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Discover the past., Live the present, and, prepare the future., -Mel Jun
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WHAT YOU SEE!
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WHAT YOU HEAR!, HIGH ROW GLEE PICS, TOO TANK COME IN
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WHO YOU SEE!
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READY?
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EGYPTIAN, CIVILIZATION
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Geography, Relative Location:, Located in the northeastern corner of Africa, east of Libya and North of Sudan., , Absolute Location:, 26.1833° N and 31.9167° E
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EGYPT, “The gift of the nile.”
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Nile River, Egyptians depend on the nile., , Without it, all Egypt would be desert , , It flows north for more than 4000 miles from Central Africa to Mediterranean Sea.
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The flood waters brought moisture to the dry land and also left behind a layer of rich black soil that was excellent for crops., , The farmers planted their crops as soon as the flood waters receded., , The flooding at the nile made it possible for neolithic farmers to grow crops in the valley
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Delta, Triangular plain formed where the mouth of the river empties into a larger body of water, , Vital element of the development of Egyptian Civilization, , Fertile farmland
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Home of many wild birds and animals, , Could be drained to create more farmland
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Theocratic Monarchy , The King ruled by a mandate of god, The ruler was seen as an intermediary between human beings and the divine, , Pharaoh and many officials control Egyptian life., GOVERNMENT
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Rulers of Egypt established a strong central Government to which they held supreme power., , The King was not called Pharaoh until new Kingdom, , Ruler later called “Pharaoh”
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“Great House”, , Head of state and religion., , Preserver of the god given order, called maat.
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They thought themselves as the protector of the people and so tried to rule justly., , Considered as a god., , Onwer of all Egypt, , ‘Lord of the Two Lands’ the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt.
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Responsible for all aspects of life in Egypt:, , -Keeping the irrigation works in order
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Directing the Army, , , , , Keeping peace and issuing Laws
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-Control trade and economy, , , , , - Owned Egyptians’ mines and quarries
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Vizier , , Stood second to the Pharaoh, , Presided over the royal court , , Acted as diplomat
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In charge of Tax collection and public works, , In charge of administration, security, judgement and the safety of the Pharaoh and Empire
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Other Officials, , Many officials were appointed to supervise the details of the government., , Hierarchy of officials ranging from governors of provinces down through local mayor’s and tax collectors.
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Outstanding , Rulers of Egypt
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Menes, , King of both Upper and Lower Egypt, , Conquered lower Egypt and brought all , of Egypt under his rule, NARMER (3100 BC)
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He built the city of Memphis as his capital, , A double crown became his symbol, , His rule established the first Dynasty
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This side of the palette shows the King, wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt, smashing the head of an enemy. The god Horus, in the form of a falcon, holds a rope attached to a captive Lower Egypt, a region symbolized by six papyrus plants.
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On this side of the Palette King Narmer has completed his conquest of Lower Egypt and wears the red crown of that Kingdom. He is reviewing the bodies of decapitated victims. The exotic beasts with necks intertwined may symbolize the unity of the two Egypts.
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DJOSER (2686-2649 BCE), , Zoser, , 2nd King of the, 3rd Dynasty, , The first King to reside , exclusively in Memphis
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With the help of Imhotep- talented architect and physician, the King erected a funenary complex at Saqqarah, - built entirely by stone, - flat-topped rectangular structure to a six stepped pyramid, - the pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall with a single entrance at southeast corner of the precinct
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Oldest Egyptian Pyramid, The Stepped Pyramid of King DJOSER at Saqqarah
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KHUFU (2589-2566 BCE), , 2nd King of the, 4th Dynasty, , Builder of the Great, Pyramid of Giza
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The Great Pyramid of Giza , Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
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HATSHEPSUT (1473-1458 BCE), , Eighteenth Dynasty BC, , First great woman ruler , of History, , She had portrayed as a, Sphinx with a beard
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Builder and restorer of Egypt, “I have repaired, what was destroyed by the Hyksos; I have raised up what was in pieces ever since the Asiatics had been in the Delta overthrowing what had been made.”, -Hatshepsut, , *Hyksos- Princes from foreign lands, - had horses and war chariots, bronze swords and daggers, and heavy bows used to gain power and established Dynasty in Egypt.
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Hatshepsut Great Temple tomb , In nile valley is among the most majestic of temples.
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THUTMOSE III (1479-1425 BCE), , Eighteenth Century BC, , Egypts greatest Military, Leader, , Expanded the Empire to , Euphrates and defeated Mitanni
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Festival Hall of Thutmose III in Karnak
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AMENHOTEP IV (1353-1336 BCE), , 18th Century BC, , Opposed the worship, Of Amon Re, , Worship Aton- the physical, Disk, or circle, of the Sun
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Akhenaton- “He who serves Aton”, , He moved the Capital from Thebes to a completely new City called Akhetaton- “the horizon of Aton”, , He married Nefertiti , And became his , Queen.
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TUTANKHAMEN (1332-1322 BCE), , The youngest Pharaoh, (10y/o), , Worship Amon Re, , Moved back to Memphis
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Akhetaton was abondoned, , “The criminal of Akhetaton”, , Reigned for almost 9 years nd was buried with Dazzling splendor, , King Tut became the world’s most famous pharaoh.
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Tutankhamen Treasures
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RAMSES II (1279-1213 BCE), , 19th Dysnasty BC, , Ambitious Pharaoh, , Last effective ruler , Of the New Kingdom
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Married the daughter of the Hettite King, , Signed a peace treaty in 1259 BC- world’s first nonaggression pact and brings forth another of the themes that run through history, namely, diplomacy and negotiation between states.
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Statues of Ramses at Abu Simbel, Carved in rock cliff were 65 feet high
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CLEOPATRA (51-30 BCE), , “Cleopatra the Father, Loving goddess”, , “Famous in her father”, , Last queen of Egypt
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Lover of Julius Caesar, , Wife of Mark Antony, , Committed suicide after the defeat against Octavian
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Polytheism , -include the worship of animals such as cats or crocodiles, -gods could change their shape at will and appear as birds or animals or in human form , The King/Pharaoh was seen as a god, RELIGION
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LIFE AFTER DEATH, -for everyone who had lived a good life , there would be delights such as boating and duck hunting , -egyptians made a careful preparations for the physical needs of the afterlife, especially by facing favored possessions, such as jewelery and wine cups into a tomb, -embalming and making mummies of the dead
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MUMMIFICATION, -Mummification is one of the defining customs in ancient Egyptian society for people today, -Mummification is the process of preserving the body after death by deliberately drying or embalming flesh., -This typically involved removing moisture from a deceased body and using chemicals or natural preservatives, such as resin, to desiccate the flesh and organs.
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SARCOPHAGUS, -A sarcophagus is a box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried. , -In addition to protection, the coffin had several religious and symbolic functions that changed over time. In its earliest history, the coffin was considered the eternal dwelling of the deceased, -
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Egyptian, gods and goddesses, (Important deities only)
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Osiris , -most important deity, -ruler of the nile, -god of the underworld, -god of vegetation and, fertility
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Isis, -devoted wife who resurrected Osiris, -embodied the traditional egyptian, virtues of wife and mother, -divine mourner, -In Greco-Roman Period she was , Identified with the Greek goddess , Aphrodite, -it is believed that depictions of Isis with the infant Horus influenced Christian imagery of Mary with Jesus
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Horus, -depicted as a Falcon, -sky God associated with, War and Hunting, -son of Isis and Osiris
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Seth, -god of chaos, violence,, deserts and storms, -murderer of Osiris, -depicted as an animal, with head of an animal, -He usually has a long , snout and long ears that, are squared at the tips., In his fully animal form, he has a thin doglike body and a straight tail with a tuft on the end.
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Ptah, -head of a triad of gods , worshipped at Memphis. , (Ptah’s wife, Sekhmet , and Nefertem, -Ptah’s original association , seems to have been with , craftsmen and builders
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Re, - usually represented with a human body and the head of a hawk, - It was believed that he sailed across the sky in a boat each day and then made a passage through the underworld each night, during which he would have to defeat the snake god Apopis in order to rise again.
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Hathor, -usually depicted as a cow, as a woman with the head of a cow, or as a woman with cow’s ears , -Hathor embodied motherhood and fertility, and it was believed that she protected women in childbirth, -She also had an important funerary aspect, being known as “the lady of the west.”
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Anubis, - concerned with funerary practices and the care of the dead, -usually represented as a jackal or as a man with the head of a jackal, -Before Osiris rose to prominence as the lord of the underworld, Anubis was considered the principal god of the dead, -Anubis embalmed and wrapped the body of the murdered king, becoming the patron god for embalmers
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Thoth, -god of writing and wisdom, could be depicted in the form of a baboon or a sacred ibis or as a man with the head of an ibis, -He was believed to have invented language and the hieroglyphic script and to serve as a scribe and adviser for the gods, -Thoth is depicted as weighing the hearts of the deceased and reporting the verdict to Osiris, the god of the dead
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Bastet, -the cat goddess Bastet was represented as a woman with the head of a lion or a wild cat, -she was often represented as a regal-looking seated cat, sometimes wearing rings in her ears or nose, -In the Ptolemaic period she came to be associated with the Greek goddess Artemis, the divine hunter and goddess of the moon.
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Amon, - god Amon was worshipped locally in the southern city of Thebes, -Amon was a god of the air, and the name probably means the “Hidden One.” , -He was usually represented as a man wearing a crown with two vertical plumes. His animal symbols were the ram and the goose., -In a form merged with the sun god Re, he became the most powerful deity in Egypt, a position he retained for most of the New Kingdom.
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Pharaoh controlled trade and economy, , Economy was royal monopoly, , Farming, fishing, trading, mining and etc., , Egyptian peasant paid most of their taxes in grain which stored in the Royal warehouses., ECONOMY
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Taxes and payments from other countries were used to maintain public buildings, irrigation works, and port facilities, , Tribute, -conquered people, -include slaves, food products, and treasures such as gold, jewels, or ivory, -way of showing that the conquered people recognized the supremacy of Egypt
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Hyroglyphics , -”sacred carving”, -system that employs characters in the form of pictures. Those individual signs, called hieroglyphs, may be read either as pictures, as symbols for objects, or as symbols for sounds., WRITING
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Papyrus, -writing material from the papyrus plants from which comes our word paper, -the stems of the plant were placed crosswise in layers, then soaked, pressed, and dried to produce sheets and rolls, , If you have an extra time you may visit the link below about the traditional way of making a papyrus., , https://youtu.be/SBdVhvo2UUM
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Rosetta Stone, -found when Napoleon occupied parts of Egypt in A.D. 1798, -it contained inscriptions in three languages- hyroglyphics, a more recent Egyptian script and Greek., -provided a key to deciphering ancient writing, - Jean Francois Champollion- guessed correctly that all the inscriptions said the same thing
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Full of mythology and the afterlife, , Hyms to various deities, , Poems celebrating the Kings victory over death, , Stories about gods all reflect the serene Egyptian confidence in the beneficence of divine powers., LITERATURE and INSTRUCTIONS
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Book of the Dead, -provided charms and other methods of ensuring a successful transition to the other world
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-Women are respected, -Upper-class woman was expected to obey her father and her husband and she had number of rights , -woman could inherit and own property and sell it without asking any man’s permission, -woman could also run a business and testify in court, -wife and mother was shown great respect, WOMEN IN EGYPT
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MEDICINE, -depend largely on driving out demons from the body, -Egyptians believed that separate god ruled over each organ, -using chant to appease the appropriate deity, -but not all was based on magic, -recispes for toothache, for depression, for constipation and etc.
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Edwin Smith Papyrus, -treatise on surger, -discusses some forty-eight medical problems, , Three forms of Verdict, 1. An ailment that I will treat(favorable), 2. An ailment with which I will contend(uncertain), 3. An ailment not to be treated (unfavorable)
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-master of arithmetic, geometry, and the art of surveying, -observation of the sun and stars were important both in farming and in conducting religious rituals, -developed a calendar to predict the time of flood (based on the sun and had 365 days), MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY
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-Egyptians built massive temples, palaces, and tombs of the pharaohs, -Engineers used geometry to survey and map the land, to plan buildings, and to develop irrigation works , -use of stone columns , -use of slaves as workers, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
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PYRAMIDS, -tomb and home of the dead
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