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T, , he process in which new substances with new properties are formed from, one or more substances is called Chemical Reaction., , *, *, , The substances which take part in chemical reaction are called Reactants., , The substances which are formed in a chemical reaction are called Products., , Examples :, , (i) Digestion of food, (ii) Respiration, , , (iii) Rusting of iron, , , , (v) Formation of curd, , , , (iv) Burning of Magnesium ribbon, , Chemical reaction involves :, •, •, •, •, , Change in state, , Change in colour, , Change in temperature, Evolution of gas, , Chemical Reactions And Equations, , 1

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Ways of Representing a Chemical Reaction, Word Equation, Zinc + Sulphuric Acid →, , Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen , , , LHS RHS, , (Reactant) , (Product), , , , Chemical Equation, , Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2, , , , Chemical Equation, *, *, , LHS RHS, (Reactant), (Product), , A chemical reaction can be represented by chemical equation. It involves uses, of symbol of elements or chemical formula of reactant and product with, mention of physical state., The necessary conditions such as temperature, pressure or any catalyst should, be written on arrow between reactant and products., , e.g., Magnesium is burnt in air to form magnesium oxide., Mg + O2 → MgO, , Balancing Chemical Equation, *, *, , Law of conservation of Mass. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a, chemical reaction., , So number of elements involved in chemical reaction should remain same at, reactant and product side., , STEPWISE BALANCING (Hit and Trial), , Step 1. Write a chemical equation and draw boxes around each formula., Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2, , *, , Do not change anything inside the box., , Step 2. Count the number of atoms of each element on both the sides of chemical, equation., 2, , Science Class (SA-I)- X

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Element , , , No. of atoms at , , No. of atoms at, , reactant side , , product side, , 1. , Fe 1 3, 2. , H 2 2, 3. , O 1 4, , Step 3. Equalise the number of atoms of element which has maximum number by, putting in front of it., Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + H2, , Step 4. Try to equalize all the atoms of elements on reactant and product side by, adding coefficient in front of it., 3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2, , *, , Now all the atoms of elements are equal on both sides., , Step 5. Write the physical states of reactants and products., , 3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) → Fe3O4 ( s) + 4H2 (g), , Solid state = (s), , Liquid state = (l), , Gaseous state = (g), , Aqueous state = (aq), , Step 6. Write necessary conditions of temperature, pressure or catalyst on arrow, above or below., TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, , I. COMBINATION REACTION : The reaction in which two or more reactant combine, to form a single product., e.g., , (i) Burning of coal, , , , , C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g), , (ii) Formation of water, , 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l), , , (iii) CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq), , , , Quick lime , , Slaked lime, , Exothermic Reactions : Reaction in which heat is released along with formation, of products., Chemical Reactions And Equations, , 3

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e.g.,, , (i) Burning of natural gas, , CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) + Heat, , , (ii) Respiration is also an exothermic reaction., , C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (aq) + 6H2O (l) + energy, , II. DECOMPOSITION REACTION : The reaction in which a compound splits into two, or more simple substances is called decomposition reaction., A→B+C, , • Thermal decomposition : When decomposition is carried out by, heating., Heat Fe O (s) + SO (g) + SO (g), e.g., (i) 2FeSO4 (s) , → 2 3, 2, 3, , (Ferrous sulphate), (Ferric oxide), , Green colour , Red-brown colour, , Heat CaO (s) + CO2 (g), (ii) CaCO3 (s) , →, , (Lime stone), (Quick lime), , • Electrolytic Decomposition : When decomposition is carried out by, , passing electricity., , e.g.,, , , , Electric, , 2H2O → 2H2 + O2, current, , • Photolytic Decomposition : When decomposition is carried out in, , presence of sunlight., 4, , Science Class (SA-I)- X

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e.g.,, , 2AgCl (s), , 2AgBr (s), *, , Sunlight, , → 2Ag (s) + Cl2 (g), , Sunlight 2Ag (s) + Br (g), , →, 2, , Above reaction is used in black & white photography., , • Endothermic Reactions : The reactions which require energy in the, , form of heat, light or electricity to break reactants are called endothermic, reactions., , III. DISPLACEMENT REACTION : The chemical reaction in which more reactive, element displaces less reactive element from its salt solution., Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s), , The iron nail becomes brownish in colour by deposition of Cu and blue colour of, CuSO4 changes dirty green colour due to formation of FeSO4., Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu, , Zn is more reactive than copper., , IV. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION : A reaction in which new compounds are, formed by mutual exchange of ions between two compounds., Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq), , (Sodium , , sulphate) , , (Barium, chloride), , (Barium, sulphate), , (Sodium, chloride), , Chemical Reactions And Equations, , 5

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White precipitate of BaSO4 is formed, so it is also called precipitation reaction., , V. OXIDATION AND REDUCTION :, , Oxidation : (i) The addition of oxygen to substance., , , , (ii) The removal of hydrogen from a substance., C + O2 → CO2, , , , , Heat, → 2CuO, 2Cu + O2 , , Heat, → Cu + H O, CuO + H2 , 2, , Reduction : (i) The addition of hydrogen to substance., (ii) The removal of oxygen from a substance., , , , , oxidation, , Heat, → Cu + H O, CuO + H2 , 2, , Reduction, , In this reaction CuO is reduced to Cu and H2 is oxidized to H2O. So, oxidation and, reduction taking place together is redox reaction., Effects of Oxidation in Daily Life, , 1) Corrosion, •, , •, •, , When a metal is exposed to substances such as moisture, acid etc. for some, time, a layer of hydrated oxide is formed which weakens the metal and hence, metal is said to be corrode, , Rusting of iron, black coating on silver and green coating on copper are, examples of corrosion., Corrosion can be prevented by galvanization, electroplating or painting., , 2) Rancidity : The oxidation of fats and oils when exposed to air is known as, rancidity. It leads to bad smell and bad taste of food., Methods to Prevent Rancidity, , , , , , (i) By adding antioxidants, , (ii) Keeping food in air tight containers, (iii) Replacing air by nitrogen, , (iv) Refrigeration, 6, , Science Class (SA-I)- X

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QUESTIONS, VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark), 1. What changes do you observe in the iron nails and colour of copper sulphate, solution, if iron nails are dipped in CuSO4 solution for 15 minutes ?, 2. Identify the chemical change :, , Melting of ice or conversion of milk into curd., , 3. Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction ?, 4. Why do copper vessel lose shine when exposed to air ?, , 5. Potato chips manufacturers fill the packet of chips with nitrogen gas. Why ?, 6. Why we store silver chloride in dark coloured bottles ?, , 7. Write a chemical equation of double displacement reaction., 8. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3, name the type of reaction., , 9. What happens when milk is left open at room temperature during summers ?, 10. What happens when quick lime is added to water ?, , SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks), , 1. Define combination reaction. Give one example of combination reaction which, is exothermic in nature., 2. What is decomposition reaction ? Explain with the help of an example., , 3. Name and state the law which is kept in mind when we balance a chemical, equation., 4. Give one example of each :, , (a) Chemical reaction showing evolution of gas., , (b) Change in substance’s colour during a chemical reaction., , 5. What is rancidity ? Write two ways by which it can be prevented., 6. What are two conditions which promotes corrosion ?, , 7. A small amount of ferrous sulphate is heated in hard glass tube., (a) Write the chemical equation., , (b) What type of reaction is taking place., , Chemical Reactions And Equations, , 7

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8. What happens when Zn strip is dipped in CuSO4 solution ?, SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks), , 1. What is redox reaction ? Write down a chemical reaction representing it., 2. In electrolysis of water :, , (a) Name the gas collected at cathode and anode., , (b) Why is volume of one gas collected at one electrode is double of another ?, (c) Why are few drops of dil. H2SO4 added to water ?, , 3. In the reaction, , , CuO (s) + H2 (g) → Cu(s) + H2O (g), , (a) Name the oxidized substance., (b) Name the reduced substance., (c) Name the oxidizing agent., , 4. Give reasons :, , (a) White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight., , (b) Brown coloured copper powder on heating in air turns into black, coloured substance., , 5. Compound ‘X’ decomposes to form compound ‘Y’ and CO2 gas. Compound Y is, used in manufacturing of cement., (a) Name the compounds ‘X’ and ‘Y’., , (b) Write the chemical equation for this reaction., , 6. A metal salt MX when exposed to light splits upto to form metal M and gas, X2. Metal M is used to make ornaments whereas gas X2 is used in making, bleaching powder. The salt MX is used in black & white photography., (a) Identify the metal M and gas X2., (b) Identify MX., , (c) Write down the chemical reaction when salt MX is exposed to sunlight., , 7. A metal strip X is dipped in blue coloured salt solution YSO4. After some time a, layer of metal ‘Y’ is formed on metal strip X. Metal X is used in galvanization, whereas metal Y is used for making electric wires., 8, , Science Class (SA-I)- X

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(a) What could be metal ‘X’ and ‘Y’ ?, (b) Name the metal salt YSO4., , (c) What type of chemical reaction takes place between X and YSO4 ? Write the, balanced chemical equation., LONG TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks), , 1. White wash was being done at Mukesh’s house. Mukesh saw that the painter, added quick lime to drum having water. Mukesh touched outer surface of, drum, it is unbelievably hot., (a) Write the chemical equation for above reaction., (b) What type of reaction is it ?, , (c) What is utility of this reaction ?, , 2. What types of reactions are represented by following :, (a) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2, (b) 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO, , (c) Pb + CuCl2 → PbCl2 + Cu, , (d) 2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3, , (e) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaCl2 + 2NaCl, , 3. Balance the following equations :, (a) H2 + O2 → H2O, , (b) MnO2 + HCl → MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2, (c) Pb(NO3) → PbO + NO2 + O2, , (d) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3, , (e) Ca(OH)2 + HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O, , 4. Write down the balanced chemical equation for the following :, , (a) Silver chloride is decomposed in presence of sunlight to give silver and, chlorine gas., (b) Calcium oxide reacts with water to give lime water., , (c) Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to give sodium chloride, and water., Chemical Reactions And Equations, , 9