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A+ BIOLOGY, , STD 10-FIRST BELL 2.0- BIOLOGY- CLASS-15, Chapter – 3, , Chemical Messages for Homeostasis, , Endocrine glands and hormones, 1. Pancreas, After digestion,  Glucose molecules formed as a result of digestion get absorbed into the blood.,  Pancreas plays a major role in glucose molecules reach cells to produce energy., Location,  Pancreas is connected to the duodenum, the continuation of the stomach., , , , , , , A special cluster of cells (alpha cells, beta cells) in the pancreas produce two types of hormones,, glucagon and insulin. It was first observed by Paul Langerhans. So it was named Islets of, Langerhans., The beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans, produce insulin and the alpha cells produce glucagon., , Beta cells → Insulin, , Aalpha cells → glucagon, Hormones are produced by pancreas gland maintain a constant level of glucose in blood., The combined action of glucagon and insulin regulates the level of glucose in blood., , A+ BLOG-www.apluseducare.blogspot.com 9746544422, , Page 1

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A+ BIOLOGY, Ø: Which are the hormones secreted by pancreas?, , Insulin, Glucagon, Ø: How is the normal level of glucose maintained in blood?, , The level of glucose in blood is maintained by the combined action of insulin and glucagon., Ø: What is the normal level of glucose in blood?, , The normal level of glucose in blood is 70-110mg/ 100ml., Ø: Action of insulin to prevent the rise in the level of glucose in blood, , When the glucose level rises in the blood (above 110mg), the hormones insulin is produced by the beta, cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin accelerates the process of cellular uptake of, glucose molecules and the excess glucose is converted to glycogen in the liver and muscles and the, normal level is maintained., Ø: Action of glucagon when the level of glucose in blood decreases., , When the glucose level falls below 70 mg, the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreases, produce the hormone glucagon. Glucagon converts glycogen stored in the liver to glucose, Synthesizes, glucose from amino acids and the glucose level rises and come to normal., decreases, , increases, , increases, , decreases, , Diabetes, , Diabetes is a condition which occurs due to high blood glucose levels, A+ BLOG-www.apluseducare.blogspot.com 9746544422, , Page 2

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A+ BIOLOGY, , , Diabetes is clinically referred to as a condition when the level of glucose before breakfast is above, 126mg/100ml of blood., Reason, , Decreased production of insulin due to the destruction of beta cells, , The inability of cells to utilize the insulin produced, Causes, , Raises the level of glucose in blood., , Excess glucose in the blood is expelled through urine. Normally, there is no glucose in urine., Diagnose, , The blood test that precisely determines the level of glucose in blood for three months plays a crucial, role in the diagnosis of diabetes., Symptoms, , Increased appetite and thirst, , Frequent urination, , Traces of glucose in urine when the level of glucose in the blood increases much., Control of diabetes, , Diabetes can be controlled through medicines, diet control (Sugar free diet) proper exercise and, insulin injections., How Diabetes is diagnosed? Blood glucose Test,  Random blood sugar [RBS],  Fasting blood sugar [FBS],  HbA1c Test, , Experiment to detect the presence of glucose in urine., Benedict test, Aim: To detect the presence of glucose in urine., Materials needed: Urine sample, Test-tube, Benedict's solution, Spirit lamp, Procedure: Take 2ml urine in the test-tube. Add 2ml Benedict's solution to it. Heat it for 4-5 minutes., Observation: Notice the colour of the solution.,  Blue: No glucose,  Green / Yellow precipitate :Traces of reducing sugar,  Orange red precipitate : Moderate,  Brick red : Large amount of reducing sugar, Prepared by:, , Riyas, PPMHSS Kottukkara, Kondotty-Malappuram, 09747944422, , More Resources, Visit https://apluseducare.blogspot.com/, , Telegram Group: https://t.me/joinchat/ELv60hbE_g9Hvimlp0s1BA, A+ BLOG-www.apluseducare.blogspot.com 9746544422, , Page 3