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I think I know, , enough of hate, , To say that for, , destruction ice, , s also great, in, , these lines 'hate', , How, , rhymes imperfectly with 'great., does one mark the, rhyme scheme in a poem?, , I y e sCheme is a pattern of end rhymes in poetry. These rhvrmes are based on sound and not On pellir, S0, ItS important to keep this in mind when analvsing a rhvme scheme. A rhyme scheme uses leters to Siow, , which lines rhyme. For example, the rhyme scheme for couplets are written like this. dd, DD, a, , inaicates, that the first two lines rhyme with each other, the next two lines rhyme with each other, and so on., Each time the, rhyme changes, another letter is introduced., , abch, in an abcb tormat, the second and fouth lines of the stanza rhyme. The first and third lines do not rhyme with, , each other., , abab, In an abab tormat, alternate lines rhyme with each other. The first and the third lines rhyme, and the second, , and the fourth lines rhyme with each other., aabb, , In an aobb format, first line rhymes with the second line and third line rhymes with the fourth line., Many poems that follow the aabb pattern are broken into quatrains, which are four line stanzas, where the first, , and second lines, , rhyme, and the third and fourth, , ines, , rhyme., , See the example given below to understand the rhyme scheme in the poem, The Tale of Custard the Dragon', , by Ogden Nash., Belinda lived in a little white house,, With a little black kitten and a little gray mouse,, And a little yellow dog and a little red wagon,, , b, , And a realio, trulio, little pet dragon,, , b, , Now the name of the little black kitten was Ink, And the little groy mouse, she called him Blink, , And the little yellow dog was shard as Mustard,, , d, , But the dragon was a coward and she called him Custard, , d, , Alliteration, Allteration is the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of each or most of the words in a, sentence. The easiest way to use aliteration would be to repeat the starting letter of the words., The repetition of initial consonant sounds is Visible in a group of words close together, this can be seen in the, , opening lines of the poem 'Amanda! composed by Robin Klein:, Dont bite your nails Amanda!, Dont hunch your shoulders, Amanda!, , Stop that slouching and sit up straight, Amanda!, Here's consists in the repetition of the same sound or syllable at the beginning of four words.., 8, , Exam Mate Handbook for Textbook and Supplementary Reader 10

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Repetition, Repetition consists of repeating a word, a phrase, or sentence. It is cormmon in both poetry and prose., , Inis, , technique adds emphasis, unity, and/or power. Poets often repeat stanzas, lines or words/phrases to creared, musical effect. Repetition also makes it easier to, remember or recall the lines in a poern., in the poem How to, , You meet, , a, , creature, , Tell Wild Animals' composed, , by Carolyn Wells, the word very has been repeated:, , there,, , Who, , hugs you very, very hard., Also, in the poem 'Animals' by Walt Whitman, the word, long, stand and look at them long and long, , has been, , repeated:, , Simile and Metaphor, Simile: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things by using the words "like or 'as. They are, , compared indirectly., In the poem, The Trees' composed by Adrienne Rich the following lines have simile, , The moon is broken like a mirror, its pieces jiash now in the crown, , of the tollest oak., In the above poetic lines "like' has been used as a word to form a simile. Now see the use of word 'as in the, , following line of the poem The Tale of Custard the Dragon':, Belinda was as brave as a barrel full of bears,, And Ink and Blink chased lions down the stairs,, , Mustard was as brave as a tiger in a rage,, But Custard cried for a nice safe cage., Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two subjects without the use of like' or 'as. While a, simile states that one thing is like another, a metaphor asserts that one thing 'is the other, or is a substitute for, the other thing., Carl Sandburg's poem Fog' is a good example of metaphor:, The fog comes, on little cat feet, , It sits looking, over harbour and city., , On silent haunches, and then moves on., , The following stanza ofthe poem 'How to Tell Wild Animals is also an illustration of metaphor, The true chameleon is small, , Alizard sort of thing, He has not any ears at all, , And not a single wing, The following lines of the poem 'Amanda!' also have figure of speech in the form of metaphor:, , am an orphan, roaming the street, pattern soft dust with my hushed, bare feet, The silence is golden, the freedom is sweet., , Literary Terms, , 9

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Onomatopoeia, Onomatopoeia is the use of words which imitate sounds., ATexdmpie or onomatopoeia can be seen in the following lines of the Doem The Tale of Custara the Dagon, , Belinda g'iggled till she shook the house,, And Blink said Weeck! which is giggling, for, , a, , mouse,, , Personification, attribures., , human, rersonncation is a figure ofspeech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given, numan oDjeçts are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human DeiE, , E, , O, , Many inanimate things have been personified in the following lines ofthe poem The iree:, , Listen! the glass is, , breaking, , The trees are stumbling forward into the, Winds rush to meet them., In the poem, , night, , Fog'the fog has been personified as a, The fog comes, on little catfeet, , human, , being:, , It sits looking over harbour and city, On silent haunches and then moves on., , Allusion, It is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary orpoltical, comment, a, significance. It does not describe in detail the person or a thing to which it refers. It is just passing, and the writer expects the reader to possess enough.knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance, in a text., , In the poem Dust of Snow by Robert Frost, crow and hemlock tree' have allusion as they have greater significance, than that conveyed by words., The way oa crow, shook down on me, , The dust of snow, from a hemlock tree, , The last stanza of the poem 'A Tiger in the Zoo' is an incarnation of allusion as it portrays the pitiful condition, , ofa caged animal:, He hears the last voice at night, The patrolling cars, And stares with his briliant eyes, , At the brilliant stars., , Imagery, , Imagery in a poem refers to the elements that engage the senses (sight, taste, sound, touch or smel)., In the poem 'Amandal the 'chocolate and look at me provide the impression of imagery, as shown in these lines:, Dont eat that chocolate, Amanda!, , Rememberyour acne, Amanda!, Will you please look at me when, am speaking toyou, Amanda!, 10, , Exam Mote Handbook for Textbook and Supplementary Reader 10

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Oxymoron, The word oxymoron is in itself an oxymoron. It comes from the ancient Greek word oxumoron, a compound, of the words OxUS, meaning'sharp' or keen' and moros, meaning'dull' or 'stupid'. Therefore, its SOmetring, Wise roolishness. For example, controlled chaos, old news, small giant, original copy, etc., , In the, , story'A Question, , of Trust following para brings out the oxymoron:, , Horace often thinks of the charming, clever young lady who was in the same profession as he was, and who, tricked him. He gets very, angry when anyone talks about 'honour among thieves., The story by H.G. Wells Footprints without Feet following lines bring out humour by providing oxymoron:, As they gozea, a remarkable sight met their eyes. A fresh footmark appeared from nowhere!, , Hinaly he swallowed certain rare drugs and his body became as transparent as a sheet of gloss, , also remained, , as, , solid, , as, , though it, , glass., , Synecdoche, Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that refers to a part of something is substituted to, , stand in for the whole. Robert Frost has used synecdoche in his poem 'Dust of Snow:, Has given my heart, , A change of mood, And saved some part, Of a day I had rued, In these lines, the word 'heart actually represents the poet whose mood has completely changed., , Irony, Irony is a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from, , the actual meaning. There are different types of irony. A verbal irony is when one says what one does not mean., A situational irony occurs when someone is chuckling at the misfortune of the other even when the same, misfortune, in complete unawareness, soon befalls him. In dramatic irony, the characters are oblivious of the, situation but the audience is not., , The story The Hack Driver is full of irony. The private detective has been engaged to search and bring back the, man called Oliver Lutkins:, , 1 want, I told him, "to find a man named Oliver Lutkins'", Lutkins?1 saw him around here about an hour ago. Hard fellow to catch, though-always up to something or other., He is probably trying to start up a poker game in the back of Fritz's shop. I will tell you, is there any hurry about, locating Lutkins?", It is an irony that this fellow is himself Lutkins and the private detective has arrived to serve summons but is not, aware of the real identity of Lutkins., , Examples of irony are not only found in stage plays and stories but can be seen in poems also. In the poem, "How to Tell Wild Animals' irony can be seen in the following poetic lines:, , The crocodile you alwoays may, , Tellfrom the Hyena thus:, Hyenas come with merry smiles, But if they weep they are crocodiles., , LiteraryTerms 11

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Here, the, , crocodile has been, is completey, shown as weeping, intended meaning, weeping but intenu, meanin8. Crocodile is a, cunning carnivorous animal who, their prey they, leei, O, weep., , direrent, , from, , the., , to i, , Transferred Epithet, in, , a, , transferred epithet,, , another to wh, which it oes, o r d to, qualifying adjective is transferrea, erred from, i, For, spent a happy day. H, Here we, we use a, pithet when we say John, transferred epithet, not mean that the example,, wii, day was happy; it was John who was, From 'A Tiger in the, napp, Zoo' by Leslie Norris, , strictly belong., , a, , He hears the last, voice at, , The patrolling cars, , one, , night, , And stars with his, brilliant eyes, , At the, uis, , stanza the, , the men, , 12, , brilliant stars., , sitting, , words 'patrolling cars' have transferred epithet as it is, inside the cars are the, persons who are patroling, , Exam Mate Handbook for Textbook and Supplementary Aeader 1o, , not the cars wnicn, , are on, , patrolling -