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(First Flight)(Chapter-2) (Nelson Mandela: Long walk to Freedom), (Class - 10), Oral Comprehension Check -I, Question 1:, Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of, sandstone?, CAnswer 1:, The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in, Pretoria. It was the largest gathering ever of international leaders on South African soil., The Rashtrapati Bhawan, the Red Fort, the Supreme Court and the Parliament House of India in, New Delhi are few examples of public buildings in India that are made of sandstone., Question 2:, Can you say how 10 May is an 'autumn day' in South Africa?, EAnswer 2:, 10 May is an 'autumn day' in South Africa because on this day, there was the largest gathering of, international leaders on South African soil for the installation of South Africa's first democratic, non-, racial government., Question 3:, At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions "an extraordinary human disaster". What does he, mean by this? What is the "glorious ... human achievement" he speaks of at the end?, CAnswer 3:, By 'an extraordinary human disaster' Mandela means to state the practice of 'apartheid' in South, Africa. 'Apartheid' is a political system that separates people according to their race. During this, there was a racial segregation based on colour and the blacks suffered a lot. They were not allowed, to demand freedom or any right. Mandela himşelf had to spend many years on infamous 'Robben, Island' as a prisoner where he was beaten mercilessly. !, He considered it as great glorious human achievement to liberate all people from the continuing, bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination., Question 4:, What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?, LAnswer 4:, Mandela felt very privileged to welcome the international leaders at the swearing - in ceremony., The South Africans were considered outlaws. He was thankful to all of them for having come to take, possession with the people of the country. This was a moment of common victory for justice, peace, and human dignity. They all witnessed international recognition of a newly born free democratic, nation., Question 5:, What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?, LAnswer 5:, Nelson Mandela had aim of liberating people from the trap poverty, deprivation, suffering and, discrimination. He set the ideal for a society in which there would be no discrimination based on, gender or race., 1

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(First Flight)(Chapter- 2) (Nelson Mandela: Long walk to Freedom), (Class - 10), Oral Comprehension Check - II, %3D, Question 1:, What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?, Answer 1:, When Mandela finished his speech, people saw a spectacular array of South African jets, helicopters, and troop carriers roared in perfect formation over the Union Buildings. The highest military, generals of South African defence force saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. It was of great, significance as during apartheid era Mandela was arrested by them. The change in the attitude was, because of struggle and sacrifices put in by many heroes of South Africa. The struggle not only, ensured the nation freedom from apartheid. He believed that love can also be taught and human, being is naturally inclined towards love rather than hate., Question 2:, Why were two national anthems sung?, CAnswer 2:, One the auspicious occasion of the inauguration two national anthems: one by the Whites and the, other by the Blacks symbolising the equality of the Blacks and the Whites., Question 3:, How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country (1) in the first decade, and, (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century?, LAnswer 3:, Mandela described two eras in the African nation:, (1) In the first decade of the century, the nation followed asystem of racial discrimination against, the blacks. This created one of the most harsh and inhumane societies worldwide., (li) In the final decade of the 20th century, the trends and traditions of racial domination had been, demolished and replaced by one which recognised rights and freedom of all people irrespective of, the colour of skin., Question 4:, What does courage mean to Mandela?, LAnswer 4:, Mandela mentions that it was the comrades from whom he learned the actual meaning of courage., For him courage did not mean the absence of fear but a triumph over fear. According to him brave, men was not who felt afraid but one who is able to conquer fear., Question 5:, Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?, Answer 5:, Mandela suggested that people must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught, to love, love comes more naturally to the human heart than hate., 2

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(First Flight)(Chapter - 2) (Nelson Mandela: Long walk to Freedom), (Class - 10), Oral Comprehension Check - III, Question 1:, What "twin obligations" does Mandela mention?, LAnswer 1:, Mandela mentioned that every man has twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and, children; the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country., Question 2:, What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these, "transitory freedoms" with "the basic and honourable freedoms"?, ZAnswer 2:, Just like any child, for Mandela freedom meant to have merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once one, becomes an adult, the things you did as a child look transitory because most of the activities which, we did as children are wasteful for an adult's perspective. As an adult, one has to earn a livelihood, to bring the food home. It is only then we get an honourable existence in the family and in the, society., Question 3:, Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?, Answer 3:, Mandela knew that the oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed. A man who, takes away another man's freedom is a prisoner of hatred, who is locked of hatred behind the bars, of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. Mandela realised that both the oppressor and the oppressed, are robbed of their humanity and peace., IWARI, Thỉnking about the Text, Question:, 1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify, the triumph of?, 2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is "simply the sum of all those African patriots" who, had gone before him?, 3. Would you agree that the "depths of oppression" create "heights of character"? How does, Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?, 4. How did Mandela's understanding of freedom change with age and experience?, 5. How did Mandela's 'hunger for freedom' change his life?, ZAnswer:, 1. International leaders showed a gesture of unity to put an end to the practice of apartheid by being, a part of the inauguration. It was the significance of the victory of good over evil and triumph of a, tolerance of society without, any, racial discrimination., 2. By saying that he is simply the sum of all those African patriots, Mandela paid his tributes to all, those who sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. He said that he was grateful to those who, had gone before him because those heroes of past paved the path of co-operation and unity for him., Therefore, he could try to come to power to bring equality for his people with their support and, eradicate racial discrimination., 3

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(First Flight)(Chapter- 2) (Nelson Mandela: Long walk to Freedom), (Class - 10), 3. I totally agree with the statement that depths of oppression create heights of character. Nelson, Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa like Oliver Tambo, Walter, Sisulu and others who were an inspiration, who did not bother about their lives and sacrificed their, lives in the long freedom struggle to liberate others from the bondage., India is a nation which is full of such examples, great leaders who sacrificed their lives during our, freedom struggle. There was a group of leaders of possessing great character, love for their country, and a strong desire to something for their country who raised their voice against the oppression of, British rule, created awareness and encouraged people of noble characters like Mahatma Gandhi,, Lala Lajpat Rai, JL Nehru, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sardar Bhagat Singh etc., If we compare them with the quality of political leaders of today, then Nelson Mandela seems to be, absolutely correct in what he is saying., 4. With age and experience, Mandela realized the importance of freedom, understood the real, meaning of freedom. When he was a young boy, he thought that he was born free and thought that, as long as he obeyed his father and the customs of his tribe, he was free. But when he grew older,, he realized what did freedom to raise a family, to earn a livelihood mean and all this left a great, impact on his mind .He started thinking about freedom in a different way. All this made him realize, that he was selfish during his childhood. He slowly understood that it was not just his freedom that, was being taken away, but the freedom of all blacks of his nation. It was the freedom from fear and, prejudice. So with age and experience he understood the clearer meaning of freedom., 5. Mandela realised in his youth that it was not just his freedom that was being snatched from him,, but the freedom of all blacks who were a part of that nation. This changed his mind set and from a, fearing person he became a daring rebel., He sacrificed all the comforts of a settled family life and raised his voice to fight for a greater cause., He joined the African National Congress and became a young bold rebel ready to fight for the cause, of his fellow friends and fought against racism., Thinking about Language, Question I:, There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding, verbs (form, govern) by suffixing -(at)ion or ment. There may be a change in the spelling of some, verb - noun pairs: such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution., 1. Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text., Noun, Verb, Rebellion, Rebel, Constitution, Constitute, 2. Read the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with the noun forms of the verbs in brackets., Martin Luther King's, (contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began, (assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her, seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of, when he came to the, second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean, 4

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(First Flight)(Chapter- 2) (Nelson Mandela: Long walk to Freedom), (Class-10), (humiliate) by the police and the legal system., (subjugate) and, Beatings,, (imprison) and sometimes death awaited those who defied the System., Martin Luther King's tactics of protest involved non-violent, (resist) to racial, injustice., Answer I:, 1., Noun, Verb, Rebellion, Rebel, Constitution, Constitute, Formation, Form, Government, Govern, Oblige, Obligation, Transformation, Transform, Discrimination, Discriminate, Deprivation, Deprive, Demonstration, Demonstrate, Oppression, Imagination, Oppress, Imagine, 2. Martin Luther King's contribution to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to, the assistance of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white, passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by, restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean subjugation and humiliation by the, police and the legal system. Beatings, imprisonment and sometimes death awaited those who defied, the System. Martin Luther King's tactics of protest involved non-violent resistance to racial injustice., ARI, Question II:, Using the Definite Article with Names, You know that the definite article 'the' is not normally used before proper nouns. Nor do, nouns usually occur in the plural. (We do not say: *The Nelson Mandela, or *Nelson Mandelas.) But, now look at this sentence from the text:, proper, . the decades of oppression and brutality . produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus,, ... of our time., Used in this way with the and/or in the plural, a proper noun carries a special meaning. For example,, what do you think the names above mean? Choose the right answer., (a) for example Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, .., (b) many other men like Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu ./many men of their type or kind,, whose names may not be as well known., Did you choose option (b)? Then you have the right answer!, Here are some more examples of 'the' used with proper names. Try to say what these sentences, mean. (You may consult a dictionary if you wish. Look at the entry for 'the'.), 1. Mr Singh regularly invites the Amitabh Bachchans and the Shah Rukh Khans to his parties., 2. Many people think that Madhuri Dixit is the Madhubala of our times., 3. History is not only the story of the Alexanders, the Napoleons and the Hitlers, but of ordinary, people as well.