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3, , TRANSPORTATION, , CHAPTER, , the respiratory surfaces and then to individual, , CONTENTS, , , , , , , , , , , , Transportation, , cells in animals or directly to cells in plants., Carbon dioxide is formed as a by-product. It is, passed out for elimination. , , Function of Transporation, Transportation in Human Being, , , , Waste Products : Toxic waste products are, produced during metabolism. They have to be, excreted. For this they are first taken to kidneys, for separation, translocated to urinary bladder for, storage and from urinary bladder to the region of, elimination., , , , Water : Plants absorb water from soil with the, help of their roots. It is transported to all parts., , , , Hormones : They are formed in particular regions, from where they are transported to the areas of their, functioning., , Kind of Blood Vessels, Blood Group, The Human Heart, Double Circulation, Transportation in Plant, Transpiration, , , , TRANSPORTATION IN HUMAN BEING, TRANSPORTATION, , , , It is the movement of materials from one part to, another, usually from the region of their, availability to the region of their use storage or, elimination., , FUNCTION OF TRANSPORTATION, , , , , , , , Food : It is available at particular points, e.g., leaves in plants, alimentary canal in animals., Food has to be transported to every living cell of, the body for extraction of energy and materials., , , , Metabolic Gases : Oxygen and carbon dioxide, are two metabolic gases. Oxygen is required by, every living cell for cellular respiration. It has to, be transported from outside environment first to, , In humans, transportation of oxygen nutrients,, hormone and other substances to tissue, CO2 to, the lungs and waste products to the kidneys is, carried out by a well-defined Circulatory, System. In lower organisms material is, transported by diffusion., ,  Circulatory System :, It comprises of the heart, blood vessels, blood,, lymphatic vessels, lymph, which together serve to, transport materials, throughout the body., Components of the circulatory system in higher, animals are -, , , , Blood, , , , Pumping organ- 'Heart'

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, , System of blood vessels for distribution and, collection of blood - consisting of arteries,, veins and capillaries., , Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil, Granulocytes, , Surface view Side view, ERYTHROCYTE (RBC), , BLOOD, Lymphocyte Monocyte, Agranulocytes, , Plasma, Serum, , Protein, , PLATELETS, , DIFFERENT TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN MAN, , Blood cells, , Erythrocytes, W.B.C Platelets, (Red blood corpuscles), ,  Blood Corpuscles :, , WBC are mainly of two Type W.B.C., , I. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) or Erythrocytes :, , WBC, , These are minute, circular biconcave discs having, , Granulocytes, They have a granular, cytoplasm and lobed, nucleus., , no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of, red coloured pigment, haemoglobin. Red blood, cells have life span about 120 days. They are, produced in bone marrow number is 4.5 – 5.5, millon/cu.mm., , III. Blood Platelets :, ,  Function :, , Haemoglobin, , Agranulocytes, Their cytoplasm does, not contain granules, but a single large spherical nucleus., , , , nucleated blood- cells, which help in the coagulation, of blood they are called thrombocytes., , transports oxygen from lungs to, , body tissues., II. WBC or White Blood Cells or Corpuscles :, ,  These are large, nucleated colourless cells and are, , Platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex and non-, , , , KIND OF BLOOD VESSELS, , There are three types of blood vessels present in, human circulatory system., , less numerous than erythrocytes. There are about, , (A) Arteries :, , 5000 W.B.C per mili litre of blood., ,  Arteries carry blood from heart and supply to, organs. These are thick muscular walled and, deep seated. All Arteries carry oxygenated, blood except pulmonary arteries which carry, deoxygenated blood to lungs for purification., They do not have valves., (B) Veins :, ,  Veins collect blood from the tissue of the organs, and Bring it to the heart through two big veins,, the superior and Inferior vena cava. Veins carry

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, , deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins., Veins are thin walled and placed more, superficially. They contain valves., , called Universal Recipient as he can receive, blood of all other groups., , (C) Capillaries :, ,  Capillaries, , , , are extremely thin-walled and, , , , The following terms should be clearly understood, before studying blood group., , , , (A) Antigen :, , It is any substance, a bacteria or virus, that, , , Blood, group, , Antigen, present, in RBC, , Antibody, present, plasma, , Can, donate to, , Can, receive, from, , A, , A, , b, , A and AB, , A, O, , B, , B, , a, , AB, B, , B, O, , AB, , A, B, , None, , AB, , B, AB,, A, O, , O, , None, , a and b, , O, A, B,, AB, , O, , (B) Antibody :, It is specialised protein produced by certain, white blood cells (lymphocytes) in response, to entry into the body of a foreign substance., i.e. antigen in order to render it harmless., `, , , , , , They are much important in child birth. If, blood of baby (embryo) is Rh+ and mother is, Rh–. She may lose her baby as antibodies will, attack the baby (nowadays, this condition is, medically supposed not to be so serious and, certain techniques and procedures are, available to save the baby)., , A substance capable of stimulating the, formation of an antibody is called antigen., , , , Rh factor (Rhesus factor) : It is a kind of, antigen in the blood, which was first found in, the Rhesus monkey. On the basis of presence, or absence of Rh factor human beings can be, divided as- Rh positive (Rh+) and Rh negative, (Rh–)., ,  Important Terms :, , the body regards as foreign and it may be, formed in or introduced into the body, it is, capable of causing some disease in the body, and are present in the red blood cells of the, donor., , The plasma of blood having blood group AB, do not have antibodies therefore reaction will, not occur with the antigen of the donars, blood., , , , , , Blood group O does not contain any antigen, on the surface of R.B.C therefore, no reaction, will occur with the blood of the recipient, , narrow. They are closely placed with the, cells of the tissue in an organ. Oxygen and, food pass into the cells and carbon-dioxide, and other wastes pass into the capillaries from, the cells., , , , Similarly a person with AB blood group is, , BLOOD GROUPS, , Landsteiner discovered four blood groups in, human beings based on the mutual, compatibility of the antigens and antibodies., They are A, B, AB and O., ,  Function of Blood :, Blood perform the following functions :, , , , , A person having O blood group can give, , Transport of Oxygen and Carbondioxide :, , blood to all the groups and hence called, Universal donar., , Blood, , transports oxygen from the respiratory, , surface i.e. lungs, buccal cavity to body tissues

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and carbon dioxide from tissue to respiratory, surface., ,  Transport of food :, , Blood transports digested food to different cells of, , , , Arteries produce a proper pressure of blood that, helps to balance the atmospheric pressure., ,  Blood Clotting :, , , ,  Transport of waste products :, , Sequence of events during clotting of blood :, Injured tissue + Blood platelets, Liver, , Blood, , Vitamin K Thromboplastin, , the body., , transports the waste products of cells and, , Ca+2, Prothrombin, Thrombin (active), (inactive), (In blood), Fibrinogen (soluble), Fibrin (insoluble), + dead RBCs, + dead Bacteria, + dead WBCs, , organs to the kidneys, lungs, skin and intestine, so, that they may be eliminated., ,  Chemical coordination :, , Hormones, , produced by endocrine glands are, , distributed to the vital tissues by the blood., ,  Defence against infection :, ,  When, , bacteria or any other disease causing, pathogen enters the body. It is distroyed by WBCs, (one type of WBCs; called lymphocytes produce, Antibodies against specific pathogen) and so, immunity against the disease is created in the, body., , Flow Chart Showing Clotting of Blood, , , , The heart is a pumping organ that receives blood, from veins and pumps it into the arteries it is, made up of cardiac muscles. It is situated in, thoracic cavity which lies above the diaphragm, ,  Clotting of blood :, , To, , prevent excess bleeding, blood-platelets and, some protein form clot so as to prevent further, bleeding., ,  Water balance :, , Blood, , maintains body temperature constant and, distributes and exchanges water between cytoplasm, of cells., , THE HUMAN HEART, , between the two lungs., , It is enclosed in a double-walled membranous the, pericardium., , Chamber of The Heart :, , The, , interior of the heart is divided into four, , chambers which receive the circulatory blood ., , Temperature regulation :, ,  The Auricles :, ,  Heat, , , , produced by deeper tissues is taken to the, body surface, so that it may be given out and thus, body temperature is maintained., , left auricles. The auricles are separated by a, partition called the inter-atrial septum. The, ,  Maintainance of body pH :, , sinuatrial node (SAN) or the pacemaker is located, , In, , RBC, some carbon dioxide combines with, water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) that is, disossociated into H+ and HCO3–. These ions, combines with ions of plasma to maintain a, constant pH., , Maintenance of pressure :, , The two superior chamber are called the right and, , in the upper wall of the Right atrium., ,  The Ventricles :, , , , The two interior chambers of heart are the right, and left ventricles. They are separated from each, other by an inter-ventricular septum., , Valves of The Heart :

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Valves, , are muscular flaps which prevent the, , blood to flow back through it. Two type of heart, valves are distingushed :, ,  The Atrio-Venticular Valves :, , , , These valves separated the atria from the, ventricles the right side of the heart possesses the, tricuspid valve and left side of the heart, possesses the bicuspid valve or mitral valves are, needed to avoid backward flow of blood in the, chambers of the heat., ,  Semilunar Valves :, Figure : SHOWING DOUBLE CIRCULATION AND, , These are located in the arteries leaving the heart., , FUNCTION OF BLOOD OF PROVIDE, OXYGEN., , Blood Flow Through The Heart :, , , , The path of blood flow can be shown as under :, , Right, Ventricle, , Deoxy., , Right Auricle, Vanae cavae, , Blood, , Pulmonary, artery, , Lungs, , Pul, mo, nar, Sys, tem y Circu, ic C, lati, on, ircu, lati, on, , Systemic aorta, , , , Oxy. Blood, , Pulmonary, veins, , Left, Auricle, , Deoxy. Blood, , Body, ,  Pulmonary Circulation :, , Oxy., Blood, ,  Systemic Circulation : , , , , It is the circulation of blood between heart and, different parts of the body except lungs. Oxygenated, blood received by left auricle passes into left, ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it into aorta for, supply to different body parts including walls of the, heart with the help of arteries., , , , Double circulatin is an improvement over single, , Left, Ventricle, , DOUBLE CIRCULATION, Double circulation has two components, pulmonary, circulation and systemic circulation., , It is movement of blood from heart to the lungs, and back. Deoxygenated blood of the body enters, the righ auricle, passes into righ ventricle which, pumps it into pulmonary arch, With the help of, two separate pulmonary arteries the blood passes, into the lungs. , , circulation as the heart pumps both the types of, bloods (oxygenated and deoxygenated) forcefully, through the body. In amphibians and reptiles, the, double circulation is incomplete due to mixing of, the blood. It is complete in birds and mammals., , TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS, Some materials (gases) pass in and out of plants, through diffusion. Other materials required for, building plant body are obtained from soil, e.g. ,, nitrogen, phosphorus, other minerals, water. They, have to be transported to long distances

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depending upon the size of the plant. There are, two independent pathways having conducting, tubes. One is xylem that moves water and, minerals from soil to aerial parts. The other is, phloem which carries food from the region of, availability (e.g, leaves, storage organs) to the, areas of utilsation., ,  Xylem (Wood) :, , , , It is a complex tissue which transports sap (water, and minerals). Xylem has four types of cells–, xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma, tracheids and, vessels. Vessels and tracheids are called tracheary, elements because they take part in transport of, sap. Both the tracheary elements have lignified, wall ., ,  Phloem :, , , , It is complex tissue which takes apart in transport, of food. Phloem has four types of cells – sieve, tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and, phloem fibres. Only phloem fibres are dead cells., Other are living cells., , TRANSPIRATION, Transpiratin is loss of water in vapour form from, the exposed parts of a plant. There are three types, of transpiration-lenticular, cuticular and stomatal., Lenticular transpiration is the loss of water in, vapour form from lenticels present in the bark by, stems. It is only 0.1% of the total. Cuticular, transpiration is loss of water in vapour form, through the cuticular covering of the leaves and, other aerial parts. Amount of cuticular, transpiration depends upon the thickness., Stomatal transpiration is loss of water vapours, through stomata present over leaves and other soft, aerial parts. It will always occur whenever, stomata are open for gaseous exchange., , Figure : TRANSPIRATION OR EVAPORATION, OF WATER FROM AERIAL SURFACES CAUSING, ABSORPTION AND ASCENT OF SAP.

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EXERCISE # 1, A.Single Choice Type Questions, Q.1, , Water will be absorbed by root hairs when (A) Concentration of solutes in the cell sap is, high, (B) Plant is rapidly respiring, (C) They are separated from soil by a, permeable membrane, (D) Concentation of salts in the soil is high, , Q.2, , Which of the following is connected with, transport of water in plants ?, (A) Phloem, (B) Xylem, (C) Epidermis, (D) Cambium, , Q.3, , The transpiration in plants will be lowest (A) When there is high humidity in the, atmosphere, (B) There is excess of water in the cell, (C) Environmental condition share very dry, humidity, (D) High wind velocity, , Q.4, , Which of the following process keeps plant, cool ?, (A) Transpiration, (B) Guttation, (C) Photosynthesis, (D) Transloation, , Q.5, , Rate of transpiration in a dorsiventral leaf is (A) Greater at the upper surface, (B) Greater at the lower surface, (C) Equal at both the surface, (D) None of the above, , Q.6, , In a closed circulatory system blood is, completely enclosed within (A) The skeleton, (B) Sinuses, (C) Vessels, (D) Hearts, , Q.7, , In which of the following groups of animal, the heart pumps only deoxygenated blood ?, (A) Fishes, (B) Reptile, (C) Birds, (D) Amphibians, , Q.8, , Haemoglobin is found in (A) All invertebrates, (B) Only in vertebrates, (C) Earthworm and rabbit, (D) Cockroach and earthworm, , Q.9, , The smallest blood vessel in the body is a (A) Capillary, (B) Artery, (C) Vena cava, (D) Vein, , Q.10, , The exchange of materials between blood and, interstitial fluid occurs only at the (A) Veins, (B) Capillaries

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(C) Arteries, Q.11, , (D) Arterioles, , Both erythrocytes and leucocytes are formed, in the (A) Bone marrow, (B) Thymus, (C) Arterial walls, (D) Lymph nodes, , Q.12, , An erythrocyte lives for approximately (A) One week, (B) One month, (C) Four months, (D) One year, , Q.13, , Which blood constituent makes up more the, volume of blood ?, (A) Red blood cells, (B) Plasma, (C) Blood proteins, (D) White blood cells, , Q.14, , Number of RBC increases if one lives at, higher altitude because (A) There is less oxygen on mountains, (B) More heat is required in body for producing, body warmth, (C) There are no germs in moutian air, (D) There is more oxygen on mountains, , Q.15, , "Leukaemia" a cancer is due to (A) Excessive production of WBCs, (B) Excessive production of RBCs, (C) Excessive production of platelets, (D) All of these, Females need more dietary iron than males, because (A) They lose iron during menstruation, (B) They have less bone marrow, (C) They have large volume of blood, (D) They are less able to absorb iron, , Q.16, , (A) Pulmonary vein, (B) Pulmonary artery, (C) Hepatic portal vein, (D) Renal vein, Q.20, , In mammals, oxygenated blood enters the, heart at the (A) Right atrium, (B) Left atrium, (C) Righ ventricle, (D) Left ventricle, , Q.21, , Which chamber of a bird heart does oxygen, rich blood first enter ?, (A) Right atrium, (B) Right ventricle, (C) Left ventricle, (D) Left atrium, , Q.22, , Which chamber of the heart has the thickest, muscular walls ?, (A) Right atrium, (B) Left atrium, (C) Right ventricle, (D) Left ventricle, , Q.23, , The tricuspid valve occurs between the (A) Right auricle and right ventricle, (B) Pulmonary aorta & Left ventricle, (C) Cortico-systemic aorta and left ventricle, (D) Left ventricle & Right auricle, , Q.17, , Blood clot inside a blood vessel is known as (A) Thrombosis, (B) Agglutinin, (C) Clot, (D) Thrombus, , Q.18, , In human, the prothrombin required for blood, clotting is produced in (A) Liver, (B) Stomach, (C) Pancreas, (D) Spleen, , Q.24, , Which one of the following is called pace, maker of the heart ?, (A) SA node, (B) AV node, (C) Bundle of His, (D) AV septum, , Q.19, , Oxygenated blood is carried by -, , Q.25, , The colour of lymph is -

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(A) White, (C) Colourless, , (B) Yellow, (D) Milky, , EXERCISE # 2, A.Very Short Answer Type Questions, , Q.13, , Enumerate the functions of transportation in, human., , Q.1, , What is transportation ?, , Q.14, , Enumerate the various modes of transportation., , Q.2, , Define circulatory system., , Q.15, , Q.3, , What is life span of RBC ?, , Describe the structure and function of blood, cell ?, , Q.4, , What is the function of blood platelets ?, , Q.16, , Write a note on arteies ?, , Q.5, , List components of blood., , Q.17, , Distinguish an artery from a vein., , Q.6, , Define serum., , Q.18, , Explain what is double circulation., , Q.7, , Name the, apertures., , Q.8, , Name the blood vesssels which carry, deoxygenated blood to (a) Lungs (b) Heart., , Q.19, , Write the note on xylem., , Q.9, , Define double circulation., , Q.20, , Q.10, , What is transpiration ?, , Write the differences between xylem and, phloem., , Q.11, , Name the constituent cells of xylem., , Q.21, , How will you define transpiration ?, , Q.12, , What are tracheary elements ?, , valves, , at auriculoventricular, , B.Short Answer Type Questions, , C.Long Answer Type Questions, Q.22, , Describe the structure and functioning of, heart with the help of a diagram.

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Q.23, , What are components of blood and what is, the functions of each ?, , Q.24, , Explain the blood group in human., , Q.25, , Write the functions of blood.