why were the Balkan nations in crisis?, Answer: The majority of Balkan was under the control of, the Ottoman Empire. The spread of romantic nationalism, in the area and the deterioration of the Ottoman Empire, made this area very explosive., t, , Study by Deven sir