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The Science Vision, , College Road Near A.D.S. Girl’s +2 High School Madhupur, , How Do Organism Reproduce, Unit — 08, , Reproduction is a process by which living organism reproduce, , , , new individuals of their own kind and maintain their existence, generation after generation., Reproduction is not essential to maintain the life of an, , organism but it is essential to maintain life on earth., , ©, , “* Importance of Reproduction, , » Maintenance of the existence :- Organism are maintaining the, existence on the earth since their origin, million years ago only, because of reproduction., , » Preservation of Species :- Species are preserved because of, reproduction. It is possible because reproducing organism, produce new individuals which are very similar to themselves., , >» Role in Evolution :- Some variations are produced in the new, , organisms during reproduction which play an important role in, , evolution., , The Science Vision BY:- Prashant Sir ( 7079191218 ) Pg 1

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¢, , “* Types Of Reproduction, , There are two types of reproduction., , » Asexual Reproduction :- Production of offspring’s by a single, parent without the formation and fusion of gametes is called, Asexual, Reproduction. In this type of reproduction offspring’s are, genetically identical to their parents., , Example :- Amoeba, Hydra, Planaria etc., , » Sexual Reproduction :- — Production of offspring’s by two, parent with the formation and fusion of gametes is called Sexual, Reproduction. In this type of reproduction offspring’s are not, genetically identical to their parents., , Example :- Human beings, Flowering plants etc., , “* Types Of Asexual Reproduction, , Asexual Reproduction, , Binary fission Multiple fission Budding Fragmentation — Sporulation —_- Vegetative propagation, , |, , Natural Artificial, , Root Stem Leaf, , , , ¥ ¥, , Cutting Grafting Layering Tissue culture, , The Science Vision BY:- Prashant Sir ( 7079191218 ) Pg 2

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» Binary Fission :- If the parent cell divides or splits into two, , daughter cells then it is called Binary fission. i.e. binary fission, , , , in Amoeba., Fully grown Amoeba Nucleus lengthing Nucleus divides Cytoplasm divides Two smaller, into {wo on Se pean, (ex a, ~, QP } it] KS SF ye (ea JN) rf, Nucleus - cmon ) "6, (a) Parent cell (b) (d) (e) Two daughter cells, , + Multiple Fission :- If the parent cell divides or splits into many, daughter cells then it is called multiple fission. i.e. multiple, , fission in plasmodium, , Nucleus : o™ ; ‘ ; 8 >| ,, Cell xe }} : f, , , , ee Nee, Daughter cells, Cyst wall Multiple fission in released in, unfavourable condition favourable condition:, + Budding :- A new organism is produced as an outgrowth, , of the parent body part. i.e. budding in yeast, , Parent Forming, yeast cell of bud Cytoplasm divides, , , , , Bud with Daughter yeast, , nucleus, , Nucleus, , Chain of yeast, cells formed, , , , Parent yeast, , , , (a) (b) (c) (a), , The Science Vision BY:- Prashant Sir (7079191218 ) Py 3

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» Fragmentation :- It is theaccidental — process when, the broken pieces of an, organism (fragments) grows, into a complete organism. i.e., , fragmentation in spirogyra., , , , » Spore Formation :- Spores are small, bulb like structure, , , , , , develops at the top of the, , Sporangium, , erect hyphae of the, , Columella, (feeds spores), , fungus plant, released into, , Apophysis, , the air and germinate, into ‘»™", , new individuals after, , Mycelium Hypha, , landing into food or soil. i.e., , Spore formation in Rnizolds, Rhizopus., >» Regeneration :- When the simple animals like Hydra, , Planaria develop a new, individual from _ their, , broken older part it is ee, , known as regeneration. It et _«. Regeneration, , is carried out — by ¥ Oe i im, , specialized cells which, , grow large numbers of, cells,, , The Science Vision BY :- Prashant Sir ( 7079191218 ) Py 4

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> Vegetative Propagation :- The process through which new, plants are obtained from the parts of old plants ( like steams,, roots, leaves ), without the help of any reproductive organs., There are two types of Vegetative Propagation., , (i) Natural Vegetative Propagation (ii) Artificial vegetative, propagation, , @ Natural Vegetative Propagation :- The process of growing, many plants from parent plant is called natural vegetative, propagation., , = Types of Natural Vegetative Propagation, There are three types of natural vegetative propagation., , Y Vegetative propagation by Root :- In this process, new plants, grow out of the modified roots called tubers. Example :- Sweet, , potato, Dahlia etc., V Vegetative propagation by steam :- In this process, new plants, , grow out by the steam of plant. Example :- Ginger etc., , VY Vegetative propagation by leaves :- In this type, propagation occurs by using a piece of leaves. Example :Bryophyllum etc., , ¢ Artificial vegetative propagation :- The process of, , growing many plants from one plant by man-made method is, , called natural vegetative propagation., , The Science Vision BY:- Prashant Sir ( 7079191218 ) Pg 5