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1.NUTRITION, DEFINITIONS:, Photosynthesis: It is the process by which green plants prepare carbohydrates in the presence of, sunlight as the energy source by using CO2 from air and H2O from soil., Sun light, , 6CO2 +12H2O, , C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O, Chloroplast, , Mastication: Chewing of food into smaller pieces by teeth in the mouth is called as mastication., Emulsification: The breakdown of fat contents of the food into tiny particles in the duodenum on, the effect of bile juice is called emulsification., Villi: The presence of small finger like projections in the small intestine are called villi., Haustoria: The root like projections formed by the parasitic plant which penetrate into the host, plant is called haustoria., Bolus: The chewed and partially digested food formed in the mouth is called bolus., Chyme: The food in the form of soft slimy substance where some substance where some proteins, and carbohydrates have already been broken down is called chime., Malnutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required amount, is called malnutrition., , 1 MARK & 2 MARK QUESTI ONS:, 1. Why the plants are considered as “Universal food providers”?, •, , •, , The plants produce food by the process of photosynthesis and it serves as the main food, source for all the living organisms., So the plants are considered as “Universal food providers”., , 2. What happens if all the plants are removed from the earth?, •, , The plants are the main source for food and Oxygen for all the living organisms on the earth., , • If all the plants are removed from the earth, the living organisms lack the food and oxygen, to live and are all eliminated from the earth., , 3. What are the external and internal factors required for photosynthesis?, •, , External factors: Sunlight, water and CO2., , •, , Internal factors: Chloroplast.

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4., , Why the plant has to be kept in dark room before the experiments related to, photosynthesis?, •, , •, 5., , What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?, •, •, , 6., , The food is cut and crushed by the teeth in our mouth and mixed with saliva and make the, food slippery., The saliva contains Ptyaline enzyme and digests the carbohydrates partially, , What is the role of HCl (acid) in the process of digestion in stomach?, •, , •, 7., , The stomach secretes gastric juice containing the acid HCl and digestive enzyme pepsin., HCl kills the microorganisms and also activates the enzyme pepsin needed for protein, digestion., , What are the connecting substances between light reaction and dark, reaction?, •, , •, 8., , ATP and NADPH are the end products of light reaction and utilized in dark reaction., So these are considered as connecting substances between light reaction and dark reaction., , Name the cell organelle in which photosynthesis takes place and write its role., •, •, •, , •, 9., , The plant has to be de-starched to start the experiments related to photosynthesis to get the, perfect results., To de-starch the plant it has to be kept in dark room for nearly a week to remove the starch., , Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast., It consists of grana and stroma., Light reaction takes place on grana as it contains the light harvesting system to trap the solar, energy., Dark reaction takes place in stroma as it contains required enzyme system for formation of, glucose., , What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic, nutrition?, Autotrophic nutrition, Heterotrophic nutrition, 1. The mode of nutrition in which the 1. The mode of nutrition in which the, organisms prepare their own food is called organisms depend on other organisms for, autotrophic nutrition., , food is called heterotrophic nutrition., , 2. It is of two types, phototrophic and 2. It is of many types like holozoic,, chemotrophic., , saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic., , 3. Ex: Plants and chemosynthetic bacteria, , 3. Ex: Animals, , 4. Involves chloroplast, , 4. Chloroplast is not required

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10. Write the differences between ingestion and digestion., Ingestion, , Digestion, , 1. Taking of the food into the body is 1. Breaking up of complex food substances, called ingestion., into simple substances by specific enzymes, is called digestion., 2. Ingestion takes place by mouth., 2. This process occurs throughout the, elementary canal., 3. It takes in few minutes., 3. It occurs takes some hours., 4. No enzymes are required to ingest the 4. Enzymes are required to digest the food., food., , 11. Write the differences between chloroplast and chlorophyll., Chloroplast, , Chlorophyll, , 1. It is a cell organelle found in plant 1. It is a pigment found in chloroplast., cells., 2. It plays a major role in whole process 2. It helps in trapping the solar energy in, of photosynthesis., the light reaction of photosynthesis., , 12. Assimilation of lot of antibiotics leads to vitamin deficiency. Justify your answer., •, •, •, •, , Antibiotics kill the bacteria., Vitamin B12 is synthesized by certain bacteria in small intestine., If we assimilate a lot of antibiotics, they kill the harmful bacteria as well as the vitamin, synthesizing bacteria., So assimilation of lpt of antibiotics leads to vitamin deficiency., , 4 MARKS QUESTI ONS :, 1. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The aim of this experiment is to test the presence of starch in the leaves., b. What are the materials required for this experiment?, Ans. Beaker, test tube, leaf, spirit, water, iodine, Petridish, burner and stand., c. What change does take place in the leaf after boiling?, Ans. The leaf loses the chlorophyll and turns pale yellow color., d. What is the chemical used for testing the presence of starch?, Ans. Iodine is used to test the starch in the leaf., e. How do you interpret the results at the end of the experiment?, Ans. When the leaf is boiled it loses the chlorophyll and turns into pale yellow. When iodine drops, are added it turns into the blue black., The starch turns blue black when iodine is added. So the presence of starch in the leaf is, proved with this experiment.

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2. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that the CO2 is necessary, for photosynthesis., b. What are the materials required for this experiment?, Ans. A potted plant, wide mouthed bottle, KOH, split cork and iodine., c. What is the chemical used in the bottle? Why is it used so?, Ans. KOH is used in the bottle. It absorbs CO2 and make it unavailable for, leaf., d. What did you observe at the end of this experiment?, Ans. The part of the leaf inside the bottle did not turn blue black, but the part of the leaf outside the, bottle turned so., e. What was your inference from the above observation?, Ans. The leaf inside the bottle is prevented from CO2 and it could not perform photosynthesis. So, the leaf could not turn its color. It is proved that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis., f. How are the apparatus arranged?, Ans. Along leaf is selected from the potted plant and inserted it into the wide mouthed bottle, through the split cork. KOH is taken in the bottle., g. After iodine test which part of the leaf turns blue-black? Why?, Ans. The part of the leaf outside the bottle is able to perform photosynthesis as it is provided with, all the factors. So it turns blue-black, whereas the part of the leaf inside the bottle is prevented, to absorb CO2 and could not prepare carbohydrates. So it did not turn blue-black., h. Why do we need to destarch the plant before conducting the experiment?, Ans. The plant is destarched by keeping it in dark room for a week. So that the starch already, present is removed from the leaf to get better result., , 3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions, a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that O2 is released during, photosynthesis., b. How are the apparatus arranged?, Ans. Placed the Hydrilla plants in a short stemmed funnel and kept in a beaker, of water. Inverted a test tube with full of water on the stem of funnel., c. Why do we use only aquatic plant to do this experiment?, Ans. Aquatic plants can breath inside the water and it is easy to collect the gas, released during the process in the water. Especially Hydrilla plant is very small and easy to, handle., d. What precautions to be taken during this experiment?, Ans. 1) Water level in the beaker must be above the stem of the funnel., 2) The test tube must be full of water without air bubbles., e. What is the gas accumulated in the test tube?, Ans. O2 (Oxygen) is accumulated in the test tube., f. How do you test the accumulated gas and interrupt it?

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Ans. A glowing match stick is inserted into the test tube., It bursts into flames. With this it is proved that O2 is releasedduring photosynthesis., , 4. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. Write the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The aim of this experiment is to prove that the light is the, necessary factor for photosynthesis., b. Why do we close a part of leaf with black paper or light screen?, Ans. To prevent the light to fall on a particular part of leaf and to test the process of photosynthesis, in that part, a part of leaf is closed., c. How do you interpret the results of this experiment?, Ans. After iodine test the part of the leaf covered with light screen does not turn blue-black,, whereas the part of the leaf exposed to sunlight turns blue-black. So it is proved that the light, is the necessary factor for photosynthesis., d. How do you test the presence of starch in the leaf?, Ans. The light screen is removed and boiled in spirit. Two or three drops of iodine are placed on the, leaf. The part which is exposed to light turns blue-black and rest of the portion remains same., The blue-black shows the presence of starch in the leaf exposed to light., , 5. Look at the picture and answer the following questions., a. Name the diagram and label the parts., Ans. The diagram is chloroplast. The different parts are outer, membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, grana and stroma. (label, the diagram with these parts), b. Explain the structure of the diagram briefly., Ans. 1) The chloroplast is covered with membranes, outer and inner membrane., 2) The stakes of thylakoids form the grana which are inter connected with lamellae., 3) The fluid like structure is called stroma that contains all the enzymes required for, photosynthesis., c. Where are these organelles found?, Ans. The chloroplasts are found in all greenplants especially leaves., d. What is the main function of this organelle?, Ans. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast by which the carbohydrates are, synthesized., , 6. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram indicate?, Ans. This diagram indicates the nutrition in amoeba., b. What is the shapeless organism in this diagram?, Ans. It is Amoeba., c. What is the structure that is used to catch the food?, Ans. Pseudopodia., d. Explain the intake of food by this organism briefly., Ans. 1) When amoeba finds its food, it stretches its pseudopodia and surrounds the food., 2) It forms the food vacuole which is engulfed into the cell and digests it.

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7. Write slogans on good food habits., •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , •, , Fruits & Vegetables are stepping stones for Healthy life, Vitamin deficiency gives us health deficiency, Not for junk food but vote for fibre food, Healthy food – Healthy body – Healthy mind, A gram of gold may give us beauty but a glass of milk keeps us healthy, Malnutrition is a barrier but healthy nutrition is a builder, East or West Vegetables are the best, Samosa is joy for a moment but salad is joy for a life., , 8. What questions do you ask a nutritionist?, •, •, •, •, •, •, , •, , What are the nutrients? And how do they help us?, What are the consequences if we lack the nutrients?, What type of food items contain more nutrients?, Are vitamins also type of nutrients?, What are the diseases caused by malnutrition?, What food habits should be adopted to get more nutrients?, Is our mid-day meals enriched with all nutrients?, , 9. Write the differences between light reaction and dark reaction., LIGHT REACTION, , DARK REACTION, , 1. It takes place in the presence of light., 2. It takes place on the grana membrane., 3. The end products are O2, ATP and, NADPH., 4. Photolysis takes place., 5. The sunlight is trapped., , 1. It takes place even in the absence of light., 2. It occurs in stroma., 3. The end product is glucose., 4. It does not involve photolysis., 5. The sunlight light is not trapped., , 10. Look at the table and answer the following questions., S.No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , VITAMINS, , DEFICIENCY DISEASE, , Thiamine ( B1 ), Riboflavin ( B2 ), Niacin ( B3 ), Pyridoxine ( B6 ) & Folic acid, Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ), Ascorbic acid ( C ), Retinal ( A ), Calsiferol ( D ), Tocoferol ( E ), , Beriberi, Glossitis, Pellagra, Anaemia, Pernicious anaemia, Scurvy, Eye diseases, Rickets, Sterility, , a. What diseases are caused by the deficiency of B complex vitamin?, Ans. Beriberi, Glossitis, Pellagra, Anemia and Pernicious anemia., b. What disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin C?

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Ans. Scurvy., c. What is the vitamin useful to keep our eyes healthy?, Ans. Vitamin A., d. What is the Vitamin useful to keep our bones strong?, Ans. Vitamin D., e. What happens if we lack the vitamins in our body?, Ans. Vitamins are one of the nutrients required for different metabolic activities in our body. The, individuals suffer with deficiency diseases like rickets, pellagra, etc with the lack of vitamins., , 11. Observe the table and answer the following questions., Amylase, Salivary glands Carbohydrates, Pepsin, Gastric glands, Proteins, Tripsin, Pancrease, Proteins, Lypase, Pancrease, Fats, Sucrase, Intestinal glands, Sucrose, a. What happens if the salivary glands do not secrete the amylase?, Ans. If salivary glands do not secrete amylase, the carbohydrates are not digested properly., b. Which enzyme is responsible for the digestion of fats?, Ans. Lypase., c. Which enzymes are responsible for the digestion of proteins?, And. Pepsin and Tripsin., d. Sucrose is digested by which enzyme?, Ans. Sucrase., , 12. Explain the mechanism of photo sysnthesis., •, , •, •, •, , •, , Photosynthesis is the processes by which green plants in the presence pf sunlight prepare, carbohydrates by assimilating CO2 from atmosphere and water from soil., It involves three steps., Step 1: The solar light is trapped by chlorophyll., Step 2: Photolysis occurs by splitting the water molecule to enhance the light trapping. As a, result O2 is released. Light energy is converted into chemical energy such as ATP and, NADPH., Step 3: The CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates with the help of ATP an NADPH.

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2. RESPIRATION, DEFINITIONS:, Respiration: The wholeprocess from the inhalation of air to the use of oxygen and exhalation is, called respiration., , 1 MARK & 2 MARK QUESTI ONS, 1. Why do we get choking some times while eating food?, •, •, , Sometimes the food enters into wind pipe and creates disturbance in the passage of air., So we get choking to the food out of the wind pipe., , 2. After vigorous exercise we feel pain in the muscles. Why?, •, , •, , During vigorous exercises the muscles cells undergo anaerobic respiration and produce, lactic acid., We feel pain due to accumulation of lactic acid., , 3. What happens if diaphragm is not there in the body?, •, , •, , The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm help the lungs to allow the air in and out., If the diaphragm is not there we will not be able to breath., , 4. Why does a deep sea diver carry oxygen cylinder on her back?, •, , •, , The availabilityof oxygen is less at deep sea level., So the deep sea diver carry oxygen cylinder on her back., , 5. Write the differences between inspiration and expiration., INSPIRATION, , EXPIRATION, , 1. The air is breath in., , 1. The air is breath out., , 2. The lungs are expanded., , 2. The lungs are squeezed., , 3. The diaphragm is flattened., , 3. The diaphragm assumes dome shape., , 4. It is also called inhalation, , 4. Tt is also called exhalation, , 6. What is the role of epiglottis?, •, , Epiglottis is flat like valve that arrest the entry of food into the lungs., , •, , When we swallow the food, it closes the passage to the lungs., , •, , It opens the passage when we take breath., , •, , So it controls the traffic of air and food.

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4 MARKS QUESTI ON :, 1. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram represent?, Ans. This diagram represents the gaseous exchange at the alveoli., b. Name the parts of the diagram., Ans. Alveoli, blood capillary, blood cells, etc., c. Explain the mechanism that takes place in this picture., • Gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli, • These tiny sacs are one celled thickness., • They are surrounded by capillaries that are also one celled thickness., • Gaseous exchange takes place between alveoli and blood in the blood capillaries., , 2. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The aim of this experiment is to prove the anaerobic respiration., b. What are the materials required to this experiment?, Ans. A bottle, test tube, L shaped glass tubes, glucose solution, yeast, diazine, green, liquid paraffin wax, lime water, thermometer and rubber corks., c. Why do we pour liquid paraffin wax on the surface of the yeast and glucose solution?, Ans. To prevent the dissolution of oxygen into the glucose solution., d. Why do we use diazine green solution in this experiment?, Ans. Diazine green solution is poured on the glucose solution to test the presence of oxygen. This, blue dye turns pink when oxygen is in short supply around it., e. What change is observed in the temperature?, Ans. The temperature raises up., f. How do you confirm the release of carbon dioxide?, Ans. The gas released from the glucose and yeast solution enters the test tube and makes the lime, water milky white. With this it is proved that CO2 is released during anaerobic respiration., , 3. Look at the diagrama nd answer the following questions., a. What is the main aim of this experiment?, Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to observe the combustion of, sugar., b. What are the materials for this experiment?, Ans. Test tubes, sugar, lime water, stand, delivery tube and spirit lamp., c. What changes do you observe in this experiment?, Ans. The sugar turns black and the lime water turns milky white., d. Write any two differences can you draw between combustion and respiration?, 1. Combustion requires a lot of energy, but respiration occurs at body temperature., 2. Energy is released at a time during combustion, but in respiration the energy is released in, different stages.

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4. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that CO2 is released during respiration in sprouted, seeds., b. Why should we take only sprouted seeds in this experiment?, Ans. The dry seeds cannot respire or respire at minimum rate. But the, sprouted sees respire vigorously and we can get the perfect result. So, we have to take sprouted seeds., c. What is the solution taken in the beaker?, Ans. Lime water is taken in the beaker., d. Write your observations made during this experiment., Ans. When we observed after two days, the lime water turned milky white., e. What inference can you make from this experiment?, Ans. The gas released during respiration in sprouted seeds turn the lime water into milky white. So, it is concluded that CO2 is released during respiration in sprouted seeds., , 5. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experiment?, Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that the heat is released during, respiration in sprouted seeds., b. Why do we use only sprouted seeds in this experiment?, Ans. The dry seeds cannot respire or respire at minimum rate. But the sprouted, sees respire vigorously and we can get the perfect result. So we have to take sprouted seeds., c. What do you infer by observing the difference in initial and final reading of the temperature?, Ans. The final reading is more than initial reading. This means the temperature is raised due to, respiration in sprouted seeds. So it is proved that the heat is released during respiration in, sprouted seeds., d. What is the main precaution to be taken in this experiment?, Ans. The thermometer must be dipped in between the sprouted seeds and the cork should be closed, tightly., , 6. What questions do you ask a Pulmonologist?, •, •, •, •, •, , •, , How do the lungs help in gaseous exchange?, What are the lung diseases?, What are the reasons for lung diseases?, How does the smoking effect the lungs?, What precautions to be taken to prevent the lung diseases?, What is the role of praanaayaama in proper functioning of lungs?

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7. What are the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?, AEROBIC RESPIRATION, , ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION, , 1. It occurs in the presence of Oxygen, 2. The end products are CO2 and H2O., 3. It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria., 4. It involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and, electron transport system., , 1. It occurs in the absence of Oxygen., 2. The end products are ethanol and CO2., 3. It occurs in cytoplasm., 4. It involves only glycolysis., , 5. More energy is released., , 5. Less energy is released., , 8. Write the differences between photosynthesis and respiration., PHOTOSYNTHESIS, , RESPIRATION, , 1. It takes place in green plants., , 1. It takes place in all living organisms., , 2. It is an anabolic process., , 2. It is a catabolic process., , 3. It takes place in chloroplast., , 3. It takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria., , 4. CO2 is used and O2 is released., , 4. O2 is used and CO2 released., , 5. Solar energy is trapped., , 5. Energy is released from food., , 6. It occurs under sunlight/ light., , 6. It occurs in all the time., , 7. It involves photolysis of water., , 7. It does not involve photolysis., , 8. Glucose is synthesized., , 8. Glucose is oxidized and energy is released., , 3. TRANSPORTATION, 1 & 2 MARKS QUESTI ONS :, 1. What are the three main types of blood vessels in the body?, •, •, , The three blood vessels are Arteries, Veins and Blood capillaries., Arteries carry the blood away from the heart and the veins carry the blood towards the heart., The blood capillaries are the minute blood vessels at the tissue level., , •, 2. What is the largest artery in the body and why it is big?, •, •, , The aorta is the largest artery in the body., It has to pump the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, so it is the biggest blood vessel., , 3. Write the differences between systole and diastole., SYSTOLE, 1. Contracted state of heart., 2. The blood is pumped into the arteries., 3. Pressure is high., 4. It is the active phase of heart beat., , DIASTOLE, , 1. Relaxed state of heart., 2. The heart chambers are filled with blood., 3. the pressure is less., 4. It is the resting phase of heart beat.

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4. What is the function of valves?, •, , •, , The valves are the flap like structures present in between the auricles and ventricles, in the, veins and at the beginning of pulmonary artery and aorta., They help in the unidirectional transportation of blood in the heart and blood vessels for, proper functioning., , 5. Why do we get the swelling in the legs over the long journey?, •, •, •, , •, , Over the long journey we sit in apposition without moving., The lymph collected in lymphatic system will not be circulated properly., So the lymph remains in the legs itself and causes swelling., But when we move here and there the movement of skeletal muscle movement makes the, lymp to circulate properly., , 6. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram represent?, Ans. This diagram represents the single circulation., b. Give examples for animals showing such system?, Ans. The example for single circulation is fish., , 7. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram represent?, Ans. This diagram represents the double circulation., b. Give examples for animals showing such system?, Ans. The example for animals showing double circulationis frog,, crocodile, crow and monkey., , 8. Look at the graph and answer the following questions., a. What do the two bars indicate?, Ans. They indicate the heart beat and pulse rate., b. What is the relationship between pulse rate and heart beat?, Ans. Pulse rate is equal to heart beat., c. Can we say heart beat and pulse rate are always equal?, Ans. Yes. They are always equal., , 4 MARKS QUESTI ONS :, 1. Write the differences between arteries and veins., ARTERIES, , VEINS, , 1. Carry blood from heart to body parts, , 1. Carry blood from body parts to heart, , 2. Carry oxygenated blood, , 2. Carry deoxygenated blood, , 3. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood, , 3. Pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood

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4. More rigid and thick walls, , 4. Less rigid thin walls, , 5. Valves are absent, , 5. Valves are present, , 6. Blood pressure is high, , 6. Blood pressure is less, , 7. Retain as it is when blood is absent, , 7. Collapse when blood is absent, , 2. What are the differences between single circulation and double circulation?, SINGLE CIRCULATION, 1. The blood circulates through the heart only once, 2. There is only one cycle, 3. Ex: Fish, , DOUBLE CIRCULATION, 1. The blood circulates through the heart twice., 2 There are two cycles, cardiac cycle and, systemic cycle, 3. Ex: Frog, snake, human being, etc., , 3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions, a. Name the two diagrams., Ans. The vessel with thick wall is artery and the vessel with thin wall is, vein., b. Write any two differences between these two vessels?, Ans. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to bodyparts whereas the veins carry, deoxygenated blood from body parts to heart. The arteries are thick walled and the veins are, thin walled., c. In which of these structures valves are found?, Ans. Valves are found in veins. They allow the blood to flow only in one direction., d. Which of these vessels are deeply seated and which are peripheral?, Ans. The arteries are deeply seated and the veins are peripheral., , 4. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram represent?, This diagram represents the absorption of water by the root hair from the soil., b. Label the above the above diagram., (Label the diagram with the parts xylem vessel, cells of cortex, cell sap, vacuole, cell wall of root, hair, soil water, soil particles, epidermal cells., c. Explain the mechanism that takes place in the above diagram., 1. Soil water concentration is more dilute than that of cell sap in the root hair., 2. So the water passes into the vacuole of the root hair by osmosis., 3. This dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes more dilute than its, neighboring cell., 4. So water passes into the neighboring cell and the same processes continuous till the water reaches, xylem vessel.

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5. Look at the diagram and answ, answer the following questions., a. What is the aim of this experim, iment?, Ans. The main aim of this experim, riment is to prove the root pressure., red tto do this experiment?, b. What are the materials required, er, glass tube and water., Ans. Potted plant, tub with water,, ted tto the stem?, c. Why is the glass tube connected, onnected to the stem to collect andobserve the, he water level which is, Ans. The glass tube is connecte, transported from root., d. What is your observation inn the above experiment?, Ans. The water level rises up inn the glass tube., observation?, e. What do you infer from your obse, om the roots and transported to the stem. Due, ue the pressure exerted in, Ans. The water is absorbed from, ater is pushed upwards. So the water levell rrises upwards. This is, the xylem vessel of the root wat, called root pressure., , ould you suggest to your elders about edima?, a?, 6. What precautions would, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , hanging down for a longer period of time., Do not sit with your feett ha, Limit the amount of saltt in tthe diet, rly, Do the exercises regularly, nd ke, keep your skin cool in hot environments, Drink plenty of fluids and, obacco intake, Avoid smoking and tobacc, ons, Avoid repetitive motions, required nutrients, Take healthy food withh requi, Go for a walk regularly.., , ou ask a cardio, cardiologist?, 7. What questions do you, •, •, •, •, •, •, , ction pr, properly?, How does the heart function, lled?, What blood pressure calle, ood pr, pressure?, What is the normal blood, What is called High BP??, aused to heart?, What are the diseases cause, high BP?, What are the causes for hi, taken to prevent heart diseases?, What precautions to be take, , •, nd answ, answer the following questions., 8. Observe the table and, , •, •, •

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a. What is the relationship between weight of the body and weight of the heart?, Ans. More the weight of the body more is the weight of the heart., b. What is the relation between weight of the heart and number of heart beat per minute?, Ans. More the weight of the heart lesser the number of heart beat per minute., c. Which animal has the highest rate of heart beat?, Ans. Coaltit bird has the highest rate of heart beat., d. What relation can you draw between the weight of the heart and number of heart beats per, minute?, Ans. More is the weight of the heart lesser is the rete of heart beat., , 4. EXCRETION, DEFINITIONS :, Excretion: The process of removing toxic waste from the body is called excretion., Alkaloids: The nitrogenous by products of some of the plants which are poisonous and also known, as secondary metabolites., Tannins: These are carbon compounds and are stored in different parts of the plant., , 1 MARK & 2 MARK QUESTIONS, 1. What is the composition of urine?, •, , •, , Urine contains 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances like urea, uric acid, creatine,, vitamins, hormone and oxalates, etc., Urine also contains 1.5% of inorganic solutes like chlorides, phosphates and sulphates of, calcium, magnesium, etc., , 2. Why do some people need to use a dialysis machine?, •, , •, , The people with renal diseases and without the proper functioning of kidneys need to, remove the waste substances artificially., The dialysis is the artificial filtration of blood to remove the waste substances. So they need, to use dialysis., , 3. Do you think the hormone vasopressin is released all the time?, •, •, •, , •, , No the vasopressin is not released all the time., It is the hormone that helps in the reabsorption of excess of water., When there is more intake of water, the vasopressin will be released less or not released., If there is less water intake, more vasopressin is released to enhance the reabsorption of, water., , 4. What may happen if the waste materials are not sent out of the body?, •, , As a result of metabolic processes the waste substances are formed which have to be, eliminated.

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• If they are not sent out of the body they cause harm to the body and disturb the metabolic, cycles and create illness., , 5. Write the differences between primary excretion and secretion metabolites., EXCRETION, SECRETION, 1. It is the removal out of waste substances, from the body., 2. The excretory substances are excess of, water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc., , 1. It is the release of a substance and, movement of it from one part to another., 2. The secretions may be either enzymes, or hormones., , 6. Write the differences between primary metabolites and secondary metabolites., PRIMARY METABOLITES, , SECONDARY METABOLITES, , 1. The products that are basically produces 1. The end products of primary, during the growth phase., metabolites formed after the growth, period completes., 2. Help for the growth and development., 2. Help for protection, gaining essential, nutrients, 3. Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, etc., 3. Ex: Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, etc., 4. Produces in larger quantities., 4. Produced in smaller quantities., , 4 MARKS QUESTI ONS :, 1. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. name the diagram and label the parts., Ans. This is LS of Kidney. The main parts are cortex, medulla, renal artery,, renal vein, calyces, pelvis, and ureter. (Label these parts in the diagram), b. What is the main function of this diagram?, Ans. The main function is to collect the waste substances and excrete them., c.Why is the outer portion dark and inner portion pale in color?, Ans. The outer cortex contains glomerulus with lot of blood capillaries whereas the inner medulla, zone contain the renal tubules of nephron. So there exists the color difference in the between cortex, and medulla., d. How many nephrons exist in each structure?, Ans. Each kidney is made up of approximately 1.3 to 1.8 million microscopic nephrons., , 2. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. Name the diagram and label the parts?, Ans. This is Nephron. Label the parts as malphigian body, glomerulus, Bowmanƒs capsule, PCT,, DCT, Loop of Henley, Collecting tubule, Afferent artery and Efferent artery)., b. Why is it called structural and functional unit of kidney?, Ans. Kidney is made up of nearly 1.3 to 1.8 million nephrons and the urine formation takes place in, nephron. So it is called as structural and functional unit of kidney., c. What is the cup shaped structure in this diagram?

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Ans. The cup shaped structure is called Bowmanƒs capsule in which the glomerulus is formed., Together it is called malphigian body., d. What are the stages of mechanism that takes place in this structure?, Ans. Urine formation takes place in nephron. The four stages are Glomerulus filtration, tubular, absorption, secretion and concentration of urine., e. What are the functions of different parts of this diagram?, Ans., , 1. Bowmanƒs capsule – filtration, 2. PCT – Reabsorption, 3. DCT – Secretion, 4. Collecting tubes – Concentrating and collecting the urine from DCT of many nephrons., , 3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram indicate?, Ans. This indicate the process of dialysis., b. From which blood vessel the blood is taken out?, Ans. The blood is taken out from the main artery., c. What are the two bottles indicates in this diagram?, Ans. There are two bottles filled with dialyzing fluid. One bottle contains fresh fluid and another, bottle is filled with used dialyzing fluid., d. What is the main principle involved in this process?, Ans. The principle involved in this process is diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across, the semipermeable membrane., e. At which condition this process is preferred to the patients?, Ans. When both the kidneys are failed to work, the process of dialysis is preferred to the patients., , 4. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What are these group of diagrams represent?, Ans. These diagrams represent the excretory organs of our body. They are, liver, large intestine, lungs and skin., b. Write the excretory substances excreted by them in atable., , S.No., ORGAN, 1, Liver, 2, , Large intestine, , 3, 4, , Lungs, Skin, , SUBSTANCES EXCRRETED, Urochrome, steroid harmones, extra drug vitamins and, extra alkalines, Excess of salts of calcium, megnesium and iron along, with feces, Carbon di oxide and water, Sweat containing metabolic wastes and also the sebum, containing waxes, sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids.

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5. Observe the table and, nd answ, answer the following questions., , 1. Which is the phylum that excre, cretes through the water vascular system?, Ans. Echinodermata., 2. Name the phylum that excretes, tes through the rennet cells., Ans. Nematoda, 3. Where do you find the flame ce, cells?, Ans. Platyhelmenths., 4. What is the excretory system ca, called in Mollusca?, Ans. Metanephridia., 5. How do the protozoans excrete, ete the waste substance?, Ans. Simple diffusion from the bod, body surface into surrounding media., (You can as many as questions)), , 6. Observe the table and, nd answ, answer the following questions., Quinine, Caffeine, eine, Nimbin, Pyrithroids, ithroids, Nicotin, , Bark, Seeds, Seeds, bark, leaves, Flower, Leaves, , Antimalariall drug, CNS stimulant, mulant, Antiseptic, Insecticide, Insecticide, , a. What are the listedd substanc, substances in the first column?, Ans: Alkaloids, b. Which one is used for trea, reating the malaria?, Ans: Quinine., c. Which part of the plantss ar, are yielding these substances?, produce the alkaloids, like roots, leaves,, s, see, seeds, fruit, bark, etc., Ans: All most all the partss can pr, es ot, otherwise called?, d. What are these substances, s., Ans: Secondary metabolites., substances to the plants?, e. What is the use of these subst, gaining the essential nutrients., Ans: For protection and for ga

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7. Write slogans about organ donation., •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Donate organs – donate life, Give life after your life, Donƒt let your organs towards burial grounds – Let them to give life to others, Your single eye can help the blind to enjoy the world, Donate organs – live after death, Donate organs to other – live for ever, Organ is a gift of life. Just pass it on, Share your organ – share your life, , 8. What habits would you like to suggest for proper functioning of kidneys?, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , Drink plenty of water regularly, Avoid alcohol consumption and smoking, Take nutrient and vitamin rich food, Cut down on soda consumption, Do exercise regularly, Stop taking too many pain killers, Avoid too much intake of salt, Go for regular health check-up of diabetes after 30 years of age., , 9. What questions do you ask a nephrologist?, •, •, •, •, •, •, •, , How does a nephron work?, How many nephrons may be there in a kidney?, What is ESRD?, What are the problems arise to nephrons?, What may happen if the nephron doesnƒt work?, What must be the food habits to protect the kidneys?, What are the precautionary measures to be taken for proper functioning of kidneys?, , 5. CO-ORDINATION, DEFINITIONS :, Synapse: It is a functional region of contact between two neurons where information from one, neuron is transmitted to another neuron., Afferent neuron/Sensory neuron: The neuron which carries the massages to central nervous, system from nerve endings on the muscle of sense organs. These are also called stimulus detectors., Efferent neurons/Motor neurons: The neuron which carries massages from the central nervous, system to the effector organs.

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Reflex arc: It is the single nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, carrying the stimulus up to the, spinal cord from sense organs and returning the response to effector organs., Phototropism: The orientation of a plant towards the source of light is called phototropism., , 1 MARK & 2 MARK QUESTI ONS :, 1. Write the differences, STIMULUS, 1. The change in the surroundings, detected by sense organs is known, as stimulus., 2. Light thrown into the eyes is, stimulus., , RESPONSE, 1. The action created by the nervous system, to stimulus and transferred to effector organs, is called response., 2. Closing the eyes is the response., , AFFERENT NERVE, 1. The neuron which carries the, information from sense organs to brain, or spinal cord., 2. It is also called as sensory nerve., , EFFERENT NERVE, 1. The neuron which carries information, from brain or spinal cord to effector, organs., 2. It is also called motor nerve., , 2. What may happen to the potted plant kept near the window?, •, , •, , The plant kept near the window turns towards the source of light., Such movement is called phototropism., , 3. What type of movement do we observe in Mimosa plant? And why?, •, •, •, , When we touch the Mimosa leaves, the water existing in the pulvini moves into the vein, cells., As a result the pulvini loses its firmness and the leaves become fold., This type of movement is known as thigmonasty., , 4 MARKS QUESTI ONS :, 1. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram represent?, Ans. This diagram represents the Synapse., b. Are there any protoplasmic connections between them?, Ans. No, there are no any protoplasmic connections., c. Where are these structures found?, Ans. These synapse are found on brain, spinal cord and around the spinal cord., d. What is the main function of synapse?, Ans. The information is transmitted from one neuron to another neuron in the form of chemical or, electrical signals or both.

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2. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. Name the diagram given here., Ans. This diagram indicates the structure of pancreas., b. Why is it called a mixed gland?, Ans. It acts as both as exocrine gland and endocrine gland., c. What is the part of this diagram act as endocrine gland?, Ans. The islets of Langerhans are the glandular cells without ducts and, secretes enzymes., d. What is the relation between this structure and diabetes?, Ans. It secretes an enzyme called Insulin. Insulin converts glucose into glucagon. If it doesnƒt work, properly the blood sugar levels increase which lead to diabetes., 3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions., a. What type of movement is represented in this diagram?, Ans. This diagram represents the phototrophic movement in plants., b. What is the reason for bending towards the direction of light?, Ans. The cells on the plant that are away from the light release a hormone called, auxin. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on one side and leads tobend, towards the light, c. Who has done the experiment on oat coleoptile to prove the phototropism?, Ans. F. W. Went has done experiment with oat coleoptile to prove phototropism., d. What is the hormone responsible for this phenomenon?, Ans. The hormone called Auxins is responsible for phototropism., , 4. Look at the picture and answer the following questions., a. What does this diagram indicate?, Ans. This is a human brain., b. What are the three main parts of the brain?, Ans. Fore brain, mid brain and Hind brain., c. Which part is labelled as A?, A, Ans. Pituitary gland., d. Which part of it is responsible for mental abilities?, Ans. Cerebrum, e. Which part of it maintains posture and equilibrium?, Ans. Cerebellum, f. What is the stalk of the brain called? And what is its main function?, Ans. Medulla oblongata. It maintains cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor actions., , 5. Observe the table and answer the following questions., Column A, Column B, Thyroxin, Auxins, Adrenalin, Gibberellin, Estrogen, Cytokinins, Testosterone, Ethaline

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1. What are listed under Column A?, Ans. Hormones that are released in human being., 2. What are listed under Column B?, Ans. Hormones released in Plants. They are also known as phytohormones., 3. What are the main functions of things listed under Column A?, Ans. 1) Thyroxin: Controls growth rate and metabolic activity., 2) Adrenalin: Increase heart-beat, raise in blood sugar, dilation of pupil of the eye, etc., 3) Estrogen: Growth of uterus and secondary sexual characters and controls, menstrual cycle., 4) Testosterone: Development of male sex organs and secondary sexual, characters., 4., What are the functions of things that are under the column B?, Ans. 1) Auxins: Cell elongation and differentiation of root and shoot., 2) Gibberellin: Germination of seed, stem elongation, stimulation of flower., 3) Cytokinins: Promote cell division, delay aging of leaves, controls opening of stomata., , 5. What questions do you ask a neurologist?, , • How the brain is protected in our body?, • How can alcohol affect the functioning of the brain?, • What are the different diseases caused to brain?, • How to keep our mental ability stable?, 6. What questions do you ask an endocrinologist?, •, •, •, •, •, , •, , How do the hormones control the physiology of human body?, What is the effect of insulin on blood sugar?, What is diabetes? And what are its symptoms?, How can we control our blood sugar levels?, What are the reasons for high blood sugar levels on our body?, What are the precautions to be taken to control the blood sugar levels?, , 6. REPRODUCTION, Definitions:, Asexual Reproduction: Mode of reproduction involving a single parent, without involving gametes., Sexual Reproduction : The way of reproduction where fusion of gametes takes place, by a, processcalled fertilization is called Sexual Reproduction., Fission : Splitting of an organism into two or more offsprings is called Fission., Binary Fission : Splitting of an organism into two is called Binary fission.

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Exa.- Paramoecia, Amoeba., Multiple Fission : Splitting of an organism into more than two offsprings is called, Multiple fission. Exa. –Bacteria, virus., Budding : Formation of a growth on the body as a bud that grows to form nearly identical copy of, parent is called Budding. Exa.- Hydra, Yeast., Fragmentation : Formation of an organism from a separate piece of parent organism is called, Fragmentation. This can be from any part of the body. Fragmentation is a common mode of, reproduction in Algae, Fungi, and many land plants. This can also be seen in Flatworms, Moulds,, Lichens, Spirogyra that reproduce sexually., Parthenogenesis : This is a type of Asexual reproduction in which growth and development of, embryos occur without fertilization. It is particularly common amongst Arthropods, and rotifers., Parthenogenetic development also occurs in in plant species such as roses and oranges., Regeneration : The ability to give rise to new individual organism from their body parts that are, cut or broken up into many pieces, is called Regeneration., Vegetative propagation : Reproduction through vegetative parts like leaves, roots and stems, in a plant is called Vegetative reproduction or Vegetative propagation., Sporophyll : Some of the plants like Fern reproduce through spores. We can find clusters of dot like, structures called Sporangia on the lower surface of the leaf. These produce spores. The leaves with, Sporangia are called Sporophylls., Tissue Culture : The process of growing a new plant, by the modern technology of artificial, propagation of plants, by placing few plant cells or plant tissue in a growth medium with plant, hormones in it is called `Tissue Culture`. Exa: Banana, Self pollination : The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower is called, „Self pollinationƒ. Exa : plants like pea family., Cross pollination : The transfer of pollen of a flower to the other flower on the same plant or, different plants of the same species is called same species is called Cross pollination., Unisexual flowers : Flowers having either Stamens or Carpels are called Unisexual flowers., Exa : Bottle gourd, Papaya, Bisexual flowers : Flowers having both Stamens and Carpel are called Bisexual, flowers. Exa : Datura, Pea, Fertilization : Fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. It results in the formation of, a Zygote., External fertilization : Fertilization that occurs outside the body of the female organism is called, External Fertilization., Examples : Aquatic animals like fish and amphibians (Animals that live in water) Internal, fertilization : Fertilization that occurs inside the body of the female organism, is called External Fertilization., Examples : Terrestrial animals like snakes , birds and Mammals (Animals that live on land), Double fertilization : In flowering plants, the pollen grains that reach the stigma of a flowergerminate to form pollen tube, that contains two nuclei.

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One of the two male nuclei fuses with the egg to form a zygote and second male nucleus with, secondary nucleus / fusion nucleus that helps in the formation of endosperm is called Double, fertilization., Gestation Period: The period of time in which a foetus develops, beginning with fertilization and, ending at birth is called Gestation period. The gestation period in human is an average of 9 months, or 28 days., Foetus : The Embryo, from the third month of pregnancy is called Foetus., Placenta : A tissue formed by the cells of the Embryo and uterine tissue is called Placenta. It is, formed at around 12 weeks of pregnancy and important structure for nourishment of theembryo., Amnion : The embryonic membrane that grows around the Embryo itself is called the Amnion.The, cavity within the amnion is filled with amniotic fluid. The embryo develops in the fluid- filled, cavity, which keeps it moist and protects it from minor mechanical injury., Umblicalcord : Atube like structureformed by the embryonic membrane called Allantois, that, originates from the digestive canal of the embryo is called Umblical cord.It supplies the nutrients, from mother to the child., Colostrum : The watery lymph like fluid that accumulates in the mammary glands, during the, lastpart of pregnancy is called „Colostrumƒ. For the first few days after the baby is born, the, mammary glands secrete only Colostrum, which is very important to feed to the new born baby., Colostrum helps in developing the immune system of the child., Hyphae: Fine thread like projections on Bread or mycelium are called Hyphae., Sporangia :, , Knob like or sac likthe e structures where spores are produced, are called Sporangia., , Testes :, Male reproductive organs are called Testes. These are located in the pocket like, Structure, called Scrotum., Epididymis : The small, highly coiled tubes that are formed by the Vasefferentia is called, Epididymis. Sperms are stored here temporarily and moved into vasdeference., Graffian Follicles : The tiny cellular structures, in which the ova are formed are called, Graffian Follicles., Ovulation: The release of an egg or Ovum from the Graffian follicle is called Ovulation., Zygote : A cell formed by the fusion/union of male and female gametes is called a Zygote., Semen : The fluids secreted from seminal vesicles, Prostate gland and Cowperƒs gland collectively, called Seminal Plasma. The Seminal Plasma along with Sperm is called Semen., , 1 &2 MARKS :, 1. Which mode of asexual reproduction provides maximum scope of choice of desirable characters?, A. Grafting provides maximumscope of choice of desirable characters., 2. What are the kinds of fertilization?, A. There are two kinds of fertilization. They are 1. External Fertilization, 2. Internal fertilization., 3. What is Zygote? How is it formed?, A. A cell formed by the fusion/union of male and female gametes is called a Zygote. It is formed by, the fusion of male and female gametes.

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4. Which floral parts may be seen in fruit?, A. The floral parts that may be seen in fruit are: Ovary and ovules., 5. What does the embryo consist of?, A. The embryo consists of one or more cotyledons, an epicotyl and a hypocotyl., 6. What are the floral parts that shrivel and fall off after the formation of a fruit ?, A. The floral parts that fall off after formation of a fruit are : The sepals, petals, stamens and style., , 7. In which plants do we observe double fertilization?, A. We can observe double fertilization only in flowering plants., 9. What are the types of Reproduction?, A. 1) The types of Reproduction are 1. Sexual Reproduction and, 2) Asexual reproduction., 10. What are the traditional methods of Asexual reproduction for the artificial propagation of, plants?, A. The Cutting, Layering and Grafting are the traditional methods of Asexual reproduction for the, artificial propagation of plants. Exa. Banana, Orange, Grape, Rose etc., 11. What are the ways that organisms can reproduce asexually ?, A. The ways of asexual reproduction in animals are Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, and Spore, formation., 12. What are the reproductive parts of the flowering plants ?, A. The reproductive parts of the flowering plants are Stamens and Carpels., 13. What are the main parts of a Carpel?, A. The three main parts of a Carpel are Stigma (the part to receive pollen), Style (Passage of, compatible male sex cells) and Ovary (the part where fusion of male and female gametes occur, to form Zygote)., 14. What kind of pollination do we observe in plants where anthers are present below the stigma of, the carpel?, A. We can observe Cross pollination in plants where anthers are present below the stigma of the, carpel., 15. Write the expanded forms of AIDS, STD and HIV., A. AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome :, STD – Sexually Transmitted diseases., HIV – Human Immuno Deficiency Virus, 16. What is the virus which causes AIDS ?, A. The Virus that causes AIDS is HIV., 17. What suggestions do you suggest to avoid the Sexually transmitted diseases?, A. The simple life styles to be followed to avoid sexually transmitted diseases are:, 1. To avoid sex with unknown partners., 2. It is better to follow ethical and healthy life practices, even though contraceptives are, available.

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3. In case of doubt, It is good to go to a qualified Doctor for early detection and get complete, treatment if diagnosed with disease., 18. Name some sexually transmitted diseases., A. Some of the Sexually transmitted diseases are Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and AIDS., 19. Why do fish and frog produce a huge number of eggs each year ?, A. In Aquatic animals like fish and frogs, the fertilization occurs externally in the water. As the, Chance of fertilization is controlled by nature, which occurs externally. So it is inevitable to, produce huge number of eggs and sperms., 20. What are the birth control methods?, A. The birth control methods are Contraception ,Vasectomy and Tubectomy., 20. How does HIV transmit ?, A. HIV transmits by unsafe sexual contacts, by using infected devices, by infected blood, transfusion and from an infected mother to child., 21. Why are the egg cells larger than Sperm cells?, A. Egg cells are considerably larger than sperm cells because they carry the cytoplasm and, organelles necessary for cell division and growth to begin, while sperm cells are basically a, cell nucleus and a tail. Because the purpose of the sperm is to carry the male genetic, information to the egg cell., 19. What is tissue culture? What are the uses of it?, A. Tissue culture is a modern technique of growing plants by placing a few plant cells or plant, tissue in a growth medium with plant hormones. It helps in growing more plants in very short, interval of time and in less place., 4 MARKS QUESTIONS, 1. Explain the ways of Asexual reproduction. (OR ) What are the different modes of Asexual, reproduction? Explain with examples., A. The ways of Asexual reproduction :, 1. Fission : Splitting of an organism into two or more offsprings is called Fission. Splitting of an, organism into two is called Binary fission, Exa.- Paramoecia, Amoeba. Splitting of an organism, into more than two offsprings is called multiple fission. Exa. –Bacteria, virus., 2. Budding : Formation of a growth on the body as a bud that grows to form nearly identical, copy of parent is called Budding. Exa.- Hydra, Yeast., 3. Fragmentation : Formation of an organism from a separate piece of parent organism is called, Fragmentation. This can be from any part of the body. Fragmentation is a common mode of, reproduction in Algae, Fungi, and many land plants. This can also be seen in Flatworms,, Moulds, Lichens, Spirogyra that reproduce sexually., 4. Parthenogenesis : This is a type of Asexual reproduction in which growth and development of, embryos occur without fertilization. It is particularly common amongst Arthropods, and rotifers., Parthenogenetic development also occurs in plant species such as roses and oranges., 5. Regeneration : The ability to give rise to new individual organism from their body parts that, are cut or broken up into many pieces is called Regeneration., 2. What is Cell Cycle ? Explain the phases involved in Cell cycle?

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A. The process of cell division , called Mitosis is completed in 40 to 60 minutes. The period, between two cell divisions is called Interphase. In this period the genetic material makes its, copy to that it is equally distributed to the daughter cells. The stages / phases that are involved, in a Cell Cycle are : G -1, G -2, S and M., G 1 Phase (Gap 1 phase): It is the linking period between the completion of Mitosis and the, beginning of DNA replication. The cell size increases in this period., S Phase (Synthesis phase): It is the period of DNA synthesis leading duplication of, Chromosomes., G2 Phase (Gap 2 phase) : The period between end of DNA replication and the beginning of, Mitosis. Cell organelles divide and prepare chromosome for Mitosis., M Phase (Mitotic Cell Division): It includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and, Cytokinesis., 3. Do you support Child marriage? Why, Why not? Support your answer., A. No, I don`t support Child marriage, as it is dangerous to the girl, below 18 years Understanding, the complication of child birth and getting prepared for it needs maturity of the mind and body., The girl after 18 years only be prepared for the same. So the girls below 18 years of age should, not be married to create a healthy society., 4. What questions do you ask the doctor or ASHA worker to know about Sexually transmitted, diseases / Aids?, A. 1. What is AIDS?, 2. How is AIDS transmitted?, 3. What are the projects that are implementing by the Govt. to control AIDS?, 4. What care should be taken to prevent sexually transmitted diseases?, , DIAGRAM BASED QUESTIONS :, 1 i. What is the diagram of?, A. It is of Sporophylls., ii. In which plant do we observe this?, A. In plants like Fern., iii. What are the clusters of dot like structures called?, What do they produce?, A. The clusters of dot like structures are called Sporangia., They produce Spores., iv. What kind of reproduction takes place ?, A. Asexual reproduction., 2. i. What does the diagram indicate?, A. The diagram indicates the male reproductive system in human., ii. What is the pocket like structure, where the testes located called?, A. The pocket like structures, where the testes located are called, Scrotum., iii. Where are the sperms stored temporarily?, A. Temporarily the sperms are stored in Epididymis., iv. What is the male reproductive hormone called ?, A. Testosterone is the male reproductive hormone.

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v. Mention the male reproduct, oductive organs?, A. 1) A pair of Testes, 2) Vasa efferentia, 3) A pairr of Epididymis, ulatory duct, 4) A pair of Seminal vesicles, es, 5) A pair of vasa deferentia 6) Ejaculat, 7) Prostate gland, 8) A pair of Cowperƒs glandand 9) Uret, rethra, 3. i. What is the diagram of?, A. This is of Female reproductive, ive system of human., ii. What are Graffian follicles?, es?, A. The tiny cellular structures,, s, in which the ova are formed are, called Graffian Follicles., iii. Where does the fertilization, tion oc, occur?, A. Fertilization occurs in the Fallopi, allopian tube., iv. What is ovulation ?, A. Release of ovum/egg from the Graffian follicle is called Ovulation., lled?, v. What is the tube that extends, tends ffrom the neighbourhood of an ovary calle, A. The tube that extends from the neighbourhood of an ovary is called Fallopi, opian tube., ive parts of a plantlocated?, 4. i. Where are the reproductive, A. The reproductive parts of a pla, plant are located in the flower., ii. What are the main partss of a flower ?, A. The main parts of a flower are Sepals, Petals, Stamens and Carpels., iii. Which parts of the flower, er ,posse, ,possess the sex cells ?, A. The parts of the flower tha, that possess sex cells are Stamens and, Carpels., iv. Which flowers are calledd B, Bisexual?, A. Flowers with both Stamenn and C, Carpel are Bisexual flowers., v. What are the three mainn pa, parts ,that a carpel has?, A. The three main parts of a carpe, arpel are Stigma, Style and the Ovary., 5. Draw the flow chart showing, ng tthe life cycle of flowering plant., 6. Observe the diagram and ident, dentify the parts.

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7. Draw the labelled diagram of Sperm and mention the functions of tail and Acrosome in it., Function of the Tail :, , Helps in the movement of a sperm to reach the egg. Function of the, , Acrosome : Helps the sperm in penetrating into Ovum., , 8. Write differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction., Asexual Reproduction, , Sexual Reproduction, , 1. Only one parent required, 1. Two parents required, 2. There is no formation and fusion of 2. There is formation and fusion of gametes, gametes, 3. Involves only Mitotic divisions, 3. Involves Meiosis during the formationof, gametes., 4. Offspring are genetically similar to 4. Offspring are genetically different from, parents, parents, 5. Large number of plants are produced 5. Comparatively the number produced is, in a very short time., less, 9. Write the differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?, A. The differences between Mitosis and Meiosis:, Mitotic Division (Mitosis), Meiotic Division (Meiosis), 1. It occurs in Somatic cells., 1. It occurs in Germ cells., 2. Nucleus divides only once ., 2. Nucleus divides twice., 3. Two daughter cells are formed., 3. Four daughter cells are formed., 4. Daughters cells that formed are in 4. The daughter cells formed are in haploid, diploid state., state., 5. Daughter cells form somatic organs., 5. Daughter cells form Gametes., 6. Number of chromosomes do not change 6. Number of chromosomes are reduced by, in the daughter cells.They remain same as, half in the daughter cells., in the mother cell., 7. No crossing over in chromosomes. 7. Crossing over occurs in chromosomes., (Exchange of genetic material does not, (Exchange of genetic material takes place), take place), 8. Occurs more frequently., 8. Occurs less frequently., 9. There is only one Prophase, one 9. There are two of each phase and five, Metaphase, one Anaphase and one sub-phases in Prophase – 1., Telophase.

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7. CO ORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES, DEFINITIONS:, Olfactory receptors: The chemo receptors in the nose, which trigger signals in the form of nerve, impulses to the brain to detect smell are called Olfactory receptors., Papillae : The tiny taste buds that are with an opening on the top of the tongue are called Papillae., Mastication : The process of grinding and swallowing food is called Mastication. During, mastication food size becomes convenient to swallow., Bolus : The slurry mass that is formed as a result of chewing and transported into the Oesophagus, by the action of swallowing with the help of the tongue is called Bolus., Mucus : The slippery substance that is secreted by the walls of food pipe is called Mucus. It, lubricates and protects the oesophageal walls from damage. This helps the food bolus to slide down, easily into the stomach., Diurnal animals : Animals that are active during day time and take rest at night are called „Diurnal, animalsƒ. Example : Human, Nocturnal animals : Animals that are active during night time and take rest at day time are called, „Diurnal animalsƒ. Example : Owl, Peristalsis : Contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the gut bring in a wave like motion. The, motion or action by which propels the food, bolus into the stomach is called Peristalsisor Peristaltic, movement., Chyme : The semi liquid food substance that is churned by the muscular contractions of the, stomach is called Chyme., Pyloric sphincter: The muscle that regulates the entry of Chyme into the Duodenum is called the, Pyloric sphincter., Reverse Peristalsis: The movement of the Bolus from a part near the stomach of the animal to itƒs, mouth is called Reverse Peristalsis., Enteric nervous system / Second brain : The long tube of the gut or elimentary canal, which, measures about 9 meters from the Oesophagus to the Anus is called Enteric Nervous System or the, Second Brain., Villi : Thousands of finger like projections that the inner walls of small intestine contains, Called, Villi. These increase the surface are so that the food retained in the folds can remain longer,, enhancing absorption of digested food in to the blood., , 1 or 2 MARKS QUESTIONS:, 1. When do the hunger contractions ( Hunger pangs ) start in the stomach ?, A. The hunger pangs start in the stomach due to hunger generating signals that reach the brain from, the stomach due to thesecretion of the hormone, Ghrelin.Hunger pangs continues upto 30 – 40, minutes., 2. Sheela feels hungry upon seeing food. Ranjani says no to food as she is not hungry. What makes, Sheela feels hungry, and what suppresses Ranjaniƒs hunger?

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A. Secretion of the hormone, Ghrelin from certain cells of the stomach makes Sheela hungry, and, Leptin suppresses Ranjani`s hunger., 3. What is your dental formula?, A. Dental formula:, , 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, , 4. What is the nerve that controls the movement of muscles in the jaw?, A. The fifth Cranial nerve controls the movement of muscles in the jaw., 5. Vinay said that the taste can be easily recognized when the tongue is pressed against the palate., Do you agree this? How is the taste recognized in the brain?, A. Yes I agree with this. When any food substance is placed on the tongue, it gets dissolved in the, Saliva secreted by Salivary glands in the mouth. Then when the tongue is pressed against the, palate the food is pressed against the opening of the taste bud, letting it to reach the taste cells, and triggering taste signals. Finally the taste is recognized in the brain., 6. Why do we salivate during a nap of daytime?, A. We are active during day time and take rest at night. (Man is diurnal animal) All the systems of, our body are active infunction during the time of our activity. So in this manner our digestive, system is also active and ready to receive the food for digestion. So we salivate during a nap of, daytime as saliva oozes out of our mouth., 7. In which parts of the digestive system, do we observe Peristaltic movement ?, A. We can observe Peristaltic movement in Esophagus, Small intestine and large intestine of the, digestive system., 8. Which is known as second brain? Why?, A. A special Nervous system that exists in the gut (gastro intestinal tract) is known as Second Brain., Becauseit consists of nearly 100 million nerves that coordinates the muscular activity, blood, flow, digestion and absorption of nutrients and other activities of the food canal., 4 MARKS QUESTIONS:, 1. Is there any relation between shape and function of the teeth? Explain., A. Yes, there is relation between shape and function of the teeth., , 1. Incisors are shaped like small chisels. These help in biting the food., 2. Canines have a sharp, pointy surface for tearing food., 3. Premolars are bigger than canines and incisors. They have a flat surface with ridges for crushing, and grinding food into smaller pieces to make it easier to swallow., 4. The large surface area of your molars helps them grind up food., 2. What is the role of HCl in stomach?, A. 1) In the stomach, HCL helps in killing bacteria and other harmful organisms., 2) It also acts as a food preservative.

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3) HCL helps to convert inactive pepsinogen into pepsin for the digestion of proteins in, the stomach., 4) It also acts as another coating on the stomach wall - apart from mucus - to prevent, pepsin to digest the entire stomach., , 8. HEREDITY, DEFINITIONS, Traits : A pair of factors for a character that are carried by an organism are called Traits., Factors : A pair of alleles responsible for each trait are called factors., Phenotypic ratio : In Mendel`s experiment, in a generation – externally visible characters is called, Phenotype. In F1generation of Mendel`s Mono hybrid experiment, 75% are Yellow seed producing, pea plants and 25% are green ones. This ratio is called Phenotypic Ratio. Monohybrid Phenotypic, ratio is 3 : 1, Genotypic ratio : In Mendel`s experiment , the constitution of pea plants as shown by the, representative letters Y and yto show the probable nature of factors is known as Genotype. The ratio, is known as Genotypic ratio. Monohybrid Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1, Variations : The changes in the chemical structure of DNA that leads to change in the characteristic, or trait of offspring of an organism are called Variations., Heredity : Transmission or passing of characters or traits from parent to offsprings is called, Heredity., Inheritance : The process in which traits are passed from one generation to another generation is, called Inheritance., Alleles : A pair of genes which are responsible in producing a particular property or trait, are called, Alleles., Gene : A segment of a nucleic acid responsible for expression of a trait that is present in the nucleus, of every cell isknown as a Gene., Analogus organs : The organs which are structurally different but functionally similar are known, as Analogous organs., Example : Wings of birds and Bats. Here the wings of Bats have patagium (skin folds between, elongated fingers) But the wings of birds have a feathery covering all along the arm. Even though, the designs and structures are different, they have common use for flying., Homologus organs : The organs which are structurally same but functionally different are known as, Homologous organs., Example : Forelimb of a whale (Swimmer), Wing of a Bat (Flyer), Leg of a Cheetah Runner), Claw, of a Mole (Digger), and hand of a human (Grasping) – show a common pattern in the arrangement, of bones, even though their functions are different., Fossils : The evidences of ancient life forms or ancient habitats which have been, preserved by natural processes are called Fossils., Autosomes: Each human cell contains 23 pairs of Chromosomes. Out of them 22 pairs of, Chromosomes are called Autosomes.These are same between males and females of a

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species.Autosomes are somatic chromosomes that involve in determining the somatic, characteristics, Allosomes : Each human cell contains 23 pairs of Chromosomes. Out of them one pair of, chromosomes are calledAllosomes. Allosomes are the sex chromosomes that determine the sex, and sex-related characteristics of an organism., Genetic drift : The change in the frequency of genes, which provides diversity in small populations, is known as Genetic Drift., Law of Dominance : Mendel propounded that, among a pair of closely related alleles or factors for a, character, only oneexpresses itself in the first generation as one of the allele is dominant over the, other. This is called Law of Dominance., Law of Independent assortment: Mendel stated that every individual has a pair of alleles for, particular trait and that each parent passes a randomly selected allele of only one of these to an, offspring. The offspring then receives its own pair of alleles for that trait one each from both, parents.This is called the Law of Segregation., Natural Selection : Darwin proposed the theory of Natural selection. Nature favours only the useful, variations. According to this, the organisms with useful traitswill survive. If traits are not useful to, organisms then they are going to be perished or eliminated fromit`s environment .It is known as the, Natural Selection., Survival of the Fittest : Each species in the nature produce more population of their own. Each, species compete with each other for food , shelter, mating and for other needs. Here in the struggle,, only the fittest can survive, and those which are not having useful variations are eliminated. This, kind of struggle among the organisms is called Survival of the fittest. This is also called as Struggle, for Existance., Inheritance of Acquired characters : Passing the acquired characters that are developed by an, organism, during itƒs life time, to itƒs offspring is called „Inheritance of Acquired charactersƒ. This, was proposed by Lamark., Vestigeal Organs : During the course of evolution some organs remain in the organisms. The, organisms that remain under developed and unused in present day organisms are called Vestigeal, organs. In human there are nearly 180 Vestigeal organs., Examples : Appendix, Pinna of ear, hair on the skin, mammary glands in man etc.,, Embryology : The study of the development of an organism from Egg to Adult stage is called, Embryology., Palaeontology : The study of fossils is called Palaeontology., Carbon Dating : The method that is used to determine the age of fossil by using the radio active, Isotopes such as Carbon, Uranium and Potassiumis called Carbon Dating. In this method the age, fossil is determined by the breakdown of Radio Isotopes., Atavism : The phenomena, some times in which vestigial organs are abruptly appear is called, Atavism., 1. What are the characterstics that are selected by Mendel for his Experiments in a pea plant?, A. A list of contrasting Traits studied by Mendel in Pea plant :

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S.No., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, , Character, Stem, Flower (Colour ), Flower position, Pod shape, Pod colour, Seed Shape, Seed colour, , Contrasting Traits, Tall - Dwarf/ Short, Violet - White, Axial - Terminal, Inflated - Constricted, Green - Yellow, Round - Wrinkled, Yellow - Green, , OR, The characteristics selected by Mendel for his experiments, in the Pea plant are :, 1. Colour of the flower 2. Position of the flower, 3. Colour of the seed, 4. Shape of the seed, 5. Shape of the pod, 6. Colour of the pod and, 7. Length of the stem, 2. Why did Mendel choose/select pea plant for his experiments ?, A. Mendel selected pea plant for his experiments as it has the following advantages :, 1. Well defined characters, 2. Bisexual flowers, 3. Predominently self fertilization, 4. Early hybridization and, 5. It is a annual plant, 3. What are the laws that profounded by Mendel?, A. The laws that are profounded by Mendel : 1 Law of segregation 2. Law of independent, 4. Who decides the sex of the baby? Mother or father?, A. Father decides the sex of the baby., 5. What are the birds that were selected by Darwin at Galapagos Islands to study about diversity?, A. Charles Darwin visited a number of places in the world survey ship HMS Beagle. He selected, Finch birds at Galapagos islands to study about Diversity., 6. What is said to be a moving museum of vestigial organs ? Why?, A. Human is said to be a `Moving Museum of Vestigeal organs. Because in human beings there are, 180 vestigeal organs., 7. Why is human said to be a moving museum of vestigial organs ?, A. In human there are 180 vestigeal organs. So human is said to be a moving museum of vestigial, organs., 4 MARKS QUESTIONS :, 1. Male is responsible for Sex determination of the baby. Do you agree? Explain. OR, Explain how male is responsible for Sex determination of the baby., A. 1. In human, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes., 2. Out of 23 pairs, one pair is of Sex Chromosomes. These are of two types. One is „Xƒ and the, other is „Yƒ., 3. These X and Y chromosomes define the sex of an individual.

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4. In females,cells have two „Xƒ chromosomes. So the gametes produced by a woman have only, „Xƒ chromosomes., 5. In Males, cells have one „Xƒ and one „Yƒ chromosomes. So, the sperms produced by a man are, of two types.- one with chromosome „Xƒ other with chromosome „Yƒ., 6. If a sperm with chromosome „Xƒ fertilizes the ovum with „Xƒ chromosome, then the baby will, have the cells with „XXƒ chromosomes.So the baby will be a female., 7. If a sperm with chromosome „Yƒ fertilizes the ovum, then the baby will have the cells with, „XYƒ chromosomes. So the baby will be a male.By this we can say that male is responsible for, sex determination., 2. To observe and identify the sex determination in human beings., , MATCH THE FOLLOWING:, A, , B, , 1. Mendel, (, ), a. 1:2:1, 2. Pea, (, ), b. link between aves and reptiles, 3. Genotypic ratio, (, ), c. Carbon dating method, 4. Phenotypic ratio, (, ), d. Study of fossils, 5. Law of Dominance, (, ), e. Natural selection, Survival of the Fittest., 6. Francis Crick , James Watson, (, ), f. Father of Genetics, 7. Walter Setton and Thomas Morgan (, ), g. Drosophila melanogaster, (Discovery of sex linked traits,genes on Chromosomes), 8. Jean Baptist Lamarck, (, ), h. An annual plant, 9. Darwin, (, ), i. Malthus, 10. Principles of geology, (, ), j. Sir Charles Lyell, 11. An essay on the principles of population, (, ), k. Structure of DNA

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12. The origin of Species, 13. Paleontology, 14. Age of fossil, 15. Archeopteryx, 16. Homo sapien, A., 1 – f,, 2 – h,, 10 –j, 11 –I,, , (, ), l. True man appeared on the earth, (, ), m. Inheritance of acquired characters, (, ), n. Darwin, (, ), o. 3:1, (, ), p. Mendel, 3 – a, 4 – o, 5 – p, 6 – k, 7- g, 8- m, 9 – e,, 12 – n, 13 –a, 14 – c, 15- b, 16- l., , 9. OUR ENVIRONMENT, DEFINITIONS :, Environment : The sum of physical ( abiotic ) and biological (biotic )factors along with their, chemical interactions that affect an organism is called Environment., Habitat : The place where an organism lives is called Habitat., Biosphere : The biosphere is the space on or near Earth's surface that contains and supports living, organisms. It is subdivided into the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere., Food chain : A series of organismsinterrelated in theirfeedinghabits,thesmallestbeingfed, upon by a largerone., Example : A simple food chain could start with grass, which is eaten by rabbits. Then the rabbits are, eaten by foxes., Grass, Rabbits, Foxes, , Pyramids : Pyramids are another type of representations that show flow of Energy from one, organism to another.The Ecologists used the idea of Pyramid to show relationship among organisms, in an existing food chain.The shape of Pyramid is roughly that of a pyramid in the geometric sense,, that is its outer surfaces are triangular and converge to a single pint at the top., Ecological Pyramid : The graphic representation of the feeding level (trophic level) of an, Ecosystem by taking the shape of a Pyramid is called „Ecological Pyramidƒ. It was first introduced, by Charles Elton in 1927.

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Pyramid of number : The number of individual, organisms in a food chain can be represented graphically in, a Pyramidis known as Pyramid of number., Biomass : Organic material of biological origin that is, ultimately derived from the fixation of Carbon dioxide by, trapping Solar Energy during Photosynthesis is called as, „Biomassƒ. OR Any type of plant or animal material that, can be converted into Energy is called „Biomassƒ., Pyramid of Biomass : The pyramid that represents the relationships that exist between the quantiyy, of living matter (biomass ) at differenttrophic levels is called Pyramid of Biomass. The food, relationship may be obtained if the Pyramid of Numbers is converted into a Pyramid of Biomass., Water borne diseases : Diarrhoea , Typhoid, Amoebiasis are some of the water borne diseases., Perfect pesticide : The pesticide , which is the one which destroys a particular pest and is, completely harmless to each and every other form of life is called Perfect Pesticide., Bioaccumulation : The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as, Bioaccumulation., Biomagnification : The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to, the next, isknown as „Biomagnificationƒ., Niche : Animals position in the food web and what it eats, but also its mode of life is called Niche., Example : There is a niche for insects such as aphids which suck up the juices of leaves, another, niche for insects such as caterpillars which bites off leaf into pieces., Minimeta : The disease that was caused by the release of Methyl Mercury in the industrial waste, water from the Chisso corporation`s chemical factory that accumulates in the fish of the ocean and, then enters into the human is called Minimeta.

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1. What does a food chain show?, A. A food chain shows that how energy passed from one organism to another. The arrows between, each item in the food chain always point from the food to feeder., Exa : Grass, Rabbits, Foxes, 2. What is the main source of Energy ?, A. The Sunlight is the main source of Energy., 3. How many types of Pyramids are there ? What are they ?, A. There are three types of Pyramids. They are, 1. Pyramid of Biomass, 2. Pyramid of number and, 3. Pyramid of Energy., 4. Draw the pyramid of number for the following food chains., i. Banyan, Insects, Wood pecker, ii. Grass, Rabbit, Wolf, 5. What kind of pesticide is said to be perfect? Are there, any such perfect pestcides? If so, give examples., A. The pesticide, which is the one which destroys a, particular pest and is completely harmless to each and every other form of, life is called Perfect Pesticide. No there is no such pesticide exists to be., 6. Why do people suffer from various diseases after consuming fishes living in local water, reservoir?, A. The people suffer from various diseases after consuming fishes living in local water reservoir, due to increased bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes., 7. What is Minimata? How is it caused?, A. Minamata is a disease caused by the release of Methyl Mercury in the industrial waste water, from the Chisso corporation`s chemical factory. This is because of highly toxic chemical, bioaccumulation in shellfish and Fish, in Minimata Bay and the Shiranui Sea., 8. What may happen, if we follow the saying “Ban all pesticides”?, A. If we follow the saying “Ban all pesticides” we may not control the pests that cause damage to, the crops. By that the crop production will be decreased by the increase of pest population. Pests, are to be kept in control., , 4 MARKS QUESTIONS:, 1. Should we use pesticides as they prevent our crop and food from pests or should we, think of alternatives? Write your view about this issue and give sound reason for your, answer., A. 1. No, we should not use pesticides to prevent the pest,fungus and disease causing, microorganisms away from the food, as they are showing harmful effects on so many living, beings., 2. Pesticides are often indiscriminate in their action and vast number of other animals may be, destroyed. This causing unpredictable changes in food chains and upsetting the balance within, the Ecosystem.

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3. Some of the non degradable pesticides are potentially dangerous as they accumulate in the, bodies of animals and pass right through food web., 4. So the problem is to find other effective methods of controlling pests that have far less harmful, effects ,based on sound biological principles., Some of the important alternate methods are :, 1. Rotation of crops, that reduce the occurance of pests and damage to the crops., 2. Biological control, by introducing natural predator or parasite of the pest., 3. Genetic Strains: The development of genetically modified plants, that are resistant to certain, pest., 4. Environmental ethics- people need to know some about basic ethics what is right and what is, wrong in view of environment., 2. What will happen if we remove predators from food web?, A. The food chain starts with the primary energy source, the, Sun. The next link in the food chain is an organism that, makes its own food ,using Sunlight, called Producers. Next, link is of Herbivores/primary consumers, then next link called, Secondary Consumers, and next Tertiary Consumers, next, Quaternary Consumers. Each food chain ends with a top, predator, and animal without natural enemies., A predator is an animal that eats other animals, and the prey is the animal that gets eaten by the, predator in the food chain. If we remove predators from the food web, the population of, Carnivores increases. In this way the Carnivores and Herbivores do not stay in a relatively, stable Equilibrium. This can affect the population of other organisms in the food web., 3. Why are the Pyramids always upright?, A. The Biomass progressively decreases from Producers to the top Carnivores. So, the pyramids are, always upright. In an Aquatic Ecosystem, the producers are small organisms, with least, biomass. The Biomass gradually increases towards the apex of the pyramid. Thus making the, pyramid of Biomass inverted. So, the pyramids are always upright., 3. Prepare / Write slogans to promote awareness in your classmates about eco-friendly, activities. (To learn minimum 5 of these), A. Some Slogans to promote awareness in my classmates about Eco-friendly Activities :, 1. Plant more trees instead of cutting, to save the Earth., 2. Today If we save water, tomorrow it will save us., 3. If there is no water, there is no life on the earth., 4. Save the earth to save ourselves., 5. Save Paper, Save Trees, Save the Planet., 6. Plant a Tree, Green the Earth, Clean the Air, Live Happily with good Health., 7. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle., 8. Rotate the crops to save the nature of the Soil., 9. Make use of Biological control methods instead of using Pesticides., 10. Ban Plastic that pollutes the Earth. 11.Natural resourcesare for our needs but not for our Greeds.

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4. What are the methods that ar, are to be used based on biological principles, les tto prevent pests?, A. Some of the important methods, hods tthat are to be used on biological principles, es tto prevent pests are :, 1. Rotation of crops, that reduc, duce the occurance of pests and damage to the cr, crops., 2. Biological control, by introduc, oducing natural predator or parasite of the pest., st., 3. Genetic Strains : The developme, opment of genetically modified plants, that are resista, istant to certain pest., 4. Environmental ethics- people, ople need to know some about basic ethics wha, hat is right and what is, wrong in view of environment, ent., 5. Find out the food chains that, at ar, are found in the food web., A. 1. Plant, Jiraffe, Lion, 2. Plant, Rhinocerous, Lion, 3. Grais, Grasshopper, Monke, Monkey, Tiger, 4. Plant, , Deer, , Tiger, , 6. What is a trophic level? Wh, What does it represent in an, ecological pyramid?, A. 1. The graphic representation, ion of the feeding level in the food chain is calle, alled as trophic level., 2. In an ecological pyramid,, d, pr, producers are represented at the base, that, hat is at the first trophic, level., 3. The other successive trophi, trophic levels, Primary, secondary and ter, tertiary consumers are, represented one above thee ot, other with top Carnivore at the top., 7. Draw a block diagram show, showing relationships exist among the bioti, iotic components from, producers to Top Carnivore, vore., A., , 8. Identify the diagram given an, and write a few sentences about it., A. 1. It is the diagram of Pyramid of, Num, Number., 2. T, The number of organisms in a food, cha, chain can be represented graphically in, a ppyramid., 3. Each bar represents the number of, indi, individuals at each tropic level in the, food cchain., 4. At each link in a chain, from, rom the first order Consumers to the large C, Carnivores, there is an, increase in size, but decrease, se iin number., 5. It may be always upright. But, ut in some conditions where the Producer iss llarge like a tree and if, one of the organisms at anyy ttropic level is very small, the Pyramid of Num, Numbers does not look, like a Pyramid.

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9. What does the figure given indicate? What do you, understand by this figure?, 2. In this food chain the Phyto plankton, which is on the surface, of water of Sea are- Producers., 3. They trap the Energy from Sunlight., 4. The Zoo (animal) plankton feed on the microscopic plants., 5. The fish feed on Zoo plankton., 6. The man at the end of the Chain feed on the Fish., 7. The pyramid of biomass in this food chain – roughly 90% of, the food is lost at each step., 8. So it allows that it would be 1000 Kgs of plant plankton to, produce 100Kg of Animal plankton to form 10Kg Fishto produce 1Kg of Human tissues., 9. Thus we can conclude that the nearer animal species is the original plant source in a food chain,, the greater amount of energy is available to the population of that species., , 10. NATURAL RESOURCES, Definitions :, Sustainable Development: When we use the environment in ways that ensure we have resources for, the future, it is called Sustainable development. (OR) Improvement of quality of life with, continuous progress without exhausting Natural esources is called Sustainable Development., ICRISAT : ICRISAT is the Governing Board of the International Crop Research Institute for SemiAridTropics. It is located in Patancheru near Hyderabad, in Telangaana., Percolation tanks :The downward movement of the water through the soil due to force of gravity, istermed as Percolation. These are the structures for recharging ground water. The percolation, tanks are mostly earthen dams with masonry structures where water may overflow. Construction, materials consists of soil, silt, loam, clay, sand, gravel, suitably mixed and laid in layers at the base, or bed and sides., Soak pits :A Soak Pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows water to slowly soak into the, ground.These help in recharging dried up bore wells., BBF : Broad Bed Furrow, Drip Irrigation :A type of irrigation that can reduce water consumption by 70 %., Biodiversity: The variety of living things that populate the Earth., Fossil fuels : The fuels that are produced from the remains of ancient plants and animals are called, Fossil fuels. They include Coal, Petrileum, and Natural gas., Renewable Resources : Some of the natural resources like air, water, soil, minerals, fuels, plants and, animals can be replaced after they are used, are called Renewable resources., Non Renewable Resources : Resources such as fossil fuels cannot be replaced ,after once they are, used up and are gone forever are called Non Renewable Resources.

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Contour Strip Cropping: One soil conservation method is called Contour strip cropping. Several, crops such as corn, wheat and clover are planted in alternating strips across a slope or across the, path of prevailing wind., , 1 MARK OR 2 MARKS QUESTIONS :, 1. Do you think the area under irrigation will change due to rise in population ?, A. Yes, the area under irrigation will change due to rise in population. People use up resources, quickly as they eat food, build houses, produce goods and burn fuel for transportation and, electricity, 2. What could help the small farmer reduce expenditure ?, A. Broad bed furrow (BBF) landform and contour planting help the farmers to reduce expenditure., 3. How do the availability of water affect a small farmer ?, A. Water is usually pumped out of wells and bore wells using electricity. Small farmers tend to, spend more money per well in terms of installation of pump sets and pipeline connections to, farms as well as running costs towards maintainance and electric charges., 4. What kind of steps to be followed to recharge or to sustain ground level water? (OR) What are, the suggestions that you suggest to sustain ground level water in your surroundings?, A. Construction of soak pits help in recharging dried up bore wells, or help in sustaining ground, level water in our surroundings., 5. How were fossil fuels produced?, A. Fossil fuels, include Coal,Petroleum and Natural gas were produced from the remains of ancient, plants and animals., 6. What do fossil fuels provide us?, A. Fossil fuels provide us plastics, synthetic rubber , fabrics like Nylon, medicines, cosmetics,, waxes, cleaning products, medical devices etc.,, 7. Why do we conserve fossil fuels?, A. We need to conserve fossil fuels as we donƒt run out of them.There are other good reasons the, pollution caused by them when burnt, to limit our fuel use., 8. What do you understand by „3Rƒs?, A. We understand by 3 R`s – 1. Reduce 2. Reuse and 3. Recycle, 9. What are the micro irrigation techniques? Explain., A. The micro irrigation methods are Drip irrigation and Sprinklers, , 4 MARKS QUESTIONS:, 1. Why should we conserve forests and wildlife? (To learn minimum 5 points), A. We should conserve Forests and Wild life for the following reasons:, 1. Forests are important renewable resources and rich habitat for plants and animals., 2. Forests serve as a `lung for the World` and a` Bed of Nutrients for New life` to prosper., 3. They provide us innumerable products. 4. Forests protect us from the harmful effects of, Global Warming. 5. We should conserve forests and wildlife to avoid soil erosion and also to, avoid release of Green House Gases into the atmosphere, contributing to Global Warming.

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6. Forests and Wildlife are the measure of the Biodiversity of a particular region. By conserving, them we are ensuring that all diverse species in an area survive, breed and flourish., 7. Conservation of Forests and wild life is vital for the ecological stability., 8. Forests are needed for the smooth functioning of biogeochemical cycles., 9. Forests are helpful for the formation of Humus and for maintaining soil fertility., 10. Many fruits, medicines, dyes, sandalwood, and bamboo is obtained from the forests., 11. Conservation preserves the ecological diversity of plants and our life supporting systems like, water, air, soil etc., 2. What will be the consequences if the Natural resources are decreased more rapidly ?, A. The consequences that will happen if the Natural resources are decreased more rapidly:, 1. The over-use of plants, animals or natural resources threatens the Earth`s biodiversity is called as, Over exploitation. If over exploitation is sustained, it can lead to the destruction of the, environment., 2. Deforestation, Desertification, Extinction of species, Soil erosion, fossil fuel depletion, Ozone, depletion, increase of Green House Gases etc. may arise from over-exploitation., , ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, 1. Which are called Green House Gases?, A. The gases like Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Chloro Fluoro Carbon, Methane in the, atmosphere that causes Global Warming are called Green House Gases., 2. How do the Greenhouse Gases help?, A. Green house gases help to maintain the temperature of the earth by trapping radiation and, preventing to leave the earth., 3. What is the cause of Global Warming?, A. Excess presence of Green House Gases like Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Chloro Fluoro, Carbon, Methane in the atmosphere causes Global Warming., 4. What are primary responsible factors for Global Warming?, A. Factories, Chemical Industries are primary responsible factors for Global Warming. Along with, these different human activities are also responsible for it. The Chloro Fluoro Carbons that are, used in Air Conditioners, Refriferators also released into atmosphere . Burning of House hold, wastes , plasticmaterials are also responsible for Global Warming., 5. What should we do to reduce Green House Gases in the Atmosphere?, A. We can reduce Green House Gases in atmosphere by following ways:, 1. By reducing use of incandescent bulbs., 2. To use Refrigerators for limited period,when actually it is needed., 3. By converting House hold wastes into manure ( Wormy Compost ) instead of burning., , 6. What is Environment Movement?

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A. A social and political movement mainly concerning with the conservation of environment as, well as improving the state of environment is known as Environment Movement. It can also be, said as green and conservation movement., 7. Give examples for Environment Movement?, A. Examples for Environmental Movement :, 1. Saving a tree from cutting, 2. Giving medical assistance to a suffering dog or a bird., 3. Preventing waste materials from entering a fresh water pond or pot., 4. Keeping the surroundings of tap neat and clean., 5. Reducing usage of plastic., 8. Which are called Particulate matter?, A. Solid particles and liquid droplets present in air are called Particulate matter.Dust particles,, pollen grains, smoke, vehicular exhaust, fly ash, coal dust,cement and mist are some of the, examples of particulate matter., 9. What will happen if the concentration of particulate matter high in air ?, A. Effects of higher concentration of Particulate matter in air :, 1. Higher concentration of particulate matter in air prevents Solar radiations from reaching the, earth`s surface., 2. They also prevent heat to escape from the earthƒs surface. The net effect of these two, phenomena is one of the causes of Global Warming., 3. They absorb light and reduce visibility and cause various respiratory diseases., 10. What is Vaccination?, A. Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's, immune system to develop adaptiveimmunity to a pathogen. It is done to protect ourselves from, many diseases like Diphtheria , Hepatitis, Polio etc.,, 11. Why is Polio in India still prevalent?, A. Polio is still prevalent in India due to lack of awareness, sheer negligence andbiases., 12. What sould be done to eradicate diseases like Diphtheria, polio?, 1. We must see that vaccination against diseases must be given., 2. We must develop awareness about the importance of Vaccination among the parents in our, area., 3. Surroundings must be maintained clean., 4. To highlight the aspect of clening hands before eating, drinking boiled water by giving, pamphlets., 13. What should be done to reduce mosquito population?, A. We may reduce mosquito population or to escape from mosquito bites :, 1. To use chemicals like mosquito repellents, Coils ,Aerosols, Body Creams ., 2. We should spray Kerosene on stagnant water – which is a ground for breading mosquito, population to kill larvae of mosquitoes., 14. What are Fossil fuels ?

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A. Fossil fuels are one of the basic sources of energy for all our activities that are, exhaustible.Examples : Coal, Kerosene, LPG, Petrol, Diesel ., 15. Why is fuel wood fast depleting, eventhough itƒs renewable?, A. Though Renewable , Fuel wood is fast depleting due to excessive use., 16. What do you suggest to conserve fuel or to avoid waste of fuel at home to your, mother?, A. Suggestions to my mother to avoid waste of fuels :, 1. To put on stove only after arranging all the things that are necessary for cooking., 2. To use pressure Cooker, 3. To use required quantity of water only for cooking., 4. To reduce the flame as soon as the boiling process starts in a pressure cooker., 5. To soak food material before cooking., 6. To use a lid compulsorily on the cooking vessel., 7. To use broad and low depth vessels are useful for cooking., 17. Development is necessary, but it should be environmental friendly. Do you agree with this, statement? Explain with example., A. Yes, I agree with the statement saying that Development is necessary but it should be, environmental friendly., Example : The modern TV has replaced the Radio, the mobile occupied in the place of landline.All, the new ones are non-environmental friendly. We are affected by radiation, If we work hours, together on computers and cell phones. The people living in the houses where cell towers are, mounted are carrying radiation on their roof tops., 18. Solar energy is the best and evergreen energy resource. Do you agree with this? Support your, answer., A. Yes, solar energy is the best and evergreen energy resource. It ia a never reduced and always, available resource.It`s also environmental eco-friendly resource., 19. What kind of activities do you suggest to save energy resources at your home?, A. I suggest the following activities to be done at home to save energy resources :, 1. To paint the walls of home with light colour to save more energy from light bulbs., 2. To allow hot foods to cool before putting them in the Refrigerator., 3. To buy Energy Star qualified products., 4. To turn off the lights and fans whenever leaving the room., 5. To dry clothes in Sun light instead of using washing machine drier ., 20. Why do farmers grow Marigold in the fields of Mirchi?, A. The farmers grow Marigold in the fields of MIrchi. The flowers of Mirchi are small and can not, attract the insects, that help in pollination to get better yield.So here they grow different plants, like Marigold to attract the insects in the field to get better yield., 21. What are the sustainable practices to conserve the environment?, A. It is our duty to protect and conserve the environment by developing sustainable practices., Assimilating the 3 „Rƒs, i.e Reduce , Reuse and Recycle in our way of life will definitely help, in controlling the rate of environmental degradation.

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22. What are the types of Natural resouces?, A. There are two types of Natural resources. They are, 1. Renewable Resources, 2. Non Renewable resources., 23. Which of the following do you prefer? Why?, 1. Costly but durable2. Cheap but less durable., A. I prefer the first one Costly but durable. Nowadays the markets are flooded with cheap low, quality goods.. If we prefer them, within short span of time we have to purchase a new one, because of their less durability. As the raw materials required for both Costly and Cheap are, same, that leads to wastage of raw materials, time, power and space., 24. What is the result, if the soil is not covered with forests ?, 1. If the soil is not covered with forests , there is no abstructions for the flow of water., 2. All the water flows out quickly. Only small amount of water percolate into soil, that is added, to underground resources., 3. The water in the subsoil quickly gets evaporated., 4. It results in drying up of plants, increase in temperature., 25. How can you protect the wild animals in your surroundings?, 1. We can protect the wild animals even without maintaining a Zoo., 2. We can protect all the animals which line in and around in villages , in our fields or on the, trees that are wild animals by allowing to grow a tree , by not cutting down a tree, by not killing, a animal which is passing by., 26. How can you show your concern towards the ragpickers? or How can we help the ragpickers?, A. The ragpickers, who collect materials from garbage dumps are more vulnerable and prone to, different diseases. They are servicing us at the cost of their lives. So we may help them by, providing them Socks, Gloves that help them to collect dry and wet trash., 27. What are the precautionary measures that are tobe taken to prevent transmission of diseases?, A. The precautionary measures that are to be taken to prevent transmission of diseases :, 1. To drink boiled water., 2. To eat food when it is hot., 3. To wash hands frequently., 4. To use mosquito nets or mosquito repellents., 28. What do you suggest for wise use of water?, A. We should repair leakages in taps immediately. Remove and repair sediments and other, obstacles to water flow in canals, water streams that flow towards tanksand lakes. To construct, soak pits at houses, schools, offices etc., to save eachdrop of rain water.

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ABBREVIATIONS, SN, WORD, 1 AIDS, , ABBREVIATION, Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, , 2, 3, , HIV, ART, , Human Immuno Virus, Anti Retroviral Therapy, , 4, 5, , ASHA, STD, , Accredited Social Health Activist, Sexually Transmitted Disease, , 6, 7, , BOD, ICRISAT, , Biochemical Oxygen Demand, International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics, , 8, 9, 10, , UNDP, MTR, WCS, , United Nation Development Programme, Mountain Top Removal, World Conservation Strategy, , 11, 12, 13, 14, , 4 Rs, IUCN, FAO, ATP, , Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Food and Agricultural Organization, Adinosin Try Phosphate, , 15, 16, 17, 18, , ADP, NADP, ESRD, DNA, , Adinosin Di Phosphate, NicotinamideAdinine Di Nucleotide Phosphate, End Stage Renal Disease, Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid, , 19, 20, 21, 22, , TMC, BBF, EBWR, MOEF, , Thousand Million Cubic feet, Broad Bed Furrow, EdulaBaad Water Reservoir, Ministry of Environment and Forest, , 23, 24, 25, , ANS, PNS, CNS, , Autonomous Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Central Nervous System, , 26, 27, 28, 29, , ESRD, DCT, PCT, WHO, , End Stage Renal Disease, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, World Health Organization, , 30, 31, , LPG, WLTA, , Liquid Petroleum Gas, Water Land and Trees Act

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Fermentation, Branchial respiration, Cutaneous respiration, Areal roots, Catabolic activity, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Mitral valve, Double circulation, Single circulation, Prothrombin, Root pressure, , Group B, a, b, c, d, e, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Aphids, Transpiration, „Kƒ Vitamin, Thalassemia, Largest artery, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Anabolic activity, Catabolic activity, Stru&funct unit of kidney, Vasopressin, Dialysis, , Respiration, Mangrooves, Anaerobic respiration, Frog, Fish, Group B, Fish, Water absorption, Bicupsid valve, Human being, Blood co-agulation, Group B, , a, b, c, d, e, , Aorta, Blood co-agulation, Hereditary, Phloem, Loss of water through the leaves, Group B, , a, b, c, d, e, , Nephron, Urine quantity, Artificial filtration of urine, Respiration, Photosynthesis, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, Tubular secretion, Vasppressin, Kidney, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group B, Urine quantity, Distal convoluted tubule, Bean shaped, Proximal convoluted tubule, Bowmanƒs capsule, , 1, , Group A, Platyhelmenthis, , a, , Group B, Green glands/ Malphigian tubules

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2, 3, 4, 5, , Annelids, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, , b, c, d, e, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Nerve cell/ Neuron, Afferent neuron, Efferent neuron, Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, , a, b, c, d, e, , Nerves, Brain & Spinal cord, Stru& Fun unit of nervous system, Sensory nerve, Motor nerve, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Mid brain, Cerebellam, Medulla oblongata, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group B, Maintains posture, Mental abilities, Centre for emotions, Respiration & Heart beat, Reflexes for sight & Hearing, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group B, Sexual reproduction, Flowers, Asexual reproduction, Vegetative propagation, Embryo of three months, , Group B, , Group A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Grafting, Spores, Gametes, Foetus, Double fertilization, Group A, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Villi, Amylase, Cytostome, Autotrophs, Green pigments in the leaves, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Thylakoids, Cascuta, „Cƒ vitamin, Pellagra, Beriberi, , Metanephridia, Water vascular system, Flame cells, Nephridia, , Group B, a, b, c, d, e, , Plants, Chlorophyll, Small intestine, Saliva, Paramoecium, Group B, , a, b, c, d, e, , Scurvy, Chloroplast, Niacin ( B3 ), Thiamine ( B1 ), Parasite

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Group A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Alveoli, Turning of lime water into, milky, Diaphragm, Cellular respiration, Lactic acid, , Group B, a, b, , Mitochondria, Respiration, , c, d, e, , Lungs, Lack of O2, Carbon di Oxide, , Group A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Ghrelin, Dentition, Leptin, Villi, Second brain, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Watson & Crick, John Gregor Mendal, Jean Baptist Landmark, Charles Darwin, August Weismann, , Group B, a, b, c, d, e, , 2:1:2:3, Increase the surface area, Enteric nervous system, Increase hunger pangs, Decrease hunger pangs, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group B, Natural selection, DNA structure, Experiments on rats, Inheritance of acquired characters, Law of Dominance, , Group A, , Group B, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Food chain, Ecological pyramids, Sparrow campaign, Herbivore, Producers, , a, b, c, d, e, , China, Plants/ First tropic level, Food relationship, Charles Elton, Grass hopper, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Check dams, Broad bed furrow, Sriramsagar project, Jatropha, 4Rs, , a, b, c, d, e, , Group B, Waste management, Godavari, Biodiesel, Farmer based interventions, Community based interventions, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, , Group A, Environmental activist, Global warming, Fossil fuel, Non renewable resource, Zoological gardens, , Group B, a, b, c, d, e, , LPG, Solar energy, Conservation of animals, Green house effect, MedhaPatkar

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BITS, NUTRITION, Match the following, List –A, (1) Saprophytic Nutrition, (2) Holozoic Nutrition, (3) Autotrophic Nutrition, (4) Parasitic Nutrition, (5) Marasmus, (6) Kwashiorkor, , (, (, (, (, (, (, , ), ), ), ), ), ), , (7) Vitamin B and C, (8) Vitamin A, D, E & K, , (, (, , ), ), , Vitamins, Thaimine (B1), Riboflavin( B2), Niacin (B3), Cyanocobalamine (B12) Synthesized by bacteria, present in the intestine, Pantothenic acid, Ascorbic Acid (C), Retinol (A) – Eye diseases, Calciferol (D), Tocoferol (E), Phylloquinone (K), 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , List - B, a) Water soluble, b) Cuscuta, Tapeworm, Leeches, c) Bread mould, Yeast, Mushrooms, d) Amoeba,all animals, e) Deficiency of Protein, f) Deficiency of Proteins, and Calories/Carbohydrates, g) Fat soluble, h) Plants with green leaves, , Deficiency Diseases, Symptoms, Beri Beri – Vomitings,Fits, Difficulty in, breathing, Paralysis, Glossitis – Mouth cracks at corners,red and, sore tongue, Pellagra – Dermatitis, Diarrohea , loss of, memory, Pernicious Anaemia – Lean and Weak, less, appetite, Burning feet – Walking problems, Sprain, Scurvy– Delay in healing of wounds, fractures, of bones, Eye, Skin Diseases – Night Blindness,, Xeropthalmia, Cornea failure, Rickets – Improper formation of bones,, swollen wrists, weak bones, Fertility, disorders, –, Sterility, in, males,Abortions in females, Blood Clotting – Delay in blood clotting, Over, bleeding, , According to Lavoisier, respirable air was Carbon Dioxide (fixed air or Chalky acid gas) ., A text book of Human Physiology was written by John Daper., The equation of Photosynthesis was proposed by C B Van Neil., According to Robert Hill, Oxygen is released from H2O (water) - known as Hill Reaction., Oxygen was discovered by Priestley and the name was coined by Lavoisier., Potassium Hydroxide solution is used to absorb Carbon dioxide in the experiment to show, that Carbon dioxide is necessary for Photosynthesis., 7. John Ingenhousz noticed and found that Oxygen releases from plants in the presence of, light only., 8. Engelman detected the point of maximum rate of Photosynthesis.

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9., 10., 11., 12., 13., , An extractAion of green coloured Chlorophyll was made by Pelletier and Caventou. (OR), Chlorophyll was discovered by Pelletier and Caventou, Chlorophyll •a‚ is blue green and Chlorophyll `b` is yellow green in colour., End products of Light reaction are ATP (Adenosine Tri Phosphate) and NADPH, (Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide Hydrogen Phosphate)., Obesity is due to Over eating., Photosynthesis takes place in the Chloroplast., , Respiration, Organism, Single celled organisms like, Amoeba and Hydra,, Planarians, Insects like Cockroach,, Grasshopper etc.,, Fish, Frog and Amphibian, Terrestrial animals like, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals, 1., 2., , Type of Respiration, , Respiratory Organs, , Diffusion, Tracheal Respiratory, System, Bronchial Respiration, Cutaneous and, Pulmonary, Respiration, , Trachea, , Pulmonary Respiration, , Lungs, , Gills, Skin, Lungs and at, larval stage gills, , Usually air enters the body through the Nostrils., A flap like muscular valve that controls movement of food and air towards their their, respective passages is Epiglottis., 3. Vocal cords are found in Larynx., 4. The gas that turns lime water milky is Carbon dioxide., 5. Exhaled air contains Carbon dioxide and Water vapour., 6. Cluster of air sacs that present in lungs are called Alveolus., 7. The whole passage in the respiratory system from nostrils to alveolus is moist and warm., 8. Breathing is the process of inhaling and exhaling., 9. The flexible flattened muscle that helps the lungs in moving air into and out of the lungs, is Diaphragm., 10. Among two lungs, the lung towards left is slightly smaller making space for heart., 11. The two membranes, that protect the lungs is Pleura., 12. Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by Diffusion., 13. The gaseous exchange takes place (Carbon dioxide in the blood is exchanged for Oxygen), in Alveoli., 14. Picture at Pg 31: The picture indicates Diffusion pathway of gases between lungs and Blood, capillaries., 15. The percentages of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in inhaled air are 21% and 0.04%., 16. The total lung capacity of human being is nearly 5800ml., 17. The protein that present in the red blood cells is Haemoglobin.

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18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45., 46., 47., 48., 49., 51., 52., 53., 54., , Oxygen combines with the Haemoglobin to form Oxyhaemoglobin., Anaerobic respiration is also known as Fermentation., In Prokaryotic cells like that of Bacteria, Cellular respiration occurs within the Cytoplasm., In Eukaryotic cells, the sites of reactions in Cellular respiration are Cytoplasm, and Mitochondria., The form of energy that stored in Mitochondria is ATP., Mitochondria are also called Power Houses of the Cell., Expanded form of ATP is Adenosene Tri Phosphate., Energy currency of the cell is called ATP., Each ATP molecule gives 7200 calories of energy, in the form of Phosphate bonds., ATP that present in the muscles was being converted to ADP to produce energy., Accumulation of Lactic acid results in Muscular pain.(muscle fatigue)., If we take brisk walk , jogging, running for some distance we feel that there an increase in, pain levels because ofLactic acid accumulation., When we under-take strenuous exercise we build up an Oxygen debt., Yeast grows rapidly if it is supplied with Glucose solution., Normally wild Yeasts are found growing on the skins of Fruits like grapes and Apples., The Ethanol can be separated from the Yeast and Glucose solution mixture by the process of, Fractional Distillation., Ethanol burns at a lower temperature 70o C., According to Lavoisier and Robinson , respiration is a Combustion process., Living animals and plants usually produce energy in the form of heat., During Cellular respiration some part of energy is stored in the form of ATP., Single celled organisms like Amoeba and multicellular organisms like Hydra and Planarians, , obtain Oxygen and expelCO2 directly from the body by the process of Diffusion., The type of respiratory system that present in insects like cockroach, grosshopper etc., Tracheal respiratory system., Tracheal respiratory system consists of series of tubes called Trachea., The respiratory organs that developed in Aquatic animals are Gills or Branchiae., Respiration through gills is called Branchial respiration., In aquatic animals like fish, exchange of gases take place at Gill lamellae., Respiration through skin is called Cutaneous respiration., The animals that can respire through Cutaneous and Pulmonary respiration processes are, Amphibians, Frogs., Terrestrial animals like reptiles, birds and mammals respire through Lungs., Respiration through lungs is called Pulmonary Respiration., In plants gaseous exchange take place through Stomata (leaves), and Lenticels (Stems)., Cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria., Mangroove trees respire with their Aerial roots., Chest wall is made up of ribs, muscles, and the Skin., Trachea is the wind pipe channeling air into Lungs., Respiration is a catabolic process /activity, while Photosynthesis is a metabolic process/, activity.

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Transportation, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., , In lower organisms like Amoeba, Hydra etc. transportation of all materials occurs through, Diffusion, Osmosis., The Stethoscope was discovered by Rene Laennac ., The device or instrument used by the doctors to measure Heart beat is Stethoscope., Heart is located in between two lungs., Heart is protected by Rib cage., The size of our heart is of our fist., The shape of heart is Pear/ triangle in outline., The two layers of membranes that cover heart are called Pericardial membrane., The Pericardial fluid that present between pericardial membranes protects the heart from, Shocks., The upper two parts of the heart are called Auricles or Atria., The lower two parts of the heart are called Ventricles., The left Atrium and left ventricle are smaller than of right Atrium and Ventricle., The blood vessels that supply blood to the muscles of the heart are Coronary vessels., The walls of ventricles are thicker than atrial walls., The larger artery that supplies blood to the various organs in the body is called Aorta., The smaller blood vessel that carries blood from heart to the lungs is called Pulmonary, Artery., The blood vessel that collects blood from Anterior parts of the body is Superior Venacava or, Precaval Vein., The blood vessel that collects blood from posterior parts of the body is Inferior venacava or, Postcaval vein., The openings between Atria and ventricles are guarded by Valves., The superior and Inferior venacava enter the right atrium., Aorta supplies Oxygenated blood to all the parts of the body., The pulmonary artery that arises from right ventricle supplies Deoxygenated blood to the, lungs., The scientist that noticed valves in the veins was Girolamo Fabrici., The scientist that noticed that valves allow the blood to flow from atrium to ventricle (one, way) was William Harvey., The smallest (tiny) blood vessels that were noticed by Marcello Malpighi were called, Capillaries., The human heart starts beating around 21st day of the Embryonic development., The rate of the pulse will be equal to the number of heart beats., If blood flows through the heart for only once, it is called Single Circulation., If the blood flows through the heart twice , it is called Double Circulation., The stage in which the lower part of the legs will be swollen is called Edema., The liquid portion of the blood with nutrients flow out of the capillaries is called Tissue, fluid., A separate system that transport tissue fluid into the main blood stream is called Lymphatic, system., A parallel system to Venous system that collects Tissue fluid from tissues and transport it to, the Venous system is called Lymphatic system., Lymph is the substance that contains blood withoutsolid particles ., The straw yellowish coloured liquid portion, after formation of Blood clot is Serum., The Valves that present in the Veins and Lymphatic vessels stop the reverse flow of blood.

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37. In Amoeba, Protoplasm shows natural movements called Brownian Movements., 38. The animals that developed blind sac like Gastrovascular cavity are the Cnidarians., 39. In Nematy helminthes ,The pseudocoelom has taken up the function of collection and, distribution of materials., 40. A system in which the blood flows in the blood vesselsis calledClosedCirculatory system., 41. Blood Pressure is always measured in the upper arm artery., 42. The device that used to measure Blood Pressure is Sphygnomanometer., 43. People who have high B.P. during resting period are said to have Hypertension., 44. Normal B.P. of human being is 120/80. In this Numerator indicates Systolic pressure (120, mm of Hg), Denominator indicates Diastolic pressure (80 mm of Hg)., 45. The enzyme that helps in blood clotting is Thrombokinase., 46. Thrombokinase converts Prothrombin into Thrombin., 47. The Vitamin that helps in coagulation of blood is K., 48. A type of disorder in which the blood that oozes from a wound, may not coagulate due to, genetic disorder is calledHaemophelia.(due to deficiency of Vitamins K and D)., 49. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder due to deficiency of Haemoglobin in the red, blood cells., 50. Vascular bundles that takes part in the transportation of a plant consist of Xylem and, Phloem., 51. The veins of a leaf consist of Xylem and Phloem., 52. An Aphid pierces the plant juices with it`s long needle like structure called Proboscis., 53. The Proboscis of an Aphid penetrates upto Phloem sieve tube only to pierce the plant juice., , Excretion, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 16., 17., , Removal of wastes or non useful products from the body is called Excretion., Kidneys are in bean shape, with reddish brown colour, Entry of a renal artery or exit of renal vein and an ureter in the kidney occurs through a, Fissure or Hilus., Dark coloured outer zone of the kidney is called Cortex., The pale coloured inner zone of the kidney is called Medulla., The structural and functional units of kidney are Nephrons, The two basic parts of a nephron are Malphighian body and Renal tubule., Malphighian body consists of Bowman`s capsule and Glomerulus., A blind cup shaped broader end of Nephron is called Bowman`s capsule., The Bowman`s capsule and Glomerulus together called Malphighian capsule or Renal, capsule., A single layer of Squamous epithelial cells in a Glomerulus are called Podocytes., Renal tubule consists of PCT (Proximal convoluted Tubule), loop of Henle (U shaped), and, DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule)., Concentration of urine takes place in the area of collecting tubes in the presence of hormone, called Vasopressin., Distal convoluted tubules open into a Collecting tube, The hormone, Vasopressin is secreted to pass out the Concentrated urine., Deficiency of Vasopressin causes excessive , repeated dilute urination called Diabetes, Insipidus

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18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., 25., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., , The movement of urine in the ureter through the process called Peristalsis., The storage capacity of Urinary bladder is 300 – 800ml., Total amount of urine excreted per day is about 1.6 to 1.8 litres., Urine has Amber (yellowish) colour due to presence of Urochrome., Urine is acidic in the beginning but becomes alkaline on standing due to decomposition of, urea to form Ammonia., Complete and irreversible kidney failure is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)., The condition in which the kidneys stop working completely , and body is filled with extra, water and waste products is called Uremia., Dialysis machine is used to filter the blood of a person when both kidneys are damaged., The process in which both kidneys are damaged, the blood of a person is filtered by using, Dialysis machine, is called Haemodialysis., In the process of Haemodialysis blood is taken out from the main artery , mixed with an, anticoagulant, such as Heparin., In haemodialysis, the blood collected from main artery is pumped into the apparatus called, dialyzer., Nitrogenous wastes are absent in Dialyzing Fluid, After dialysis the cleaned blood is pumped back to the body through a vein after adding, Antiheparin., The best long term solution for kidney failure is Kidney Transplantation., The chief Excretory organ of human body is Kidney., Lungs function as excretory organ by removing CO2 and water., Liver eliminates bile pigments, called Bilirubin and Biliverdin., Fresh water organisms like Amoeba,Paramoecium posses Osmoregulatory organelle called, Contractile Vacuole, Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like Transpiration and Guttation., Waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides., A sticky, milky white substance secreted by plants is Latex., Rubber is prepared from the Latex of Hevea braziliensis (Rubber plant)., Modern chewing gum is originally made of natural latex of a plant called Chicle., The Alkaloid used for Malaria treatment is Quinine., The alkaloid used as medicine for Snake bite is Reserpine., , Co-Ordination, 1., 2., 3., 4., , The structural and functional unit of Nervous system is Nerve cell / Neuron., The nerves that carry messages towards the Central Nervous system (brain and Spinal cord), are Afferent or Sensory nerves., The nerves that carry messages from the Central Nervous system to all the parts or effectors, are Motor nerves., The nerves that link together the Afferent and Efferent nerves are Association nerves.

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5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., , 18., , 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., , 25., 26., 27., 28., , A single pathway going upto the Spinal cord from detectors and returning to effectors is a, Reflex arc., Central nervous system includes Brain and Spinal cord., The hard bony box like structure where the brain located is called Cranium., The three layers around the brain are called Meninges., The fluid that present in the space between the inner layers of meninges is called Cerebrospinal fluid., Cerebro-spinal fluid protects the brain against shocks/ jerks., The Hypothalamus controls the Pituitary gland., Pituitary gland functions as the Master gland., The brain weighs nearly 400g i.e. little more than 2% the body`s weight, it uses 20% of the, Whole body energy., The scientists those who recorded the survival of frogs, even though brain had been, destroyed were Leonardo da Vinci and Stephen Hales., The nerves that originate from brain are called Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)., The nerves that originate from Spinal Cord are called Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)., Peripheral nervous system that can either involuntarily control several functions of regions, like internal organs, blood vessels, Smooth and Cardiac muscles is called Autonomous, Nervous System., The system of neurons that present in digestive tract ,that can function even independently, of either Central Nervous System or Peripheral Nervous System is called as Small Brain or, Enteric Nervous System., Paul Langerhans, Professor of Pathology noted certain patches of cells called Islets of, Langerhans., The condition in which the amount of free sugar in the blood and in the urine is abnormally, high, is called Sugar Diabetes., Insulin is administered by injection in the treatment of human sufferers from Sugar, Diabetes., The term Hormone had coined by the English Physiologist Starling., The ductless glands are also called as Endocrine glands., All the changes in the body are carried out under the influence of a chemical called, Adrenalin, (Hormone), released by Adrenal gland., The various actions of the body are controlled by Hormones and co-ordinated by Nervous, System., Adrenalin hormone is also called Fight or Flight hormone., When the levels of Adrenalin in the blood come down slowly we come to normal state from, anger., If the Adrenalin levels persist for a longer period of , time regular metabolic activities are, disturbed.

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29. Increase in Adrenalin level leads to anger, decrease in Adrenalin levels leads to normal, position., 30. Increase in the level of sugar in the blood is detected by the cells of Pancreas by producing, more Insulin into the blood., 31. Normally involuntary activities like Heartbeat, Breathing take place by the coordinated, efforts of the Medulla oblongata and Autonomous nervous system., 32. The parasympathetic system is formed by the nerves arising from the ganglia of the brain, and the posterior part of the Spinal Cord., 33. Pad like swellings at the base of Mimosa pudica leaves are called Pulvini., 34. The hormones present in the plants are called Phytohormones., 35. The scientists those who performed experiments on Phototropism were Charles Darwin and, his son FrancisDarwin., 36. The plant hormone Auxin was first discovered by F.W. Went., 37. The movement of individual parts of plant to external stimuli is called Tropism or Tropic, movement., 38. The movement of plant to light is called Photo tropism., 39. The movement of plant positively for gravitational force is called Geotropism., 40. The movement of roots of a plant to water is called Hydrotropism., 41. Tendrils are thin thread like growths on the leaves or stems of Climbing plant, that play vital, role to make plant erect., 42. The growth of plant towards support and wind around them is called Thigmo tropism., , Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction, , Sexual Reproduction, , 1. Only one parent required, 2. There is no formation and fusion of, gametes, 3. Involves only Mitotic divisions, , 1. Two parents required, 2. There is formation and fusion of, gametes, 3. Involves Meiosis during the, formationof gametes., 4. Offspring are genetically different, from parents, 5., Comparatively, the, number, produced is less, , 4. Offspring are genetically similar to, parents, 5. Large number of plants are produced, in a very short time., 1., 2., 3., 4., , Grafting is used to obtain a plant with desirable characters. (Mango, Citrus, Apple, Rose, etc.), The method in where thousands of plants grown in very short interval of time – Tissue, Culture, Fine thread like projections on Bread are called Hyphae, knob like structures called, Sporangia., The leaves that produce spores are called Sporophylls.

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5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 26., 27., 28., 29., 30., 31., 32., 33., 34., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., , External Fertilization is common in Aquatic animals, like Fishes and amphibians., In human male, the two male reproductive organs called Testes are located in the pocket like, structure Scrotum., Vasefferentia forms Epididymous., The development of the male reproductive organs is regulated by the male Hormone called, Testosterone, The tail in the Sperm ,helps to move towards the Ovum., Men produce sperms from the age of 13 or 14 years., The tiny cellular structures, in which the ova are formed, called Graffian Follicles., The release of egg or Ovum from the Graffian follicle is called Ovulation., In female, the fertilization occurs in the Oviduct (Fellopian tube) ., A tissue formed by the cells from the Embryo and mother is called Placenta., Placenta is formed at around 12 weeks of pregnancy and important structure for nourishment, of the embryo., From the third month of pregnancy , the embryo is called Foetus., Gestationperiod in human is 280 days or 9 months., A watery lymph like fluid that accumulates in the mammary glands during the last part of, pregnancy is called “Colostrum”., The Reproductive parts of the flower that possess sex cells or germ cells are called Stamens, and Carpels., Union of one sperm with the egg and the second sperm with the fusion nucleus is called, Double Fertilization., A proponent of Cell theory (Cells arise from pre existing cells) is Virchow., Observations of Embryo – Robert Remak., The scheme of Mitotic division was confirmed by Theodor Boveri., The structure of DNA (Deoxy Ribo Nucleic Acid) is determined by James Watson and, Francis Crick., Meiotic division takes place in sex cells., Mitosis completes in 40 to 60 minutes., The period in between two cell divisions is called Interphase., Division of Cytoplasm is called Cytokinesis., The legal marriage age of boys is 21 years and girls is 18 years., Sexually transmitted diseases through bacterial infections- Gonorrhoea and Syphilis, Viral, infections – AIDS, Expanded form of AIDS is Acquired Immuno deficiency Syndrome.(caused by HIV Virus), The Government established Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) to supply medicine to HIV, patients., Expanded form of ASHA – Accredited Social Health Activist –The programme, for AIDS, control projects. Implemented by the Medical and Health , Family health departments., Any device or chemical that prevents pregnancy in woman is called a Contraceptive., A very effective intra-uterine device that prevents pregnancy - Copper T or Loop., A cell line, isolated from a human tummour was Hela., , Co-ordination in Life Processes, 1., 2., 3., , Sheela feels hungry upon seeing food. Ranjani says no to food as she is not hungry. What, makes Sheela feels hungry, and what suppresses Ranjani`s hunger?, What is your dental formula?, What is the nerve that controls the movement of muscles in the jaw?

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4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 8., 9., , 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21, 22., , What is bolus?, Why do we salivate during a nap of daytime?, What is peristaltic movement? In which parts of the digestive system, do we observe this?, Explain., What is the role of HCl in stomach?, Which is known as second brain? Why?, Is there any relation between shape and function of the teeth? Explain., The hormone Ghrelin secreted in stomach is responsible for hunger pangs.(30 to 40 minutes), The hormone that suppresses hunger is Leptin., The 10th Cranial nerve is called as Vagus Nerve., The nerve that plays an important role in carrying hunger generating signals to the brain, Vagus/10th Cranial Nerve., Increase in Ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger., The taste can be identified easily when the tongue is pressed against the palate., In the Dental Formula 2/2,1/1,2/2, 3/3 the types of teeth in orderInscissors(Biting),, Canine(Tearing), Premolars(holding & crushing), and Molars(Grinding)., The process of chewing and grinding food with teeth in the mouth,before swallowing is, called, Mastication., The nerve that controls the movement of muscles in the jaw is 5th Cranial Nerve., Saliva is secreted by Three pairs of the Salivary Glands in the mouth., The Enzyme that presents in the Saliva is Amylase., pH beyond (more than) 7 – Alkaline, pH below 7 is Acidic, pH 7 is Neutral., The juice that secretes from the walls of Stomach contains Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)., The sphincter that helps in opening of Stomach into Duodenumis Pyloric sphincter., Peristalsis is involuntary and under the control of Autonomous nervous system, because of, the Contraction and Relaxation of the muscles in the gut ., The finger like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine are Villi., From large intestine,the unwanted waste material (Stool/faeces) sent into the Rectum by the, peristalsis movement., Last part of the large intestine is called Rectum., The food / Nutrients are to be Oxidised to release energy., Olfactory receptors present in Nostrils trigger signals of smell to brain., pH of Saliva is (more than 7) Alkaline in nature., , Heredity, 1. The plant that was selected by Mendel for Experimentation Pea plant, 2. Mendel called the trait expressed in F1 generation as Dominant, and the traits that did not, express as Recessive., 3. The phenotypic ratio ( Externally visible characters) of F1 generation in Monohybrid, experiment is 3:1., 4. The Genotypic ratio ( Probable nature of factors) is 1:2:1., 5. Law of Dominance, Law of segregation, Law of Independent Assortment are by Mendel., 6. The process in which Traits are passed from one generation to another generation is called, Inheritance., 7. Number of Chromosomes that each Human cell contains 23 pairs (46), among them, Autosomes are 22 pairs, remaining 1 pair is Allosomes or Sex Chromosomes.

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8., 9., , X chromosome and Y chromosome are the Sex Chromosomes., Females have XX (2 X) chromosomes in their cells, while Males have one X and one Y, chromosome (XY)., 10. The factors that are responsible for producing a particular trait are called Alleles., 11. The Theory of Evolution was first proposed by Jean Baptist Lamarck., 12. The scientist that proved the bodily changes are not inherited/ won`t be passed to the, offsprings was Augustus Weismann., 13. The name of the ship that was used by Darwin was HMS Beagle, and the Name of the places, that he visited for his observations –Galapagos Islands, 14. The scientist who concluded that natural selection Contributed to origin of new species, Alfred Russel Wallace., 15. Examples of Homologous organs are Forelimb of a whale, Wing of a Bat, Leg of Cheetah,, Claw of a mole,and hand of a man., 16. The organs that are structurally different but functionally similar are known as Analogous, organs., 17. The biggest animal on land ,now that are extinct Dinosaurs., 18. All the preserved traces of living organisms are called Fossils., 19. A rare and magnificent fossil of the Dinosaurs, Ketosaurs that are of Jurassic age is, preserved at BM Birla Science centre in Hyderabad., 20. The organism that bear characters of both bird and reptile is Archeopteryx., 21. The organs that are not useful in animals are called as Vestigial organs., 22. Number of Vestigial organs in Human 180., 23. Human being is said to be a moving Museum of Vestigial organs., 24. Examples of Vestigial organs in human are Pinna, Hair on skin, Mammary glands etc., , Our Environment, 1. The place where organisms lives is called Biosphere., 2. The connections among a number of food chains form a Food Web., 3. In a Food chain, from Producer to Consumers the numbers of organisms at each level, decreases., 4. In an Ecosystem, the main source of energy is Sunlight., 5. The graphic representation of the feeding level(tropic level) of an Ecosystem by taking the, shape of a pyramid is called Ecological Pyramid., 6. Ecological Pyramid was first introduced by a British ecologist Charles Elton in 1927., 7. In the Ecological pyramid, the Producers are represented at the base., 8. Any type of plant or animal material that can be converted into energy is called Biomass., 9. The materials that are used for energy production are known as Biofuels., 10. Biomass progressively decreases from Producers to top Carnivores., 11. Producers trap energy from Sunlight., 12, Photosynthesis is an essential process for life., 13. The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as Bioaccumulation., 14. The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next is, known as Biomagnification., 15. The term `niche` denotes the animal`s position in the food web and what it eats and also its, mode of life.

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Natural Resources, logo, 1. Symbol indicates Recycling log, 2. Seeds of Jatropa plant are used for the production of Bio-fuel., 3. Percolation tanks are to be const, onstructed to prevent over flow of water from, om tanks during rainy, season,, dried up bore wells., 4. Soak pits help in recharging dri, 5. Sri Rama Sagar project / Pocha, hampadu project is on the river Godavari., oad Bed Furrow., 6. Expanded form of BBF – Broad, 7. Deforestation destroys wildd life habitats and increases soil erosion., 8. Expanded form of IUCN is The, he International Union for the Conservation, on of Nature., 9. The IUCN works to protect wil, wild life and habitats., , ENV, ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., 13., 14., 15., 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., 22., 23., 24., , h`s ssurface., Greenhouse gasestrap radiat, diation and prevent heat from leaving the earth`s, Excesspresence of Greenhou, ouse gases in the atmosphere causes Global War, Warming., Carbonsare used in Air conditioners and Ref, efrigerators., The (CFC) Chloro Fluoroo C, Environmentalism is a conc, oncern for the preservation, restoration and, nd im, improvement of the, natural and social environment, ent., Solid particles and liquidd dropl, droplets present in air are called Particulate mat, matter., Some of the Examples of P, Particulate matter are Dust particles , Polle, ollen grains, Smoke,, Vehicular exhaust , fly ash , ccoal dust , cement and mist ., Vaccinationis done to protec, otect ourselves from diseases like Diphtheria,, a, W, Whooping cough ,, Tetanus , Cholera , Hepatiti, atitis, Polio., The diseases that are causedd bby mosquito bites are Malaria , Dengue , Ch, Chikungunya etc.,, oes rraises in Rainy Season., The population of mosquitoes, nd ffor breading mosquito population., Stagnant water is a ground, oes., We should spray Kerosenee on st, stagnant water to kill larvae of mosquitoes., Fossil fuelsare basic sources, es of Energy for all our activities ., Fossil fuels that are used for, sel., or ttransport and industry are Petrol and Diesel., Soaking foodmaterial before, ore cooking saves 22% of fuel., Solar Energy is the best and, nd eevergreen Energy resource, .Solar Energy is a good subst, rces., ubstitute for our Conventional Energy Resource, Gujarat stands first place in our country in utilizing Solar Energy., Pollination is the process, ss of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of of a, flower in the plant., Farmers grow Marigoldplant, ants in fields of Mirchi., Development is necessary but it should be environmental friendly., uce Methane gas., The waste materials produce, ial (CO2) Carbon Dioxide is produced., By burning of waste material, Renewable resources are Forests, Sun light,, t, E, Earth, Air, Water, Some of the examples for R, etc.,, or Non Renewable resources are, Fossil fue, Some of the examples for, uels, Petrol, Coal,, Natural gas etc.,

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25. Forest coveris necessary for proper Rainfall., 26. Zoological gardens or Zoosare places for conservation of animals, research and creating, awareness among people., 27. A zoo gives us an opportunity to see and learn about animals found in different places in the, world., 28. The substances that are broken down by biological processes are called Biodegradable, substances., 29. Some of the examples for Biodegradable substances are Kitchen waste, Spoiled food,, vegetable peels etc.,, 30. Some of the non biodegradable substances are milk packets, polythene covers, broken foot, wear ,bottles etc.,, 31. The persons who collect materials from garbage dumps are called the Ragpickers., 32. Some of the Natural Calamithies are Earth quakes, Cyclones, Floods, Tsunamis etc.,, 33. Natural resourcesare for our needs but not for our greeds., 34. Rain water rechargesthe ground water and helps to maintain the flow of Rivers., 35. We may improve ground water levels by digging or constructing Soak pits., 36. Fluorine ( F ) is an element that belongs to 7th group of Periodic group., 37. The first Halozon with Atomic number 9 , and Atomic weight 18.99 g is Fluorine., 38. Shele explained about Fluorine in 1771., 39. Maizen separated Fluorine element from it`s ore in 1886., 40. Fluorine occurs liquid form in ground water., 41. Excess amount of Fluorine in water causes Fluorosis, 42. In Andhra Pradesh Prakasham District is highly affected by Fluorine in water., 43. All of our religions explain that we should respect our Nature.