Page 1 :
Prepared for B.Ed online class, Dept. of B.Ed., GCAB, kalahandi, Types of knowledge B.Ed 2nd year by –D. Meher lect. In Education
Page 2 :
Types of knowledge, A Priori, Knowledge, A Posteriori, Knowledge, Explicit , Knowledge, Tacit, Knowledge
Page 3 :
For example- , All triangles have three sides., The sum of internal angles of any triangle is 180 degree., All bachelors are unmarried, ‘A Priori’ literally means from before . It has universal validity and once recognized as true does not require further evidence. It is a knowledge whose truth or falsity can be decided before or without recourse to experience. Logical and mathematical truths are A Priori in nature. It is the knowledge that is attained independently of experience. This kind of knowledge does not based on observation or experience of external world, A Priori, Knowledge
Page 4 :
A Posteriori, ‘A Posteriori’ literally mean ‘Afterwards’ or ‘from what comes after’. It is based upon actual observations or experimental data. This kind of knowledge can be gained by first having an experience and then using logic and reflection to derive understanding from it. The important idea in philosophy is that it is acquired through the five senses. In philosophy this term is sometimes used interchangeably with empirical knowledge which is based on observation., Example- I have experience of melting of ice in high temperature., oil floats on water., , This knowledge gives factual information whose truth and falsity can be validate through observation and experimentation.
Page 5 :
Explicit Knowledge, Explicit knowledge is similar to a priori knowledge in that it is more formal or perhaps more reliable. It is that knowledge which can be recorded and communicated through mediums. It is our libraries and databases. It can be easily and quickly transmitted from one individual to another. It can also tends to organized systematically. It is easy to articulate, write down and share., Example- libraries, research reports, , This kinds of knowledge can be expressed in words, sentences, numbers or formula. It is theoretical in approach. It does not involve any technical skills and cognitive skills.
Page 6 :
Tacit knowledge, Tacit knowledge is a relatively new theory introduced as recently as the 1950s. Whereas explicit knowledge is very easy to communicate and transfer from one individual to another, tacit knowledge is precisely the opposite. It is very difficult to communicate and transfer from one to another person. It is extremely difficult to communicate tacit knowledge through any medium ., Example- some one who is an expert musician can not truly communicate their knowledge. In other words he can not tell some one how to play an instrument and the person will not immediately acquire that knowledge. This knowledge can only be communicated through consistent and extensive relationship and contact. It requires more practices, skills, training, and constant effort to acquire those knowledge.
Page 7 :
Philosophers also divide Knowledge into three types
Page 8 :
Personal knowledge, Personal knowledge refers to knowledge by acquaintance. For example if a person understand the term ‘fear’ that means we can say she/he has knowledge of the term ‘fear’ because she/he has experienced fear. In other words if someone says- “I know Anisha” , that means the person claiming has met Anisha or had some experience or contact with Anisha. Personal knowledge will involve having some kind of propositional knowledge as well. Personal knowledge acquired as the results of the individual’s personal experience and reflections on these experiences.
Page 9 :
Propositional knowledge, This type of knowledge is also called as descriptive or declarative knowledge. Propositional knowledge is that knowledge which gives knowledge about different things. , , Some examples –, an even number is divisible by two. (knowledge about mathematics), a puppy is the young one of a dog. (knowledge about animals), Indian citizen above the age of 18 years are eligible to vote.(knowledge about Indian , politics ), , All the above statement can be proved as true or false.
Page 10 :
Propositional knowledge may be of four types. Such as logical, systematic, semantic, empirical knowledge, Logical knowledge- , , In this type of knowledge the individual applies logic to acquire knowledge. In other words we examine relationships between statements and draw conclusions based on the law of logic., , Example- all quadrilaterals have four sides. A square is a quadrilateral. , , Hence, a square has also four sides, This type of knowledge is used in science , mathematics, and grammar.
Page 11 :
Systematic knowledge-, , This kind of knowledge results from learning a system of words or symbols and examining how they relate to one another. , , Example- 21+23= 44 is systematic knowledge because we understand something when we use the terms ‘21’, ’23’ and ‘+’ ., Semantic knowledge-, , The term ‘semantic’ related to the meaning of a word. Thus such knowledge that arises due to the knowledge of words possessed by a person is called semantic knowledge., , Example- if we says ‘unmarried are bachelors’ , we understand what we say but at the same time we don’t call a four years boy as a bachelor . This is because we have a definite understanding about the term ‘marriage’.
Page 12 :
Empirical knowledge, , Empirical knowledge comes from our senses. Observation, generation of hypotheses, testing and confirmation of hypotheses results in empirical knowledge. Such knowledge can be tested both logically and through experimentation. It is used to describe and predict phenomena., , Example- Newton’s law of motion, , Dalton's Atomic theory
Page 13 :
This type of knowledge is also known as imperative knowledge. Such knowledge is required to perform a particular task. , , Example- if some one has carefully watched a chef make roomali roti, he/she may able to tell the exact ingredients and right process. This is propositional knowledge. But if the person is unable to make the roomali roti, then he/she has no procedural knowledge., , Tasks like cooking, driving, playing musical instrument involve procedural knowledge., , In real life we need procedural knowledge or else we will not able to perform many tasks. Thus procedural knowledge is the collection of skills while propositional knowledge is a collection of facts., Procedural knowledge
