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BEFORE YOU READ, Activity, 1. The word ‘proposal’ has several meanings. Can you guess what, sort of proposal the play is about?, (i) a suggestion, plan or scheme for doing something, (ii) an offer for a possible plan or action, (iii) the act of asking someone’s hand in marriage, A Russian Wedding, Do you know anything about a Russian marriage ceremony?, Read this article about a Russian wedding., Preparations for a Russian Wedding: A Russian wedding, is very simple. The planning only includes arranging for, rings, brides’ dress, cars, and a reception. Earlier, the bride’s, family paid for the reception, but now-a-days brides’ and, grooms’ families usually share expenses. A Russian wedding, lasts for two days; some weddings last as long as a week,, and the occasion becomes something to remember for years., The necessary part of the wedding ceremony is a wedding, procession of several cars. The best friends of the groom/, bride meet before the wedding a few times, make posters,, write speeches and organise contests. When the groom, arrives to fetch the bride for the registration, he has to fight, to get her! Russians usually live in apartments in tall, buildings, and the groom has to climb several stairs to reach, his bride. But at each landing he must answer a question, to be allowed to go up. The bride’s friends ask difficult, questions (sometimes about the bride, sometimes just, difficult riddles), and the groom must answer with the help, of his friends. For example, he may be shown a few photos, of baby girls and he must say which one his bride is. If he, guesses wrong, he must pay cash to move ahead. After the

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marriage registration, the newly-married couple leaves the, guests for a tour of the city sights. After two or three hours, of the city tour the couple arrives at the reception. The couple, sits at a specially arranged table with their family, friends, and invited guests. The reception starts with toasts to the, couple. A wedding toast is a custom where a close friend or, relative of the groom or the bride says a few words to wish, the couple, then everyone raises their glass of wine, and, drink it up at the same moment. The groom is then asked to, kiss the bride. After a few toasts, people start eating and, drinking, and generally have fun. After some time, the bride, gets ‘stolen’! She disappears, and when the groom starts, looking for her, he is asked to pay a fee. Usually it is his, friends who ‘steal’ the bride. Then there are the bride’s, friends — they steal the bride’s shoe. The groom must pay, money for the shoe too. The guests enjoy watching these, tussles, and continue partying., 2. Do you think Indian and Russian weddings have any customs, in common? With the help of a partner, fill in the table below., Wedding Ceremonies in Russia and India, Customs similar to, Indian ones, , Customs different from, Indian ones, , The Proposal, , ‘The Proposal’ (originally titled ‘A Marriage Proposal’) is a one-act, play, a farce, by the Russian short story writer and dramatist Anton, Chekhov. It was written in 1888–89., The play is about the tendency of wealthy families to seek ties, with other wealthy families, to increase their estates by encouraging, marriages that make good economic sense. Ivan Lomov, a long time, wealthy neighbour of Stepan Chubukov, also wealthy, comes to, seek the hand of Chubukov’s twenty-five-year-old daughter, Natalya., All three are quarrelsome people, and they quarrel over petty issues., The proposal is in danger of being forgotten amidst all this, quarrelling. But economic good sense ensures that the proposal is, made, after all — although the quarrelling perhaps continues!, , 143

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First Flight, , Characters, STEPAN STEPANOVITCH CHUBUKOV : a landowner, NATALYA STEPANOVNA, : his daughter, twenty-five years old, IVAN VASSILEVITCH LOMOV, : a neighbour of Chubukov, a large and, hearty, but very suspicious, landowner, , 144, , A drawing-room in Chubukov‘s house., Lomov enters, wearing a dress-jacket and white gloves. Chubukov rises, to meet him., CHUBUKOV : My dear fellow, whom do I see! Ivan Vassilevitch! I am, extremely glad! [Squeezes his hand] Now this is a, surprise, my darling... How are you?, LOMOV, : Thank you. And how may you be getting on?, CHUBUKOV : We just get along somehow, my angel, thanks to your, prayers, and so on. Sit down, please do... Now, you know,, you shouldn’t forget all about your neighbours, my darling., My dear fellow, why are you so formal in your get-up!, Evening dress, gloves, and so on. Can you be going, anywhere, my treasure?, LOMOV, : No. I’ve come only to see you, honoured Stepan, Stepanovitch., CHUBUKOV : Then why are you in evening dress, my precious? As if, you’re paying a New Year’s Eve visit!, LOMOV, : Well, you see, it’s like this. [Takes his arm] I’ve come to you,, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, to trouble you with a request., Not once or twice have I already had the privilege of applying, to you for help, and you have always, so to speak... I must, ask your pardon, I am getting excited. I shall drink some, water, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch., [Drinks.], CHUBUKOV : [aside] He’s come to borrow money. Shan’t give him any!, [aloud] What is it, my beauty?, LOMOV, : You see, Honoured Stepanitch... I beg pardon Stepan, Honouritch... I mean, I’m awfully excited, as you will, please notice... In short, you alone can help me, though I, don’t deserve it, of course... and haven’t any right to, count on your assistance..., CHUBUKOV : Oh, don’t go round and round it, darling! Spit it out! Well?, LOMOV, : One moment... this very minute. The fact is I’ve come to, ask the hand of your daughter, Natalya Stepanovna,, in marriage.

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145, , The Proposal, , CHUBUKOV : [joyfully] By Jove! Ivan Vassilevitch! Say it again — I, didn’t hear it all!, LOMOV, : I have the honour to ask..., CHUBUKOV : [interrupting] My dear fellow... I’m so glad, and so on..., Yes, indeed, and all that sort of thing. [Embraces and kisses, Lomov] I’ve been hoping for it for a long time. It’s been my, continual desire. [Sheds a tear] And I’ve always loved you,, my angel, as if you were my own son. May God give you, both — His help and His love and so on, and so much, hope... What am I behaving in this idiotic way for? I’m off, my balance with joy, absolutely off my balance! Oh, with, all my soul... I’ll go and call Natasha, and all that., LOMOV, : [greatly moved] Honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, do you, think I may count on her consent?, CHUBUKOV : Why, of course, my darling, and... as if she won’t consent!, She’s in love; egad, she’s like a lovesick cat, and so on., Shan’t be long!, [Exit.], LOMOV, : It’s cold... I’m trembling all over, just as if I’d got an, examination before me. The great thing is, I must have, my mind made up. If I give myself time to think, to, hesitate, to talk a lot, to look for an ideal, or for real, love, then I’ll never get married. Brr... It’s cold! Natalya

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First Flight, , NATLYA, , :, , LOMOV, NATALYA, , :, :, , LOMOV, NATALYA, , :, :, , LOMOV, , :, , NATALYA, LOMOV, , :, :, , 146, , Stepanovna is an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking,, well-educated. What more do I want? But I’m getting a, noise in my ears from excitement. [Drinks] And it’s, impossible for me not to marry. In the first place, I’m, already 35 — a critical age, so to speak. In the second, place, I ought to lead a quiet and regular life. I suffer, from palpitations, I’m excitable and always getting, awfully upset; at this very moment my lips are trembling,, and there’s a twitch in my right eyebrow. But the very, worst of all is the way I sleep. I no sooner get into bed, and begin to go off, when suddenly something in my left, side gives a pull, and I can feel it in my shoulder and, head... I jump up like a lunatic, walk about a bit and lie, down again, but as soon as I begin to get off to sleep, there’s another pull! And this may happen twenty times..., [Natalya Stepanovna comes in.], Well, there! It’s you, and papa said, “Go; there’s a, merchant come for his goods.” How do you do, Ivan, Vassilevitch?, How do you do, honoured Natalya Stepanovna?, You must excuse my apron and neglige. We’re shelling, peas for drying. Why haven’t you been here for such a, long time? Sit down... [They seat themselves.] Won’t you, have some lunch?, No, thank you, I’ve had some already., Then smoke. Here are the matches. The weather is, splendid now, but yesterday it was so wet that the workmen, didn’t do anything all day. How much hay have you, stacked? Just think, I felt greedy and had a whole field, cut, and now I’m not at all pleased about it because I’m, afraid my hay may rot. I ought to have waited a bit. But, what’s this? Why, you’re in evening dress! Well, I never!, Are you going to a ball or what? Though I must say you, look better... Tell me, why are you got up like that?, [excited] You see, honoured Natalya Stepanovna... the, fact is, I’ve made up my mind to ask you to hear me out..., Of course you’ll be surprised and perhaps even angry,, but a... [aside] It’s awfully cold!, What’s the matter? [pause] Well?, I shall try to be brief. You must know, honoured Natalya, Stepanovna, that I have long, since my childhood, in fact,

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:, , LOMOV, NATALYA, , :, :, , LOMOV, NATALYA, , :, :, , LOMOV, , :, , NATALYA, LOMOV, , :, :, , NATALYA, , :, , LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, , :, :, :, , NATALYA, , :, , 147, , The Proposal, , NATALYA, , had the privilege of knowing your family. My late aunt, and her husband, from whom, as you know, I inherited, my land, always had the greatest respect for your father, and your late mother. The Lomovs and the Chubukovs, have always had the most friendly, and I might almost, say the most affectionate, regard for each other. And, as, you know, my land is a near neighbour of yours. You will, remember that my Oxen Meadows touch your birchwoods., Excuse my interrupting you. You say, “my Oxen Meadows”., But are they yours?, Yes, mine., What are you talking about? Oxen Meadows are ours,, not yours!, No, mine, honoured Natalya Stepanovna., Well, I never knew that before. How do you make that, out?, How? I’m speaking of those Oxen Meadows which are, wedged in between your birchwoods and the Burnt, Marsh., Yes, yes... they’re ours., No, you’re mistaken, honoured Natalya Stepanovna,, they’re mine., Just think, Ivan Vassilevitch! How long have they been, yours?, How long? As long as I can remember., Really, you won’t get me to believe that!, But you can see from the documents, honoured Natalya, Stepanovna. Oxen Meadows, it’s true, were once the, subject of dispute, but now everybody knows that they, are mine. There’s nothing to argue about. You see my, aunt’s grandmother gave the free use of these Meadows, in perpetuity to the peasants of your father’s grandfather,, in return for which they were to make bricks for her. The, peasants belonging to your father’s grandfather had the, free use of the Meadows for forty years, and had got into, the habit of regarding them as their own, when it, happened that..., No, it isn’t at all like that! Both grandfather and greatgrandfather reckoned that their land extended to Burnt, Marsh — which means that Oxen Meadows were ours. I, don’t see what there is to argue about. It’s simply silly!

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LOMOV, NATALYA, , LOMOV, , First Flight, , NATALYA, , LOMOV, NATALYA, , 148, , LOMOV, , NATALYA, , LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, , : I’ll show you the documents, Natalya Stepanovna!, : No, you’re simply joking, or making fun of me. What a, surprise! We’ve had the land for nearly three hundred, years, and then we’re suddenly told that it isn’t ours!, Ivan Vassilevitch, I can hardly believe my own ears. These, Meadows aren’t worth much to me. They only come to, five dessiatins, and are worth perhaps 300 roubles, but I, can’t stand unfairness. Say what you will, I can’t stand, unfairness., : Hear me out, I implore you! The peasants of your father’s, grandfather, as I have already had the honour of, explaining to you, used to bake bricks for my aunt’s, grandmother. Now my aunt’s grandmother, wishing to, make them a pleasant..., : I can’t make head or tail of all this about aunts and, grandfathers and grandmothers. The Meadows are ours,, that’s all., : Mine., : Ours! You can go on proving it for two days on end, you, can go and put on fifteen dress jackets, but I tell you, they’re ours, ours, ours! I don’t want anything of yours, and I don’t want to give anything of mine. So there!, : Natalya Stepanovna, I don’t want the Meadows, but I am, acting on principle. If you like, I’ll make you a present, of them., : I can make you a present of them myself, because they’re, mine! Your behaviour, Ivan Vassilevitch, is strange, to, say the least! Up to this we have always thought of you, as a good neighbour, a friend; last year we lent you our, threshing-machine, although on that account we had to, put off our own threshing till November, but you behave, to us as if we were gypsies. Giving me my own land,, indeed! No, really, that’s not at all neighbourly! In my, opinion, it’s even impudent, if you want to know., : Then you make out that I’m a landgrabber? Madam, never, in my life have I grabbed anybody else’s land and I shan’t, allow anybody to accuse me of having done so. [Quickly, steps to the carafe and drinks more water] Oxen Meadows, are mine!, : It’s not true, they’re ours!, : Mine!

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NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, , LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , 149, , The Proposal, , NATALYA, , : It’s not true! I’ll prove it! I’ll send my mowers out to the, Meadows this very day!, : What?, : My mowers will be there this very day!, : I’ll give it to them in the neck!, : You dare!, : [Clutches at his heart] Oxen Meadows are mine! You, understand? Mine!, : Please don’t shout! You can shout yourself hoarse in your, own house but here I must ask you to restrain yourself!, : If it wasn’t, madam, for this awful, excruciating, palpitation, if my whole inside wasn’t upset, I’d talk to, you in a different way! [Yells] Oxen Meadows are mine!, : Ours!, : Mine!, : Ours!, : Mine!, [Enter Chubukov], : What’s the matter? What are you shouting for?, : Papa, please tell this gentleman who owns Oxen, Meadows, we or he?, : [to Lomov] Darling, the Meadows are ours!

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LOMOV, , CHUBUKOV, , First Flight, , LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , 150, , LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , LOMOV, , CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , : But, please, Stepan Stepanovitch, how can they be yours?, Do be a reasonable man! My aunt’s grandmother gave, the Meadows for the temporary and free use of your, grandfather’s peasants. The peasants used the land for, forty years and got accustomed to it as if it was their, own, when it happened that..., : Excuse me, my precious. You forget just this, that the, peasants didn’t pay your grandmother and all that,, because the Meadows were in dispute, and so on. And, now everybody knows that they’re ours. It means that, you haven’t seen the plan., : I’ll prove to you that they’re mine!, : You won’t prove it, my darling —, : I shall, : Dear one, why yell like that? You won’t prove anything, just by yelling. I don’t want anything of yours, and don’t, intend to give up what I have. Why should I? And you, know, my beloved, that if you propose to go on arguing, about it, I’d much sooner give up the Meadows to the, peasants than to you. There!, : I don’t understand! How have you the right to give away, somebody else’s property?, : You may take it that I know whether I have the right or, not. Because, young man, I’m not used to being spoken, to in that tone of voice, and so on. I, young man, am, twice your age, and ask you to speak to me without, agitating yourself, and all that., : No, you just think I’m a fool and want to have me on! You, call my land yours, and then you want me to talk to you, calmly and politely! Good neighbours don’t behave like, that, Stepan Stepanovitch! You’re not a neighbour, you’re, a grabber!, : What’s that? What did you say?, : Papa, send the mowers out to the Meadows at once!, : What did you say, sir?, : Oxen Meadows are ours, and I shan’t give them up, shan’t, give them up, shan’t give them up!, : We’ll see! I’ll have the matter taken to court, and then I’ll, show you!, : To court? You can take it to court, and all that! You can!, I know you; you’re just on the look-out for a chance to go

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LOMOV, , :, , CHUBUKOV :, NATALYA, :, CHUBUKOV :, , LOMOV, , :, , CHUBUKOV :, NATALYA, :, CHUBUKOV :, , NATALYA, :, CHUBUKOV :, LOMOV, :, , CHUBUKOV :, NATALYA, :, , NATALYA, , :, , CHUBUKOV :, NATALYA, :, CHUBUKOV :, , NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , :, :, :, :, , 151, , The Proposal, , CHUBUKOV :, , to court, and all that. You pettifogger! All your people, were like that! All of them!, Never mind about my people! The Lomovs have all been, honourable people, and not one has ever been tried for, embezzlement, like your grandfather!, You Lomovs have had lunacy in your family, all of you!, All, all, all!, Your grandfather was a drunkard, and your younger aunt,, Nastasya Mihailovna, ran away with an architect, and, so on..., And your mother was hump-backed. [Clutches at his heart], Something pulling in my side... My head.... Help! Water!, Your father was a guzzling gambler!, And there haven’t been many backbiters to equal your, aunt!, My left foot has gone to sleep... You’re an intriguer....Oh,, my heart! And it’s an open secret that before the last, elections you bri... I can see stars... Where’s my hat?, It’s low! It’s dishonest! It’s mean!, And you’re just a malicious, doublefaced intriguer! Yes!, Here’s my hat. My heart! Which way? Where’s the door?, Oh I think I’m dying! My foot’s quite numb..., [Goes to the door.], [following him] And don’t set foot in my house again!, Take it to court! We’ll see!, [Lomov staggers out.], Devil take him!, [Walks about in excitement.], What a rascal! What trust can one have in one’s, neighbours after that!, The villain! The scarecrow!, The monster! First he takes our land and then he has, the impudence to abuse us., And that blind hen, yes, that turnip-ghost has the, confounded cheek to make a proposal, and so on! What?, A proposal!, What proposal?, Why, he came here to propose to you., To propose? To me? Why didn’t you tell me so before?, So he dresses up in evening clothes. The stuffed sausage!, The wizen-faced frump!

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NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, , First Flight, , CHUBUKOV, , 152, , NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, , : To propose to me? Ah! [Falls into an easy-chair and wails], Bring him back! Back! Ah! Bring him here., : Bring whom here?, : Quick, quick! I’m ill! Fetch him!, [Hysterics.], : What’s that? What’s the matter with you? [Clutches at, his head] Oh, unhappy man that I am! I’ll shoot myself!, I’ll hang myself! We’ve done for her!, : I’m dying! Fetch him!, : Tfoo! At once. Don’t yell!, [Runs out. A pause.], : [Natalya Stepanovna wails.] What have they done to me?, Fetch him back! Fetch him!, [A pause. Chubukov runs in.], : He’s coming, and so on, devil take him! Ouf! Talk to him, yourself; I don’t want to..., : [wails] Fetch him!, : [yells] He’s coming, I tell you. Oh, what a burden, Lord, to, be the father of a grown-up daughter! I’ll cut my throat I, will, indeed! We cursed him, abused him, drove him out;, and it’s all you... you!, : No, it was you!, : I tell you it’s not my fault. [Lomov appears at the door], Now you talk to him yourself., [Exit.], : [Lomov enters, exhausted.] My heart’s palpitating awfully., My foot’s gone to sleep. There’s something that keeps, pulling in my side...., : Forgive us, Ivan Vassilevitch, we were all a little heated., I remember now: Oxen Meadows... really are yours., : My heart’s beating awfully. My Meadows... My eyebrows, are both twitching...., : The Meadows are yours, yes, yours. Do sit down. [They, sit] We were wrong., : I did it on principle. My land is worth little to me, but the, principle..., : Yes, the principle, just so. Now let’s talk of something else., : The more so as I have evidence. My aunt’s grandmother, gave the land to your father’s grandfather’s peasants..., : Yes, yes, let that pass. [aside] I wish I knew how to get, him started. [aloud] Are you going to start shooting soon?

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LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, , LOMOV, , NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, , NATALYA, , 153, , The Proposal, , LOMOV, , : I’m thinking of having a go at the blackcock, honoured, Natalya Stepanovna, after the harvest. Oh, have you, heard? Just think, what a misfortune I’ve had! My dog, Guess, who you know, has gone lame., : What a pity! Why?, : I don’t know. Must have got his leg twisted or bitten by, some other dog. [sighs] My very best dog, to say nothing, of the expense. I gave Mironov 125 roubles for him., : It was too much, Ivan Vassilevitch., : I think it was very cheap. He’s a first-rate dog., : Papa gave 85 roubles for his Squeezer, and Squeezer is, heaps better than Guess!, : Squeezer better than Guess? What an idea! [laughs], Squeezer better than Guess!, : Of course he’s better! Of course, Squeezer is young, he, may develop a bit, but on points and pedigree he’s better, than anything that even Volchanetsky has got., : Excuse me, Natalya Stepanovna, but you forget that he, is overshot, and an overshot always means the dog is a, bad hunter!, : Overshot, is he? The first time I hear it!, : I assure you that his lower jaw is shorter than the upper., : Have you measured?, : Yes. He’s all right at following, of course, but if you want, to get hold of anything..., : In the first place, our Squeezer is a thoroughbred animal,, the son of Harness and Chisels while there’s no getting, at the pedigree of your dog at all. He’s old and as ugly as, a worn-out cab-horse., : He is old, but I wouldn’t take five Squeezers for him., Why, how can you? Guess is a dog; as for Squeezer, well,, it’s too funny to argue. Anybody you like has a dog as, good as Squeezer... you may find them under every bush, almost. Twenty-five roubles would be a handsome price, to pay for him., : There’s some demon of contradition in you today, Ivan, Vassilevitch. First you pretend that the Meadows are, yours; now, that Guess is better than Squeezer. I don’t, like people who don’t say what they mean, because, you know perfectly well that Squeezer is a hundred, times better than your silly Guess. Why do you want, to say he isn’t?

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LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, , First Flight, , LOMOV, , 154, , NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , LOMOV, , CHUBUKOV, , : I see, Natalya Stepanovna, that you consider me either, blind or a fool. You must realise that Squeezer is overshot!, : It’s not true., : He is!, : It’s not true!, : Why shout madam?, : Why talk rot? It’s awful! It’s time your Guess was shot,, and you compare him with Squeezer!, : Excuse me, I cannot continue this discussion, my heart, is palpitating., : I’ve noticed that those hunters argue most who know least., : Madam, please be silent. My heart is going to pieces., [shouts] Shut up!, : I shan’t shut up until you acknowledge that Squeezer is, a hundred times better than your Guess!, : A hundred times worse! Be hanged to your Squeezer! His, head... eyes... shoulder..., : There’s no need to hang your silly Guess; he’s half-dead, already!, : [weeps] Shut up! My heart’s bursting!, : I shan’t shut up., [Enter Chubukov.], : What’s the matter now?, : Papa, tell us truly, which is the better dog, our Squeezer, or his Guess., : Stepan Stepanovitch, I implore you to tell me just one, thing: is your Squeezer overshot or not? Yes or no?, : And suppose he is? What does it matter? He’s the best dog, in the district for all that, and so on., : But isn’t my Guess better? Really, now?, : Don’t excite yourself, my precious one. Allow me. Your, Guess certainly has his good points. He’s purebred, firm, on his feet, has well-sprung ribs, and all that. But, my, dear man, if you want to know the truth, that dog has, two defects: he’s old and he’s short in the muzzle., : Excuse me, my heart... Let’s take the facts. You will, remember that on the Marusinsky hunt my Guess ran, neck-and-neck with the Count’s dog, while your Squeezer, was left a whole verst behind., : He got left behind because the Count’s whipper-in hit, him with his whip.

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LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, NATALYA, , CHUBUKOV, , LOMOV, , CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, , CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, , CHUBUKOV, , 155, , The Proposal, , CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, , : And with good reason. The dogs are running after a fox,, when Squeezer goes and starts worrying a sheep!, : It’s not true! My dear fellow, I’m very liable to lose my, temper, and so, just because of that, let’s stop arguing., You started because everybody is always jealous of, everybody else’s dogs. Yes, we’re all like that! You too, sir,, aren’t blameless! You no sooner begin with this, that and, the other, and all that... I remember everything!, : I remember too!, : [teasing him] I remember, too! What do you remember?, : My heart... my foot’s gone to sleep. I can’t..., : [teasing] My heart! What sort of a hunter are you? You, ought to go and lie on the kitchen oven and catch black, beetles, not go after foxes! My heart!, : Yes really, what sort of a hunter are you, anyway? You, ought to sit at home with your palpitations, and not go, tracking animals. You could go hunting, but you only go, to argue with people and interfere with their dogs and so, on. Let’s change the subject in case I lose my temper., You’re not a hunter at all, anyway!, : And are you a hunter? You only go hunting to get in with, the Count and to intrigue. Oh, my heart! You’re an, intriguer!, : What? I am an intriguer? [shouts] Shut up!, : Intriguer!, : Boy! Pup!, : Old rat! Jesuit!, : Shut up or I’ll shoot you like a partridge! You fool!, : Everybody knows that — oh, my heart! — your late wife, used to beat you... My feet... temples... sparks... I fall,, I fall!, : And you’re under the slipper of your house-keeper!, : There, there, there... my heart’s burst! My shoulders come, off! Where is my shoulder? I die. [Falls into an armchair] A, doctor!, : Boy! Milksop! Fool! I’m sick! [Drinks water] Sick!, : What sort of a hunter are you? You can’t even sit on a, horse! [To her father] Papa, what’s the matter with him?, Papa! Look, Papa! [screams] Ivan Vassilevitch! He’s dead!, : I’m sick! I can’t breathe! Air!

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NATALYA, , CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , First Flight, , LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, , 156, , LOMOV, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, , NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, NATALYA, LOMOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, LOMOV, NATALYA, CHUBUKOV, , : He’s dead. [Pulls Lomov’s sleeve] Ivan Vassilevitch! Ivan, Vassilevitch! What have you done to me? He’s dead. [Falls, into an armchair] A doctor, a doctor!, [Hysterics.], : Oh! What is it? What’s the matter?, : [wails] He’s dead... dead!, : Who’s dead? [Looks at Lomov] So he is! My word! Water!, A doctor! [Lifts a tumbler to Lomov’s mouth] Drink this!, No, he doesn’t drink. It means he’s dead, and all that., I’m the most unhappy of men! Why don’t I put a bullet, into my brain? Why haven’t I cut my throat yet? What, am I waiting for? Give me a knife! Give me a pistol! [Lomov, moves] He seems to be coming round. Drink some water!, That’s right., : I see stars... mist... where am I?, : Hurry up and get married and — well, to the devil with, you! She’s willing! [He puts Lomov’s hand into his, daughter’s] She’s willing and all that. I give you my, blessing and so on. Only leave me in peace!, : [getting up] Eh? What? To whom?, : She’s willing! Well? Kiss and be damned to you!, : [wails] He’s alive... Yes, yes, I’m willing., : Kiss each other!, : Eh? Kiss whom? [They kiss] Very nice, too. Excuse me,, what’s it all about? Oh, now I understand ... my heart..., stars... I’m happy. Natalya Stepanovna... [Kisses her hand], My foot’s gone to sleep., : I... I’m happy too..., : What a weight off my shoulders, ouf!, : But, still you will admit now that Guess is worse than, Squeezer., : Better!, : Worse!, : Well, that’s a way to start your family bliss! Have some, champagne!, : He’s better!, : Worse! Worse! Worse!, : [trying to shout her down] Champagne! Champagne!, , CURTAIN

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1. What does Chubukov at first suspect that Lomov has come for? Is he sincere, when he later says “And I’ve always loved you, my angel, as if you were my, own son”? Find reasons for your answer from the play., 2. Chubukov says of Natalya: “... as if she won’t consent! She’s in love;, egad, she’s like a lovesick cat…” Would you agree? Find reasons for, your answer., 3., , (i) Find all the words and expressions in the play that the characters, use to speak about each other, and the accusations and insults, they hurl at each other. (For example, Lomov in the end calls, Chubukov an intriguer; but earlier, Chubukov has himself called, Lomov a “malicious, doublefaced intriguer.” Again, Lomov begins by, describing Natalya as “an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking,, well-educated.”), (ii) Then think of five adjectives or adjectival expressions of your own to, describe each character in the play., (iii) Can you now imagine what these characters will quarrel about next?, , I. 1. This play has been translated into English from the Russian original., Are there any expressions or ways of speaking that strike you as more, Russian than English? For example, would an adult man be addressed, by an older man as my darling or my treasure in an English play?, , 157, , Read through the play carefully, and find expressions that you think, are not used in contemporary English, and contrast these with, idiomatic modern English expressions that also occur in the play., , palpitations, , interfere, , implore, , thoroughbred, , pedigree, , principle, , evidence, , misfortune, , malicious, , embezzlement, , architect, , neighbours, , accustomed, , temporary, , behaviour, , documents, , 3. Look up the following phrases in a dictionary to find out their meaning,, and then use each in a sentence of your own., (i) You may take it that, (ii) He seems to be coming round, (iii) My foot’s gone to sleep, , The Proposal, , 2. Look up the following words in a dictionary and find out how to pronounce, them. Pay attention to how many syllables there are in each word, and, find out which syllable is stressed, or said more forcefully.

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II. Reported Speech, A sentence in reported speech consists of two parts: a reporting clause,, which contains the reporting verb, and the reported clause. Look at the, following sentences., (a) “I went to visit my grandma last week,” said Mamta., (b) Mamta said that she had gone to visit her grandma the previous week., In sentence (a), we have Mamta’s exact words. This is an example of direct, speech. In sentence (b), someone is reporting what Mamta said. This is, called indirect speech or reported speech. A sentence in reported speech, is made up of two parts — a reporting clause and a reported clause., In sentence (b), Mamta said is the reporting clause containing the reporting, verb said. The other clause — that she had gone to visit her grandma last, week — is the reported clause., , First Flight, , Notice that in sentence (b) we put the reporting clause first. This is done to, show that we are not speaking directly, but reporting someone else’s words., The tense of the verb also changes; past tense (went) becomes past perfect, (had gone)., , 158, , Here are some pairs of sentences in direct and reported speech. Read them, carefully, and do the task that follows:, 1., , 2., , : Honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, do you think I may count, on her consent? (Direct Speech), (ii) Lomov asked Stepan Stepanovitch respectfully if he thought he might, count on her consent. (Reported Speech), (i) LOMOV, , (i) LOMOV, , : I’m getting a noise in my ears from excitement. (Direct, Speech), (ii) Lomov said that he was getting a noise in his ears from excitement., (Reported Speech), , 3., , (i) NATALYA, , : Why haven’t you been here for such a long time? (Direct, Speech), (ii) Natalya Stepanovna asked why he hadn’t been there for such a long, time. (Reported Speech), , 4., , (i) CHUBUKOV : What’s the matter? (Direct Speech), (ii) Chubukov asked him what the matter was. (Reported Speech), , 5., , (i) NATALYA, : My mowers will be there this very day! (Direct Speech), (ii) Natalya Stepanovna declared that her mowers would be there that, very day. (Reported Speech), , You must have noticed that when we report someone’s exact words, we, have to make some changes in the sentence structure. In the following, sentences fill in the blanks to list the changes that have occurred in, the above pairs of sentences. One has been done for you.

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1. To report a question, we use the reporting verb, Sentence Set 1)., , (as in, ., , 2. To report a statement, we use the reporting verb, 3. The adverb of place here changes to, , asked, , ., , 4. When the verb in direct speech is in the present tense, the verb in reported, tense (as in Sentence Set 3)., speech is in the, 5. If the verb in direct speech is in the present continuous tense, the verb, tense. For example,, in reported speech changes to, changes to was getting., 6. When the sentence in direct speech contains a word denoting respect, we, in the reporting clause (as in Sentence Set 1)., add the adverb, 7. The pronouns I, me, our and mine, which are used in the first person in, direct speech, change according to the subject or object of the reporting, ,, ,, or, in, verb such as, reported speech., III. Here is an excerpt from an article from the Times of India dated, 27 August 2006. Rewrite it, changing the sentences in direct speech, into reported speech. Leave the other sentences unchanged., , 1. Anger Management: As adults, one important thing to learn is how to manage, our temper. Some of us tend to get angry quickly, while others remain calm., Can you think of three ill effects that result from anger? Note them down., Suggest ways to avoid losing your temper in such situations. Are there any, benefits from anger?, 2. In pairs, prepare a script based on the given excerpt from The Home and the, World by Rabindranath Tagore. You may write five exchanges between the, characters with other directions such as movements on stage and way of, speaking, etc., , 159, , The Proposal, , “Why do you want to know my age? If people know I am so old, I won’t get, work!” laughs 90-year-old A. K. Hangal, one of Hindi cinema’s most famous, character actors. For his age, he is rather energetic. “What’s the secret?”, we ask. “My intake of everything is in small quantities. And I walk a lot,”, he replies. “I joined the industry when people retire. I was in my 40s. So, I don’t miss being called a star. I am still respected and given work,, when actors of my age are living in poverty and without work. I don’t, have any complaints,” he says, adding, “but yes, I have always been, underpaid.” Recipient of the Padma Bhushan, Hangal never hankered, after money or materialistic gains. “No doubt I am content today, but, money is important. I was a fool not to understand the value of money, earlier,” he regrets.

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First Flight, 160, , One afternoon, when I happened to be specially busy, word came to, my office room that Bimala had sent for me. I was startled., “Who did you say had sent for me?” I asked the messenger., “The Rani Mother”., “The Bara Rani?”, “No, sir, the Chota Rani Mother.”, The Chota Rani! It seemed a century since I had been sent for by her., I kept them all waiting there, and went off into the inner apartments., When I stepped into our room I had another shock of surprise to find, Bimala there with a distinct suggestion of being dressed up. The room,, which from persistent neglect, had latterly acquired an air of having, grown absent-minded, had regained something of its old order this, afternoon. I stood there silently, looking enquiringly at Bimala., She flushed a little and the fingers of her right hand toyed for a time, with the bangles on her left arm. Then she abruptly broke the silence., “Look here! Is it right that ours should be the only market in all Bengal, which allows foreign goods?”, “What, then, would be the right thing to do?” I asked., “Order them to be cleared out!”, “But the goods are not mine.”, “Is not the market yours?”, “It is much more theirs who use it for trade.”, “Let them trade in Indian goods, then.”, “Nothing would please me better. But suppose they do not?”, “Nonsense! How dare they be so insolent? Are you not…”, “I am very busy this afternoon and cannot stop to argue it out. But I, must refuse to tyrannise.”, “It would not be tyranny for selfish gain, but for the sake of the, country.”, “To tyrannise for the country is to tyrannise over the country. But, that I am afraid you will never understand.” With this I came away., 3. In groups, discuss the qualities one should look for in a marriage partner., You might consider the following points., • Personal qualities, – Appearance or looks, – Attitudes and beliefs, – Sense of humour, • Value system, – Compassion and kindness, – Tolerance, ambition, – Attitude to money and wealth, • Education and professional background, 4. Are there parts of the play that remind you of film scenes from romantic, comedies? Discuss this in groups, and recount to the rest of the class, episodes similar to those in the play.

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WHAT WE HAVE DONE, Given you a play by the famous Russian writer, Anton Chekhov., , WHAT YOU CAN DO, Dictate the biogrophical information given below. Students should then guess the, name of the playwright., (1564 – 1616). He was born at Stratford-on-Avon in April 1564. His, father was an important public figure in Stratford. People believe that he received a, decent grammar-school education in literature, logic, and Latin (mathematics and, natural science did not form part of the curriculum). When he was eighteen, he married, Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his senior. He seems to have prospered in the, London theatre world. He probably began his career as an actor in London, and he, earned enough as author to acquire landed property., When he was forty-seven, he retired to a large house in Stratford. He died in, 1616, leaving behind a body of work that still stands as a pinnacle in world literature., , 161, , Homophones, , • They were too close to the door to close it., • Since there is no time like the present, she, thought it was time to present the present., , The Proposal, , Can you find the words below that are spelt, similarly, and sometimes even pronounced, similarly, but have very different meanings? Check, their pronunciation and meaning in a dictionary.

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Notes