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Class 10 Biology, , 7., , GENETICS OF THE FUTURE, , * Genetic engineering and Biotechnology, - What ? How ?, - Genome Project, Genome mapping, * The scope of Genetic engineering, - Genetically modified organisms for medicine, food etc., - .Gene therapy, - DNA finger printing, * The possibility to misuse genetic engineering., 1. What is biotechnology ?, Biotechnology is the use of microrganisms and biological processes for various human requisites., 2. What is modern biotechnology ?, Modern biotechnology includes the production of organisms with desirable qualities by changing their, genetic material. Genetic engineering is the modern form of biotechnology., 3. What is genetic engineering ?, Genetic engineering is a technology that controls traits of organisms by bringing about desirable changes, in their genetic constitution., 4. Methods of biotechnology that man adopted and practised traditionally,, • Yeast (a fungus) was used to prepare food items like bread., • Bacteria and fungi were utilized to convert sugar in to alcohol to make wine, appam or cake., 5. Give example for modern biotechnological practices., • Development of human insulin producing bacteria., • Production of 'pharm animals', that yielding medicines or vaccines, • Production of high yield variety of food crops and animals., 6. How is it possible to bring about desirable changes in an organism ?, Genetic modification in organism is done by cutting or joining specific genes, using certain enzymes., This process is known as genetic engineering., Human DNA, , a- From human DNA, cut the gene responsible for the, production of insulin., b- Plasmid (circular DNA) is isolated from a bacterium., c- Human insulin gene is ligated with the isolated plasmid,, which is used as the 'vector', d- Insert this ligated plasmid in to another bacterial cell., e- This bacterium is allowed to multiply in a culture medium, to produce inactive insulin., f- Active insulin is produced from this., , Plasmid, , 7. Describe the stages in the production of human insulin bacteria, through the process of genetic engineering., , Gene for insulin, , Bacterial DNA, , Plasmid with ligated gene, , Bacterial multiplication in culture medium, , 8. Define 'vectors' in genetic engineering., Vectors are other DNA (usually bacterial DNA / plasmid), by which genes can be transferred from one cell, to another.

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9. What do you mean by genetic scissors and genetic glue that are used in the process of genetic, engineering ?, The enzymes like Restriction endonuclease, used to cut DNA at specific sites, are generally called as, 'genetic scissors'. The enzymes like Ligase, used for joining DNA at specific sites, are generally called, as 'genetic glue'., 10. Genetic scissor : Restriction endonuclease,, Genetic glue : -------------- ?, Ligase, , Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323 GVHSS Kondotty, , 11. What is gene therapy ? How is it beneficial to mankind ?, Gene therapy is a method of treatment in which the genes that are responsible for diseases are removed, and normal functional genes are inserted in their place., Gene therapy has triggered great hope in the control of genetic diseases., 12. What is ' Human Genome Project'., The human genome has 2400 functional genes present in the 46 chromosomes., To find out the exact gene for a specific trait and its location in our genome,, a project called Human Genome Project, started in 1990 and ended in 2003 in, various laboratories of the world., The Gene mapping is the technology helped us to identify the location of a gene in the DNA., 13. What is gene mapping ?, Gene mapping is a technology by which we can locate a specific gene in the DNA responsible for a, particular trait., 14. The sum of genetic material present in an organism is called its --------- ?, Genome, [The human genome includes about 24,000 functional genes present in his 46 chromosomes., About 200 genes in human genome are identical to those in bacteria.], 15. Define the term 'junk genes'., Majority of our genes seen in the chromosomes are non functional and is known as 'junk genes'., 16. What do you mean by pharm animals ?, Genes responsible for the production of human insulin and growth hormones etc. are identified and, inserted in animals like cow or pig to transform them in to 'pharm animals' (animals providing, pharmaceuticals or medicines)., Medicines thus produced can be extracted from the blood or milk of such genetically modified animals., 17. Examples for proteins, used as medicines that can be produced from genetically modified animals., Interferons (for viral disease),, Endorphin (for pain relief),, Somatotropin (for growth disorders),, Insulin (for diabetes mellitus)., 18. What is DNA profiling ?, The technology of testing the arrangement of nucleotides in the DNA of persons is called DNA profiling, or DNA finger printing (DNA testing)., 19. The developer of DNA finger printing ?, Alec Jeffrey, 20. What is the basic principle behind this technology ?, The arrangement of nucleotides in the DNA of each person differs. In DNA profiling,, we test the arrangement of nucleotides in the particular person with that of others., , Alec Jeffrey

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21. Mention the scope of DNA testing., - To find out hereditary characteristics,, - To identify real parents in the case of parental dispute, - To identify persons found after a long periods of missing due to, war or natural calamities., - To prove murder, robbery etc., Rasheed Odakkal, 9846626323 GVHSS Kondotty, 22. DNA profiling : For identifying person or other organisms,, --------------: For the treatment of genetic diseases (gene therapy), Gene mapping., , 23. Mention how gene technology becomes beneficial ?, - Genetically modified organisms producing medicines, food items and other products., - High productive and disease resistant varieties, - Remedy of genetic diseases through Gene therapy, - DNA finger printing/profiling to identify real person., 24. Examples for pest resistant verieties ?, B.t. Brinjal, B.t. Soyabean, B.t. Cotton., 25. What are the possibilities to misuse genetic engineering ?, It is criticized that genetically modified varieties are threat to indigenous varieties and may cause health, issues to human. There are possibilities to use the genetically modified organisms as 'bioweapons'., 26. What are bioweapons ? Which is the technology behind biowar ?, Bioweapons are genetically modified pathogens that might be applied any country to their enemies., Genetic engineering is the technology behind this kind of biowar., 27. ‘Since genetic engineering has many harmful effects, it shouldn’t be promoted’. Do you agree with this ?, Genetic engineering or gene technology becomes beneficial to mankind. (see Qns 23, 24). Science and, technologies are meant for protection, not for destruction. So, it should be promoted., 28. Make a few logo sentences that can be used for the awareness programme against the misuse of science, and technology., • Genetic modification can be allowed only for the benefit of mankind., • Avoid all weapons including bioweapons, save life., • Science and technologies are meant for protection, not for destruction., , YouTube video link of the, focus area covered portion of this chapter :, , https://youtu.be/M6DZjKdkcg4, , Visit odakkal blog