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soon AND WATER CHALLENG»,, , TER CONDITION HARASHTRA, CHAPTER 1 me, LEARNING SECTIONS, Water, Section 1: Mabersshere States Ratamanl end AvellaDURY Of, , The amount of overage son., , June to October in, | (1) [trains from the month of ‘The distribubon of Oe amount of raintay ., , | rainfall In Maharashtra is nearly 1360 mm| Maharashtra is uneven., (2) US Rn eae Surfacy, should be accounted together wi,, water and groundwater. ‘These sources of water tile, managing water., , Section 2 ; Water Challenges Faced by Maharashtra State:, , (1) ‘Though Maharashtra has naturally abundant water resources, ft experiences problem w, ! water scarcity and frequent droughts., , (2) Unequal distribution of water resources. lack of effective planning neglect of gr osnche si, | and drought crises, increasing demand of water for civilization and tndustriadieone:, inadequate utilization of irrigation capacity. improper and excenstve ase of water, wane, | pollution, etc. are some of the reasons for water challenges in Malarawhtrs, | Section 3 : Remedies on Current Water Crisis :, , — (1) Current water crisis in Maharashtra can be dealt with by cuhancing pulls owe rerss, , | public participation, increasing water literacy and an apt ase of water, |, |, , i, |, |, |, }, , (2) Ambitious projects like Devsane (Manjarpada) Project, Removal of wivalge (ome beer sx, dams, constructing Basalt Lake, etc, remedial measures have poowed to be See ©, dealing with current water crisis to Maharashtra,, , , , , , SECTION 1 : Maharashtra State : Rainfall and Availability of Water, , (1) Maharashtra State : Rainfall, , (1) Water management ts an activity of planning, developing, distrtbunng and masses, optimum use of water resources. In onder lo manage water, il is neeessary to Bret a, the total amount of water available, , (2) Mabarashira state is in the tropical region. Arabian Sea to the west. Sabyadr: Mow, Plateau of Decean, Southwest and Northeast monsoon winds, ete. factors alle!, climatic conditions of Maharashtra., , (3) Maharashtra state receives the maximum rainfall of 85% from the Southwes! meee”, winds from June to the end of September., , (4) eS ee ee monsoon winds become weak a

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. IE ', (7) Hi rains heavily to ihe we ™ Of Salyy, , “Ir Mountains. The Konkan region located to the, , weet A Sahyecdri mo, TOUMAINS (1.6. distress of Mumbai city, Mamba! Suburban, Thane,, Paldsar. Katgod Ratnagiry and Sindhudur, len, , © receives an average of 2000 mm to, 8500 mm rain annually, , (8) However, the area io the east of ©, , ahyadri mountains Ue. in some districts like, Abmnadnagar, Becd. Solpaur Oxmanat:, , nd. ete) Le some area of Platean region receives, , area ts known as rain shadow regon or drought region. Rain shadow, , regon of Maharashtra receives aN average of 900 som to 500 mm rain only, 19) The eastern part of Maharashtra le, , scanty rainfall, This, , districts Ike Wardha. Nagpur. Chandrapur,, GadchTol, etc) reeeqyes an ave, , Tage of 1000 mm te 1400 mm rain annually, (10) About 55% of the tots, , a! rainfall in Maharashtra falls in Konkan. The rest of Maharashtra, receives about 45% rainfall, , @ Availability of Water in Maharashtra State ;, , 12) Maharashtra receives an average of 5.782.8 TMC, , litres of water per year. Out of this, nearly 76.91% Le, , , , pOul 4,447.8 TMC water is available for actual use, , 42) In Maharashtra, the rainwater is available for use in the following three forma, , 1, Direct Use (Actual Rainwater) : in Maharashtra, the rainwater is used for various, agricultural purposes at the same Ure as it rains, , 2. Surface Water Reservoir : 1) Maharashtra the rainwater is stored im ponds, lakes., dams, etc, The water stored in surface water reservotr bs used for agricultural activities, and many other purposes., , 5. Groundwater Reservoir : |n Maharashtra. some rainwater seeps underground. This, water is called groundwater, Groundwater is extracted in the form of wells and bere, wells and the obtained water is used for various purposes., , 13) Though surface water and groundwater are the two distinct sources of water. they are to, ‘be accounted together while managing water, , , , I (Challenges in Maharashtra :, ) Maharashtra covers about 9.37% of the total geographical area of India Tt has nearly

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ON ——, , h, (2) Lack of Effective Planning: Duc '° ©, , (3), , (4), , (5), , (6), , (7), , ge population Boers FeVoluy,, , oy, Maharashtra has been steadily increas,, , ter In, , ing, industrialization, etc,, the demand for W" for water for such requirement, i, Han FOF, "i ‘ n made to Pp, lowever, no attempt has bee! t Crisis: The amount of groundwater depen,, Neglect of Groundwater and Drough! ’, , ological conditions, Harg, upon the availability of ratnfall, topography and other 6 Yo, : es in Ma, , the groundwater situation tn Maharashir,, , arashtra, Water holding Capacit,, 1s found beneath the surface in most plac %, , hard rock is found to be low. Therefore. ii Maharashtra 1s used for trig, water : Allon, always critical. More than 85% of the groum Nh, , fast due to excessive extr,, Groundwater levels in the state get depleted very, , ACLon fo,, irrigating crops., , Increasing Demand of Water For Civilizatio’, industrialization ts increasing day by day in Mal, , n and Industrialization : The ;,)., 4, , parashtra. Increasing industrializati,,, , and for water. Incres, and modern civilization has resulted into increase in the dem Nr ease iy, , demand and shortage of supply of water have created challenging situation In Maharashir,, , Inadequate Utilization of Irrigation Capacity : Today total 3910 state level irrigatic,, Projects are completed in Maharashtra. The total irrigated area under crop has aj,, increased from 6.48% in 1960-61 to 20.60% in 2010-11. However, the irrigation capacity, of many projects in Maharashtra ts not being used fully due to delay in their completio,, , or deposition of sediments. Thus, inadequate use of irrigation has led to the shortage of, water in Maharashtra., , Improper and Excessive Use of Water : Water is used in an improper manner or in, excessive quantities al many places in Maharashtra. At many places water is wasted while, irrigating crops. Excessive water is supplied to Sugar cane crops. At many places water, taps are lefi open and leakage of water is completely ignored. As its effect, Maharashtra, is facing severe water crisis., , Water Pollution : Discharge of waste water, chemical substances, domestic waste, , water, Sewage water from industries, etc. into runnels and vivers have increased walt!, , pollution in Maharashtra, The problem of water Pollution is very severe in the cities like, , Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Nagpur, Aurangabad, etc. Water-borne diseases are on the rise !!, , , , , , , , adoption of groundwater rec, use of drip Irrigation, sprinkler ir igatlo®, b everyone accustomed to water audits regarding domes, use, arranging various

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cessful Exa, e Success! mples of Remedi «for Cx, ©S for Current Water C, , , , #) sane (Manjarpada) Project ;, : De, , , , pe, ee pocation ne (Manjarpada), , ; projec, jg located in Dindori 1 ies, , Aluka of Nashik, , , , pistrict., , g, Nature and Features: The ambitious, , plan of Manjarpada is the first Project, | in t, westwards to eastwards,, | the flow of we: Ts is blocked by, constructing small dams before the onset, / of steep slopes and their drain is diverted Mig: SUI arial ae re ae, , he state to divert water flowing, , By this Project,, , , , ward rive, , , , , , , , es : Instead ¥, 3, Advantag! ‘of flowing in the Arablan Sea to the west, the water of rivers Is being, , | to the east into Godavari valley through 10 km long tunnel, | made to flow to the river Godavari in the e:, , Abundant irrigation facilities are being made, available for Yeola, Chandwad and Niphad talukas of Nashik district, , , , i a) Removal of Sludge from Lake and Dam :, , 1, Location : In many districts of Maharashtra State,, , | 9. Nature and Features : Water storing capacity of dams decreases due to accumulation of, sludge. To increase water reserves in dams, the sludge accumulated in dams is removed., , The government of Maharashtra encourages farmers to remove sludge from dams or lakes, for free. Recently, sludge removal was carried out in the districts of Buldhana, Thane,, Nashik, etc., , 3. Advantages : Removal of sludge increases water reserves. Sludge can be used while, , : constructing highways. Sludge also helps in increasing fertility of soil which in turn helps, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , in increasing agricultural produce., , (3) Inexpensive Basalt / Pashan Lakes :, , 1, Location : Stone quarry., , 2.Nature and Features : If stones are, properly removed from stone quarries,, the stone quarries can become as water, teservoirs. The lakes formed in stone, quarries are called Basalt Lakes. For, Safety, sharp edges of stones should be, Temoved and the quarries should be, fenced., About 160 brass macadam are, , ed for a 1 km long, 6 inch thin and, st wide dirt road. This requires digging of about 144 brass bits. About 4 lakh litres of, , ina pit formed after digging a stone quarry. One such Basalt Lake is, , welt in Tala taluka of Raigad district., constructed at a low cost. They help in decreasing the, iter in Basalt Lakes can be made potable by, , , , Fig. 3.1.2 : Water Stored in Stone Quarry, , , , ND WATER CHALLENGES IN MAHARASHTRA 83

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EXERCISE, ee, ae, | FOR WRITTEN WORK |, , | QUESTIONS, , , , * Answer the following questions in brief :, htra?, , , , (1) What type of wind causes rain in Mahal, , Ans., , (2) What is a drought-prone region?, Ans., , (3) How ts the distribution of water in Maharashtra? Write in detail., , Ans., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (4) What are the remedial measures to deal with current water crisis in Maharashtra?, Ans., , , , (5) What are the causes of drought-prone conditions in Maharashtra? Suggest remedies !, Ans., , , , , , , VIKAS WATER SECURITY ; HAND) “CUM-JOURNAL - STD. X, BOOK.c|, jour, , aE —————